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Abrococcus cunninghamia Zheng & Wu sp. n. Material examined. Holotype: Adult ♀, CHINA: Guizhou Prov., / Guiyang City, Guiyang Forest Park, / 26°55′72″N, 106º75′90″E, / on Cunninghamia lanceolata (Cupressaceae), / 2 July 2021, / Xinyi Zheng, Lan Zhang & Boyan Li leg. Mounted singly on a slide (BFUC). Paratypes: CHINA: same data as holotype, Xinyi Zheng, Lan Zhang & Boyan Li leg., ♀ (BFUC). Same data as holotype, but Lan Zhang leg. on 9.xii.2021, 8 third-instar female nymphs (BFUC). Same data as holotype, but Zhixiang Tan & Shitao Meng leg. on 2.vii.2022, 4 ♀♀ (BFUC), 4 second-instar nymphs (BFUC) and part of fore wings of adult ♁ (BFUC). Also 4 first-instar nymphs (BFUC) same data as holotype but hatched in the laboratory on 23.vii.2022. Etymology. The species epithet is derived from the name of the host plant and is a noun in apposition., Published as part of Zheng, Xinyi & Wu, San'An, 2023, A new genus and species of the scale insect family Qinococcidae (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) from China, pp. 355-368 in Zootaxa 5264 (3) on page 356, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5264.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7836728

Zheng, Xinyi, Wu, San'An (2023): Morphology of all the developmental stages of Neogreenia osmanthus (Yang & Hu) (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha), and transfer of the genera Neogreenia MacGillivray and Jansenus Foldi to the family Qinococcidae. Zootaxa 5244 (2): 101-122, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5244.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5244.2.1

Genus Neogreenia as a member of the family Qinococcidae Originally, MacGillivray (1921) erected the genus Neogreenia MacGillivray and placed it in the subfamily Kuwaniinae, along with Americoccus MacGillivray (= Matsucoccus), Matsucoccus Cockerell, Steingelia Nassonov and Stomacoccus Ferris. Morrison (1928) did not assign Neogreenia a position in his Margarodidae classification, he assigned N. zeylanica in Kuwania based on adult females with many capitate digitule-like setae on the terminal end of the tibia. Tang and Hao (1995) placed Kuwania Cockerell and Neogreenia in the tribe Kuwaniini, Kuwaniinae, Margarodidae. Wu and Nan (2012) considered that Neogreenia could not be a member of the family Margarodidae sensu stricto, and placed Kuwania, Neogreenia, Neosteingelia Morrison and Jansenus Foldi together in the family Kuwaniidae. Gavrilov-Zimin (2018) placed Neogreenia within the tribe Kuwaniini, Xylococcinae, Margarodidae sensu lato, along with Jansenus, Kuwania and Neosteingelia. These placements were mainly based on the morphology of the adult females. Qinococcidae was introduced to take Qinococcus podocarpus Wu, based on the fore wing venation and presence of an inverted “π”-like post-tergite in the adult male, and the vulva opening longitudinally in the adult female. Within the genus Neogreenia, the adult males of N. zeylanica (Green) and N. zizyphi Tang were described by Green (1922) and Tang and Hao (1995) respectively, but these descriptions are too simple to clarify their taxonomic relationships. The adult male of N. osmanthus (Yang & Hu) is therefore the first member of this genus to be described in detail. After comparing it with other adult males in Margarodidae sensu lato, it was found that N. osmanthus was close to Qinococcus podocarpus Wu 2022 (Qinococcidae). They share the following important characteristics, which other scale insects do not have: (i) ventral epicranium of head with a series of sclerotized ridges forming a five-sided box; (ii) post-tergite of prothorax well-developed, forming an inverted “π”-like structure; (iii) setae each with a large socket and (iv) the fore-wings having similar venation. Neogreenia osmanthus differs from Q. podocarpus in having (contrasting characteristics of Q. podocarpus given in parenthesis): (i) small membranous areas within the epicranium (epicranium lacks membranous areas); (ii) compound eyes each with 140–160 ommatidia (with 82–90 ommatidia); (iii) dorsal ocelli present outside the ocular sclerite (present in the ocular sclerite); (iv) anterior tentorial arms present (absent); (v) pedicel shorter than scape (as long as or longer than scape); (vi) radius with 20–24 circular sensoria (with 13–17 circular sensoria); (vii) legs with bifurcated setae (bifurcated setae absent), and (viii) claw digitules capitate (claw digitules setose). The adult females of N. osmanthus and Q. podocarpus both have longitudinal vulvas, but N. osmanthus differs mainly from the latter in having well-developed antennae and legs, and 8 pairs of abdominal spiracles, whereas Q. podocarpus has reduced antennae and legs, and 5 pairs of abdominal spiracles. The first-instar nymphs of these two species are also similar, with 7 segmented antennae and with the two apical antennal segments with similar features. Detailed descriptions and illustrations of adult males of Kuwaniidae have been reported by Hodgson and Foldi (2006) and Zheng and Wu (2022): they all have few setae on membranous areas, the venter of epicranium with a five-armed star, pronotal ridge and loculate pores absent, and fore wing without pterostigma, cubitus posterior or branched media. In contrast, the adult male of N. osmanthus has numerous setae, the venter of epicranium with a series of sclerotized ridges forming a five-sided box, pronotal ridge and loculate pores present, and fore wing with pterostigma, cubitus posterior and branched media, as do Qinococcidae. Based on the above discussion, we consider that the genera Neogreenia and Qinococcus are closely related, and that Neogreenia should be transferred from the family Kuwaniidae to the family Qinococcidae.

Genus Neogreenia as a member of the family Qinococcidae Originally, MacGillivray (1921) erected the genus Neogreenia MacGillivray and placed it in the subfamily Kuwaniinae, along with Americoccus MacGillivray (= Matsucoccus), Matsucoccus Cockerell, Steingelia Nassonov and Stomacoccus Ferris. Morrison (1928) did not assign Neogreenia a position in his Margarodidae classification, he assigned N. zeylanica in Kuwania based on adult females with many capitate digitule-like setae on the terminal end of the tibia. Tang and Hao (1995) placed Kuwania Cockerell and Neogreenia in the tribe Kuwaniini, Kuwaniinae, Margarodidae. Wu and Nan (2012) considered that Neogreenia could not be a member of the family Margarodidae sensu stricto, and placed Kuwania, Neogreenia, Neosteingelia Morrison and Jansenus Foldi together in the family Kuwaniidae. Gavrilov-Zimin (2018) placed Neogreenia within the tribe Kuwaniini, Xylococcinae, Margarodidae sensu lato, along with Jansenus, Kuwania and Neosteingelia. These placements were mainly based on the morphology of the adult females. Qinococcidae was introduced to take Qinococcus podocarpus Wu, based on the fore wing venation and presence of an inverted “π”-like post-tergite in the adult male, and the vulva opening longitudinally in the adult female. Within the genus Neogreenia, the adult males of N. zeylanica (Green) and N. zizyphi Tang were described by Green (1922) and Tang and Hao (1995) respectively, but these descriptions are too simple to clarify their taxonomic relationships. The adult male of N. osmanthus (Yang & Hu) is therefore the first member of this genus to be described in detail. After comparing it with other adult males in Margarodidae sensu lato, it was found that N. osmanthus was close to Qinococcus podocarpus Wu 2022 (Qinococcidae). They share the following important characteristics, which other scale insects do not have: (i) ventral epicranium of head with a series of sclerotized ridges forming a five-sided box; (ii) post-tergite of prothorax well-developed, forming an inverted “π”-like structure; (iii) setae each with a large socket and (iv) the fore-wings having similar venation. Neogreenia osmanthus differs from Q. podocarpus in having (contrasting characteristics of Q. podocarpus given in parenthesis): (i) small membranous areas within the epicranium (epicranium lacks membranous areas); (ii) compound eyes each with 140–160 ommatidia (with 82–90 ommatidia); (iii) dorsal ocelli present outside the ocular sclerite (present in the ocular sclerite); (iv) anterior tentorial arms present (absent); (v) pedicel shorter than scape (as long as or longer than scape); (vi) radius with 20–24 circular sensoria (with 13–17 circular sensoria); (vii) legs with bifurcated setae (bifurcated setae absent), and (viii) claw digitules capitate (claw digitules setose). The adult females of N. osmanthus and Q. podocarpus both have longitudinal vulvas, but N. osmanthus differs mainly from the latter in having well-developed antennae and legs, and 8 pairs of abdominal spiracles, whereas Q. podocarpus has reduced antennae and legs, and 5 pairs of abdominal spiracles. The first-instar nymphs of these two species are also similar, with 7 segmented antennae and with the two apical antennal segments with similar features. Detailed descriptions and illustrations of adult males of Kuwaniidae have been reported by Hodgson and Foldi (2006) and Zheng and Wu (2022): they all have few setae on membranous areas, the venter of epicranium with a five-armed star, pronotal ridge and loculate pores absent, and fore wing without pterostigma, cubitus posterior or branched media. In contrast, the adult male of N. osmanthus has numerous setae, the venter of epicranium with a series of sclerotized ridges forming a five-sided box, pronotal ridge and loculate pores present, and fore wing with pterostigma, cubitus posterior and branched media, as do Qinococcidae. Based on the above discussion, we consider that the genera Neogreenia and Qinococcus are closely related, and that Neogreenia should be transferred from the family Kuwaniidae to the family Qinococcidae., Published as part of Zheng, Xinyi & Wu, San'An, 2023, Morphology of all the developmental stages of Neogreenia osmanthus (Yang & Hu) (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha), and transfer of the genera Neogreenia MacGillivray and Jansenus Foldi to the family Qinococcidae, pp. 101-122 in Zootaxa 5244 (2) on page 120, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5244.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7656109, {"references":["MacGillivray, A. D. (1921) The Coccidae. Tables for the Identification of the Subfamilies and Some of the More Important Genera and Species, together with Discussions. Scarab, Urbana, Illinois, 502 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 8556","Morrison, H. (1928) A classification of the higher groups and genera of the coccid family Margarodidae. United States Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin, 52, 1 - 239.","Tang, F. T. & Hao, J. J. (1995) The Margarodidae and others of China. Chinese Agricultural Science Technology Press, Beijing, 738 pp.","Wu, S. A. & Nan, N. (2012) Neogreenia lonicera sp. nov., a new species of Margarodidae s ensu lato (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) from China, with a key to species of Neogreenia MacGillivray and placement of the genus in the family Kuwaniidae. Zootaxa, 3274 (1), 43 - 54. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3274.1.5","Gavrilov-Zimin, I. A. (2018) Ontogenesis, morphology and higher classification of archaeococcids (Homoptera: Coccinea: Orthezioidea). Zoosystematica Rossica, 2018 (2), 1 - 264. https: // doi. org / 10.31610 / zsr / 2018. supl. 2.1","Green, E. E. (1922) The Coccidae of Ceylon. Part V. Dulau & Co., London, 345 - 472.","Hodgson, C. J. & Foldi, I. (2006) A review of the Margarodidae sensu Morrison (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) and some related taxa based on the morphology of adult males. Zootaxa, 1263 (1), 1 - 250. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1263.1.1","Zheng, X. Y. & Wu, S. A. (2022) Updated description of the adult male of Kuwania bipora Borchsenius (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Kuwaniidae) with a discussion on the relationships of Kuwania with some other archaeococcoid genera. Zootaxa, 5200 (2), 470 - 478. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 5200.5.4"]}

Neogreenia osmanthus (Yang & Hu 1994) Material examined. CHINA: Jiangsu Prov., Yangzhou City on Ligustrum lucidum, San-an Wu leg., 21.v.2007, 3♀♀. Guizhou Prov., Guiyang City, Nanming District: on Osmanthus fragrans, 3.v.2022, Xinyi Zheng and Sihao An leg., 3♀♀; on Ligustrum lucidum, 11.v.2021, Xinyi Zheng leg., 7♀♀; as previous, 26.vii.2021, Xinyi Zheng and Shitao Meng leg., 5 second-instar nymphs; as previous, 26.vii.2021, Xinyi Zheng and Shitao Meng leg., 3 thirdinstar female nymphs; as previous, 11.v.2021, Xinyi Zheng leg., 2 third-instar male nymph; as previous, Sihao An leg., 4 adult males and 2 pupal exuviae, 28.v.2022; and 8 first-instar nymphs hatched in the laboratory, 15.v.2021., Published as part of Zheng, Xinyi & Wu, San'An, 2023, Morphology of all the developmental stages of Neogreenia osmanthus (Yang & Hu) (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha), and transfer of the genera Neogreenia MacGillivray and Jansenus Foldi to the family Qinococcidae, pp. 101-122 in Zootaxa 5244 (2) on page 102, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5244.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7656109, {"references":["Yang, J. K. & Hu, X. P. (1994) A new species of Kuwania on Chinese Osmanthus from Guangxi (Homoptera: Margarodidae). Guangxi Sciences, 1 (2), 29 - 31."]}

Key to separate archaeococcoid genera related to Kuwania based on the morphology of the adult male. 1(0) Body with few setae on membranous parts, prothorax without setae; pronotal ridge, alar setae and loculate pores absent; endophalus absent; basisternum lacking median ridge and anterior ridge; mesepisternum lightly nodulated (Kuwaniidae).. 2 - Body with numerous setae on membranous parts, including prothorax; pronotal ridge, alar setae and loculate pores present; endophalus present; basisternum with median ridge and anterior ridge; mesepisternum without nodulation (Xylococcidae)..................................................................................................... 3 2(1) Hamulohalteres with diagonal sclerotized folds; claw digitules capitate, longer than claw; basisternum without lateral margin ridges; each compound eye with 60–70 ommatidia................................................... Kuwania - Hamulohalteres without diagonal sclerotized folds; claw digitules setose, shorter than claw; basisternum with lateral margin ridges; each compound eye with 90–100 ommatidia............................................... Neosteingelia 3(1) Tibial spurs all with clavate apices; claw with a minute denticle........................................ Xylococcus - Tibial spurs all with acute apices; claw without denticle............................................ Xylococculus, Published as part of Zheng, Xinyi & Wu, San'An, 2022, Updated description of the adult male of Kuwania bipora Borchsenius (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Kuwaniidae) with a discussion on the relationships of Kuwania with some other archaeococcoid genera, pp. 470-478 in Zootaxa 5200 (2) on page 477, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5200.5.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7270985

Kuwania bipora Borchsenius 1960 Kuwania bipora Borchsenius, Wu 2008: 207–214. Material examined. CHINA, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou City, on Castanopsis fissa (Fagaceae), 6.ii.2017, coll. Shaobin Huang; 5 ♂♂ on 3 slides and 4 ♂♂ preserved in glycerine (BFUC). Updated description of adult male Unmounted material. Body bright red, compound eyes dark brown, forewings transparent except for red anterior margin (Fig. 1). Antennae, legs and forewings well-developed. Posterior of abdomen with two tufts of long wax filaments dorsally on segments VI and VII. Cleared specimens, either slide-mounted material or in glycerine (Fig. 2) (n=9). Body small and slender, 1.10–1.19 mm long, 0.34–0.41 mm wide across scutum. Head with 1 pair of prominent compound eyes laterally, 1 pair of ocelli dorsally, and a sclerotized series of ridges forming a five-armed star ventrally. Antennae filiform, each 10-segmented, 1.03–1.13 mm long. Forewings developed, with part of anterior margin sclerotized; hamulohalteres nearly fusiform, each with a single hamulus on apex. Legs fully developed, each with tarsus 1-segmented, claw with a small denticle near apex, and claw digitules knobbed, longer than claw. Abdominal spiracles poorly sclerotized, numbering possibly 6 pairs. Dorsum of abdominal segments VI and VII each with a row of large tubular ducts. Abdomen without caudal extensions but segments VII and VIII each with rounded and slightly protruding lateral margins. Penial sheath extending posteriorly from beneath segment VIII. Loculate pores absent. Head broadly oval in dorsal view, 150–175 μm long, 325–375 μm wide across compound eyes. Dorsal part of epicranium mainly membranous, with 14 or 15 hair-like setae, each about 5 μm long; postoccipital suture sclerotized. A pair of ocelli, each 23–30 μm wide, present on dorsum positioned next to middle part of each compound eye. Compound eyes prominent laterally, each 160–165 μm long and with 60–70 ommatidia, each ommatidium 15–25 µm in diameter. Ocular sclerite weakly sclerotized with reticular pattern, ventral projection present. Venter with 5 strongly sclerotised ridges fused medially, forming a 5-armed star, composed of: (i) ventral midcranial ridge anteriorly; (ii) a pair of lateral preocular ridges antero-laterally; and (iii) a pair of preoral ridges postero-laterally; derm between midcranial ridge and lateral preocular ridges with a reticular pattern proximally. Cranial apophysis short and broad. Remaining ventral part of epicranium membranous. Ventral part of epicranium with 6–22 setae, each about 15 μm long. Mouth not detected. Ventral sclerites, anterior tentorial arms, posterior tentorial arms and tentorial bridge absent. Antennae each 10-segmented, slightly shorter than body, 1.03–1.13 mm long, ratio of total-body length to antennal length 1: 0.95; dermal surface of antenna with transverse ridges. Scape cylindrical and wider than long, 43–45 µm long, 53–63 µm wide, with 6–10 short hair-like setae on dorsal surface proximally, each seta about 3 µm long; remaining setae longer, each 7–15 µm long. Pedicel cylindrical, 50–53 µm long, 38–48 µm wide; with 3 or 4 campaniform sensilla dorsally; setae on pedicel similar in size to longer setae on scape. Flagellar segments III –X each parallel-sided, about 16–29 µm wide, segments becoming slightly shorter towards apex; segment lengths (µm): III, 95–110; IV, 133–142; V, 153–165; VI, 155–168; VII, 138–150; VIII, 121–125; IX, 108–118; and X, 105–115; each flagellar segment with numerous fleshy setae (fs), except segment III with only a few fleshy setae on apex + about 5 hair-like setae; segments VI –IX each with 2 bristles near apex, segment X with 4 bristles; segments VI or VII –IX each with 1 long seta near apex; segment X with 4 long setae near apex, in 1 specimen these long setae with capitate apices. Bifurcated setae absent. Fleshy setae each 25–30 µm long, bristles each 27–33 µm long, long setae each about 43 µm long. Thorax. Prothorax separated from head by large membranous area with a narrow neck. Dorsum with a small pair of post-tergites, sclerotized and angled obliquely upward, each 15–20 µm long; pronotal ridge absent. Laterally, cervical sclerites narrow and sclerotized, each articulating anteriorly with posterior ventral projection of ocular sclerite; proepimeron narrow; pleural ridge extending from articulation with coxa of foreleg; pleural apophysis distinct. Ventrally, prosternum with a well-sclerotized median ridge, 118–125 µm long, slightly broader at posterior end. Prothorax without setae. Mesothorax well sclerotized. Dorsally, prescutum approximately oval, 105–120 µm long, 173–180 µm wide. Scutum with 4–7scutal setae on each side medially, distance from prescutum to scutellum about 80–125µm. Scutellum triangular to pentagonal (triangular in 5 specimens, subpentagonal in 3 and pentagonal in 1), without membranous areas or setae. A narrow membranous area present between scutellum and mesopostnotum; mesopostnotum long, but more than half of its area covered by membranous area of metathorax. Laterally, prealare narrow; tegula slightly sclerotized, with about 5 setae. Mesopleural ridge and pleural apophysis developed; mesepisternum sclerotized with reticular pattern anteriorly. Mesothoracic spiracles distinct, without associated setae, each peritreme 15–18 µm wide and muscle plate 23–28 µm long. Ventrally, basisternum sclerotised, 400–485 µm long, 190–215 µm wide, without a sclerotized median ridge, anterior and lateral margins unsclerotized or weakly sclerotized, but precoxal ridges well-developed; furca developed, with strongly divergent arms. Venter without setae. Metathorax almost entirely membranous.Dorsally, metapostnotum absent.Laterally, a small suspensorial sclerite present near each hamulohaltere; pleural ridge and pleural apophyses developed; precoxal ridge well developed, 90–105 µm long; postcoxal ridge present. Posterior spiracles similar in structure and size to anterior pair. Ventrally, metasternum slightly sclerotized, with distinct lateral metasternal apophysis. Metathorax without setae. Wings large and well developed, 1.20–1.33 mm long, 0.56– 0.47 mm wide, ratio of body length to wing length 1: 0.91; ratio of wing length to wing width 1: 0.40. A group of 5–6 circular sensoria (sens) near subcostal ridge (scr) base but without alar setae (als); subcostal ridge (scr) developed and sclerotized, weak towards wing tip, with 8–9 circular sensoria (sens) along scr. Area between anterior margin and subcostal ridge (scr) with another vein, rising from wing base and disappearing about half-way along wing; alar fold (alf) represented by a sclerotized fold along proximal posterior margin. Rest of wing membranous; radial sector (rs) weak, forming a clear line, short and slender near wing apex but only visible in fresh specimens, completely disappearing after slide mounting; anterior flexing patch (afx) clear, originates from scr at about 1/5 wing length and runs obliquely to wing apex; cubital ridge (cur) originating from scr at about 1/6 along wing length and extending obliquely towards posterior of wing, short, very weak in fresh specimens, but completely disappearing after slide mounting; posterior flexing patch (pfx) originating from wing base and extending obliquely to posterior wing margin. Hamulohalteres each leaf-like, wide in the middle and narrow at both ends, 139–160 µm long, slightly sclerotized, with some diagonal sclerotized folds; apex of hamulohaltere twisted and pointed to form a small hamulus, each hamulus 6–7 µm long. Legs well developed and slender, subequal in length. Leg measurements (µm): fore leg (I) 880–990 long, middle leg (II) 900–930, hind leg (III) 900–1020; coxae: I, 150–163; II, 115–125; III, 125–138; trochanter + femur: I, 285–305; II, 280–295; III, 280–300; tibia: I, 305–330; II, 340–370; III, 340–385; tarsi: I, 170–190; II, 170–175; III, 160–185; claws 25–29. Hind trochanter + femur 0.51–0.57 times as long as hind tibia + tarsus; ratio of length of hind tibia to hind tarsus 2.03–2.37: 1. Leg surfaces with transverse ridges except on claw. Each coxa with a group of 7–9 short setae proximally on each side, each seta about 5 µm long, plus about 6 longer hair-like setae near apex. Each trochanter with 4 campaniform sensilla on each side, and about 5 hair-like setae but no long setae. Each femur with about 10 hs on both surfaces, 4–6 setae on outer margin spur-like, each 8–13 µm long. Each tibia with about 7 hs on both surfaces, lateral setae spur-like, tibia with about 5 spur-like setae on apex, each 13–15 µm long. Tarsus 1-segmented, with only 1 hair-like seta on venter, rest of setae spur-like, each 8–13 µm long. Hair-like setae on legs each 7–8 µm long, tarsal digitules absent. Claw broad and curved, with a small denticle near apex; claw digitules capitate, longer than claw, each about 25 µm long. Abdomen. Derm mainly membranous; caudal extensions absent, but lateral margins of segments VII and VIII rounded and prominent; setae few, all hair-like. Dorsally, tergites absent; segments VI and VII each with a row of large tubular ducts, each duct 15–18 µm long and 6–8 µm in diameter; each ductule with inner longitudinal ridges; segment VI with 8–11 tubular ducts and segment VII with 5–8 tubular ducts. Number of dorsal abdominal setae per segment: I & II, 0; III, about 4; IV, about 6; V, about 5; VI & VII each with about 6; VIII, 6 or 7. Laterally, pleurites absent. Abdominal spiracles present but unsclerotized and difficult to see, possibly present on segments I– VI. Pleural setae difficult to separate into dorsal and ventral pleural setae, but perhaps with 1 hair-like seta on each of segments IV– VIII. Ventrally, segment I present; sternites slightly sclerotized, some posterior sternites more strongly sclerotized. Number of ventral abdominal setae per segment: I, 0; II, about 3; III, about 4; IV, about 6; V, 5–9; VI, 7 or 8; VII, about 10; VIII, 7–10. Each segment on venter with the 2 medial setae significantly longer, each about 20 µm long, other setae on abdomen each 6–8 µm long. Genital segment. Anal opening with sclerotized rim, situated near apex of segment VIII dorsally, 20–25 µm wide. Penial sheath subtriangular and sclerotized, extending posteriorly from beneath segment VIII, 98–113 µm long, widest near base (50–53 µm wide), tapering towards apex; with a large opening ventrally through which aedeagus emerges. Aedeagus membranous and broad, 93–100 µm long. Eversible endophallus absent. Penial sheath without setae. Remarks. Wu (2008) described the adult male of K. bipora, also collected from Guangzhou city, Guangdong province, China, but those slides are in poor condition with faded colours, and with many features invisible, so they were not used in this study. The above description differs from that of Wu (2008) (character states for specimen in Wu (2008) in parentheses) as follows: (i) pedicel with 3 or 4 campaniform sensilla dorsally (pedicel with 2 campaniform sensilla); (ii) antennal segment X with 2 capitate setae (with no capitate setae); and (iii) abdominal spiracles on segments I–VI possibly present (abdominal spiracles absent, only one specimen with indistinct trachea on margin of abdominal segment IV)., Published as part of Zheng, Xinyi & Wu, San'An, 2022, Updated description of the adult male of Kuwania bipora Borchsenius (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Kuwaniidae) with a discussion on the relationships of Kuwania with some other archaeococcoid genera, pp. 470-478 in Zootaxa 5200 (2) on pages 472-475, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5200.5.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7270985, {"references":["Borchsenius, N. S. (1960) Coccid fauna of China. 9. New soft scales of the families Margarodidae, Eriococcidae and Pseudococcidae (Homoptera, Coccoidea). Entomologicheskoe Obozrenye, 39, 914 - 938.","Wu, S. A. (2008) Morphology of Kuwania bipora Borchsenius (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Margarodidae). Entomotaxonomia, 30 (3), 207 - 214."]}

Qinococcus podocarpus Wu, sp. n. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub: E51A3C23-7BD5-4DF7-8825-1E92621A0E71 Material examined. Holotype adult female. CHINA / Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region / Beihai City / Haicheng District / Malan village (21º 50´N, 109º 10´E), under the bark of Podocarpus macrophyllus (Podocarpaceae), 26 December, 2020, collected by Wenquan Zhen. Mounted singly on a slide. Paratypes. All the same data as for holotype, except for the first-instar nymphs hatched in the laboratory on 28.ii.2021, and third-instar male nymphs collected from the type locality by San-an Wu on 19.xii.2021: 9 adult females on 6 slides, 3 adult males mounted singly, 9 first-instar nymphs on 3 slides, 6 second-instar male nymphs on 2 slides, 6 second-instar female nymphs on 2 slides, 6 third-instar female nymphs on 2 slides, and 3 third-instar male nymphs mounted singly and 4 pupal exuviae mounted together on 1 slide. Other, non-type material examined. Substandard slide mounts in use at forestry protection stations: 10 adult females on 7 slides; and 1 second-instar and 1 embryo of third-instar male nymphs mounted together on 1 slide, collection data same as holotype. Etymology. The specific name podocarpus is based on the generic name of the insect’s host plant, and is a masculine noun in apposition. Adult female (Figs 2 and 10). Unmounted material. Body tadpole-like, with prosoma ovoid and abdomen narrow; dorsum convex and venter flat; derm membranous except at posterior end; body yellowish except posterior several segments reddish; mouthparts and spiracles black; antennae and legs highly reduced; body surrounded by white wax. Located under bark of host plant. Slide-mounted material (n=10). Body tadpole-like, with prosoma swollen and abdomen narrow, 5.5–9.3 mm long, 2.8–4.2 mm wide. Antennae highly reduced, plate-like, each bearing 5 or 6 setae. Mouthparts present, labium short conical, 1-segmented; stylets as long as or longer than body. Legs almost absent, each only represented by 2 flagellate and 2 hair-like setae. Thoracic spiracles each with a sclerotized bar and atrium with a group of about 40 multilocular disc pores at inner end. Abdominal spiracles present in segmental pairs on anterior-most 5 abdominal segments (I–V), each spiracle smaller than a thoracic spiracle, also with a group of about 30 multilocular pores within atrium. Anal opening dorsal, located asymmetrically near one margin of segment IX, with an incomplete, sclerotized semi-circular anal ring without any pores or setae. Venter of abdominal segment I developed. Vulva longitudinally slit-like, situated on the anterior part of venter of abdominal segment VIII, surrounded by 3 apodemes arranged in a triangle. Tubular ducts absent. Dorsum. Disc pores present of 4 types: a large simple pore, and 3 types of multilocular pore. (i) Large simple pores, each 12.5–15.0 µm in diameter, present in 2 groups on head, each containing 16–20 pores. (ii) Elongate multilocular pores, each 12.0 µm long and 10.0 µm wide with 2 central and 14 outer loculi, present on head together with large simple pores in groups, also on one margin (on the side without the anus) of abdominal segments I‒ V. (iii) Circular multilocular pores, each 10.0–12.0 µm in diameter with 6 central and 14 outer loculi, few on last abdominal segment. (iv) Circular multilocular pores, each about 12 µm in diameter with 3 central pores in triangle and 6 outer pores in pairs; densely present on last abdominal segment. Setae of 2 types: small spines, each about 8.0 µm long, few on margin of abdomen; and flagellate setae, each 20.0–35.0 µm long, sparsely present on abdomen, more numerous towards posterior end. Venter. Disc pores present of 4 types: a small simple pore and 3 types of multilocular pore. (i) Small disc pores, each about 6 µm in diameter, few, with 3–5 pores near each posterior thoracic spiracle and each abdominal spiracle. (ii) Circular multilocular pores, each 10.0–13.0 µm in diameter with 4–7 (normally 6) central and 14 outer loculi, present in groups around spiracles and within each spiracular atrium on thorax and abdominal segments I– V; also forming 2 short longitudinal bands from prothorax to abdominal segment I, 2 groups on same segment connected to each other on the anterior part of each of segments III– V. These pores distributed asymmetrically on segments II – VII; on segments II – V, number of pores on the area outside spiracle on same side as (the dorsal) anus fewer than that on equivalent area on the other side; on segments VI and VII, pores forming a longitudinal band on margin only on the side without (the dorsal) anus. (iii) Oval multilocular pores each with 2 central loculi, same as on dorsum, few on medial area of head, thorax and abdominal segment I, but numerous on segments II – VII. On segment II, they form groups (2 marginal and 1 medial); on segments III– V, they form transverse rows posterior to type (ii) pore bands; and on segments VII – VIII, they form transverse bands across most of each segment. (iv) Circular multilocular pores, each with 3 central pores in a triangle and 6 outer pores in pairs, same as on dorsum; densely present on posteriormost segment. Setae of 2 types: small spines, each about 8.0 µm long, present mainly on areas around thoracic spiracles; and flagellate setae, each 25.0–55.0 µm long, distributed mainly on head and abdomen, denser on posteriormost segment. Adult male (Figs 3 and 11). Unmounted material. Body more-or-less cylindrical, with abdomen slightly depressed, about 2.0 mm long. Wing span about 4.0 mm. Membranous parts of body yellowish, sclerotized parts brown. Head broad but strongly constricted posteriorly. Antenna typical filiform, very long, 10-segmented; proximal 2 segments shorter and stout, segments III–X each cylindrical, long and slender, decreasing gradually in length distally from III, apical segment shortest. Compound eyes large, black. Wings each large and broad, smoky in color with brown costal complex and a yellow pterostigma. Legs slender. Abdomen 8-segmented, segments VI and VII each bearing a dorsal tuft of long waxy filaments, these variable in length, longest nearly as long as the whole body. Slide-mounted material (n=3). Body about 1.9–2.2 mm long, 0.4 mm wide across prealare; short spines, mostly about 5.0–7.5 µm long, numerous: loculate pores, each with 3–5 loculi and about 5.5 µm in diameter, few, present on sub-median area of abdominal dorsum. Antennae each long, flagellar segments all quite narrow, parallelsided, successively decreasing in length towards apex. Sclerotized areas of body without nodulations. Legs well developed and setose; no setae apparently bifurcate; tarsi each 2-segmented; each claw with 2 minute denticles; claw digitules acute. Abdominal segment I not visible ventrally; abdomen with tubular ducts and simple pores on tergites VI and VII; penial sheath situated more or less terminally. Head approximately triangular in dorsal view, length about 0.28 mm, width across compound eyes about 0.4 mm. Dorsum: postoccipital suture well developed, extending across posterior part of epicranium; postocciput absent. Midcranial ridge lacking. Most of medial part of epicranium sclerotized, irregular diamond-like, fusing with postoccipital suture posteriorly, becoming membranous laterally. Dorsal epicranium covered in 50–58 short spines. Laterally: compound eyes(cde) each about 0.16 mm long, with about 82–90 ommatidia. A narrow, sclerotized ocular sclerite present along dorsal and posterior margins of each compound eye, each with a single dorsal ocellus (o) situated close to postoccipital suture (pos), each ocellus about 25 µm wide. Venter: with a strongly sclerotized series of ridges forming a five-sided box, composed of: (i) a pair of antennal sclerites (ridges) anteriorly and laterally, fusing posteriorly with (ii) a pair of ocular sclerites and (iii) a pair of preoral ridges, probably articulating with a pair of small ventral sclerites laterally. Ventral part of epicranium sclerotized, with about 23–36 setae and no pores; area posterior to preoral ridges weakly sclerotized. Ventral sclerites present just posterior to each compound eye. Mouth not detected. Antennae each 10-segmented, 2.0– 2.15 mm long, ratio of total body length to antennal length 1: 0.83–0.86. Segment measurements (µm): scape 85.0–87.5 long, 90–95 wide, broadly sclerotized on inner (or ventral) side and narrowly sclerotized on outer (or dorsal) side, with many short setae; pedicel 85–90 long and 70–75 wide, with many short setae and 1 campaniform sensillum on dorsal surface; segments III–IX of flagellum each parallel-sided, each about 83 µm wide, segments becoming successively shorter towards apex, lengths: III, 150–160; IV, 235–245; V, 255–260; VI, 250–260; VII, 250–260; VIII, 210–220; IX, 170–175 and X, 160–165. Each antennal segment with many long hair-like setae, segment III also with 3 bristles, each bristle thick with a blunt tip. Thorax. Prothorax: neck distinct but broad. Dorsum with a strong pronotal ridge (prnr) extending uninterrupted across hind part of neck, articulating ventrally with cervical sclerite; pronotal ridge widening slightly medially on dorsum. Post-tergite (pt), an inverted “ π”- like sclerite, with a pair of arms extending anteriorly, each about 200 µm long, with anterior sclerotization appearing similar to an apophysis and posterior sclerotization slightly larger; transverse part about 380 µm wide, with two terminals broadened and weakly sclerotized, middle also weakly sclerotized, almost interrupted. Laterally with a pair of strong cervical sclerites of complicated structure, each articulated anteriorly with both posterior ventral sclerite and preoral ridge. Venter: prosternum with well-sclerotised median ridge about 270 µm long, which broadens anteriorly, and with an indistinct sternal apophyses posteriorly. Most membranous areas with short setae. Mesothorax: Dorsum: Prescutum (prsc) large and approximately oval (about 115 µm long and 240 µm wide); mesoprephragma narrow; prescutal ridges short; prescutal sutures much less sclerotized than prescutum. Scutum (sct) sclerotized throughout: distance from prescutum to scutellum about 135 µm; with 16–20 setae on each side medially. Scutellum (scl) triangular (about 150 µm long and 280 µm wide) with a middle conic projection on posterior margin; without membranous areas laterally. Immediately posterior to scutellum is a large, membranous area, bordered posteriorly by sclerotized mesopostnotum, which is broadly U-shaped, each arm very strongly sclerotized, extending anteriorly to articulate with the mesopleural ridge. Posteriorly, mesopostnotum extends internally under metathoracic metapostnotum, forming a large mesopostphragma, with a pair of comparatively long sclerotized mesopostnotal apophyses antero-laterally. Laterally: prealare elongate; tegula sclerite well developed, circular. Mesothoracic spiracles normal, outer part of peritreme about 30 µm wide, with no pores in atrium. Venter: basisternum (stn) large, about 230 µm long and 345 µm wide, without a distinct median ridge; bounded anteriorly by well-developed marginal ridge and posteriorly by well-developed precoxal ridges; basisternal setae forming a large medial group of 50–56 setae and 2 small lateral groups each with 11–14 setae; furca (f) nearly quadrate, slightly waisted, large, about 70 µm long, with long arms (each about 95 µm long) that diverge strongly. Metathorax: Dorsum: metapostnotum large, extending across full width of segment, bearing a group of about 18 setae and 2 pores. Laterally: suspensorial sclerites probably absent. Pleural ridge well developed; precoxal ridge well developed and extending medio-ventrally. Posterior spiracles similar in structure to anterior spiracles, each about 25 µm wide. Venter: metasternum with a small area of sclerotization medially, nearly rectangular in shape but concave laterally, with 2 large sclerotized apophyses anterolaterally; with a large group of about 60 spines on posterior area. Wings. Fore wings quite large and well developed, each 1.8–1.9 mm long and 0.85–0.90 mm wide; ratio of length to width 1: 0.46–0.47; ratio of total body length to wing length 1: 0.76–0.78. Subcostal ridge (scr) well developed, composed distinctly of 2 veins, with 13–17 circular sensoria on distal half of posterior vein; wing anterior to Scr well sclerotized proximally, with a club-shaped pterostigma (ptst) at wing apex; alar lobe represented by a sclerotized fold along proximal posterior margin. Rest of wing membranous; radial sector (Rs) weak, in a clear line; cubital ridge (cur) originates from scr at about 1/6 wing length and runs obliquely to posterior wing margin; anterior flexing patch (afx) in clear lines, branched at middle; posterior flexing patch (pfx) originates from wing base and runs obliquely to posterior wing margin, and a clear line more, nearly parallel with cur, situated between scr and pfx. Hind wings leaflike, bilobate apically, each weakly sclerotized centrally and membranous marginally, about 125 µm long and 60 µm wide, with 2 or 3 hamuli at tip, each hamulus highly curved and with an acute apex. Legs long and slender, all 3 pairs almost equally long (lengths in µm): coxa 110–115, trochanter + femur 310– 330, tibia 330–350, tarsus 170–180 and claw 60–70. Trochanters each with 2 round campaniform sensilla on each surface; tibiae each distally with 5–7 long setae with clavate apices. Tarsi each 2-segmented, proximal segment very short and triangular; claws each broad, with 2 denticles and a pair of fine setose digitules. Abdomen without caudal extensions; excluding genital segments, 8-segmented, each segment with a transverse tergite covering entire depth of segment, except for segments VI and VII each with tergite covering only about anterior half. Sternites present across all segments, each sternite covering almost full depth of segment. Dorsal abdominal setae rather less frequent than ventral abdominal setae. Loculate pores restricted to dorsum, 1 or 2 pairs on margin of each segment on membranous area posterior to tergite. Segments VI and VII each with large dorsal tubular ducts more-or-less forming 1 or 2 rows on posterior half of segment, each duct about 22.0 µm long and 5.5 µm wide, with 6 or 8 longitudinal internal ridges, giving duct a striped appearance; with about 10–20 ducts on segment VI and 10–22 on segment VII, plus some simple disc pores among ducts, each pore about 3 µm in diameter. Pleural setae divided into dorsal and ventral groups, each group containing 1–7 setae. Abdominal spiracles not detectable. Anal opening about 8 µm in diameter, situated dorso-medially near base of penial sheath. Penial sheath sclerotized, extending posteriorly from beneath segment VIII; about 140–150 µm long, 60–65 µm wide anteriorly, narrowing to an acute apex posteriorly; with two ventral groups of 5–7 small hair-like penial sheath (ps) setae on each side. Aedeagus (aed) sclerotized, broadest at base and apex, sides concave, apex apparently not bifid, 85–95 µm long, base 30–35 µm wide; emerging from a ventral slit in penial sheath. Eversible endophallus absent. Egg (Fig. 12). Elongate, 0.7mm long and 0.22 mm wide, yellowish. First-instar nymph (crawler) (Figs 4 and 13) Unmounted material. Body yellow, oblong, 0.75–0.80 mm long and 0.25–0.30 mm wide. Eyes black, antennae and legs pale brown. Posterior extremity blunt, with two pairs of long caudal setae, each about 90 µm long. Slide-mounted material (n=9). Derm membranous. Antennae 7-segmented, each 175–185 µm long, located at apex of head; basal segment largest, followed by segments VI and VII, then II, IV and V, segment III smallest. Segment I truncated cone-like, II and V column-like, III–VI inverted truncated cone-like; segments VI and VII swollen, together forming a club. Segment II with a circular sensory pore; segment IV and V each with a sensory seta; segment VII somewhat swollen, with 3 long thin setae, 4 sensory setae and a pair of coeloconic sensilla at apex. Eyespots present. Mouthparts well developed, located between front and middle legs; labium 2-segmented; stylets very long, up to 2 or 3times body length, rolling into 5 or 6 circular loops. Legs well developed; front legs stouter and shorter than middle and hind legs. Femur broad, front femur widest; trochanter with 1 long seta and 3 sensory pores (campaniform sensilla) on each surface; tarsus with 1 sensory pore near base; claw slender, with a denticle near extremity, perhaps an additional denticle at middle, plus a pair of claw digitules, each with an expanded apex, longer than claw. Lengths (µm): front leg: coxa 32.5, trochanter +femur 87.5, tibia 22.5, tarsus 40.0, claw18.0; middle leg: coxa 30.0, trochanter + femur 75.0, tibia 32.5, tarsus 42.5, claw 22.5; hind leg: coxa 27.5, trochanter + femur 80.0, tibia 37.5, tarsus 50.0, claw 27.5. A pair of apodemal sclerotized bars on venter each originating from outer basal corner of front coxa and extending almost to antennal base; front coxa also with a pair of thin sclerotized bars between inner basal corner, angled towards front margin of mouthparts. Thoracic spiracles each with a sclerotized bar and more than 8 disc-pores in atrium; abdominal spiracles smaller, numbering 5 pairs on abdominal segments I–V, each without pores in atrium. Anal opening with a semi-circular sclerotized ring, located near apex of last dorsal segment. Dorsum. Disc pores of 3 types: (i) a rounded-triangular multilocular pore, about 10 µm in diameter, with 3 central loculi arranged in a triangle and 15–18 outer loculi, with 1 located near each antennal base; (ii) a circular multilocular pore, about 7.5 µm in diameter, with 1 central and 7 outer loculi, a pair present on margin of each segment; and (iii) a pair of simple pores, each 2.5 µm in diameter, on sub-margin of head. Setae hair-like, each 12–15 µm long, distributed roughly in 6 longitudinal rows. Venter. Abdominal segments VI and VIII each with 1 circular cicatrix on midline, these forming a single mediolongitudinal row (1 individual with a cicatrix on segment VII instead of segment VI). Disc pores of 4 types: (i) a bilocular pore, 7.0 µm long and 3.5 µm wide, present singly on either side of labium; (ii) a rounded-triangular multilocular pore with 3 central and 15–18 outer loculi, same as on dorsum, present singly beside each thoracic and abdominal spiracle and on both margins of segments VI and VII; (iii) simple pores, same as on dorsum, situated singly on sub-margins of head, and (iv) sieve-like multilocular disc pores, each 9.0 &micro

Qinococcus Wu, gen. n. Type species: Qinococcus podocarpus Wu, sp. n. Diagnosis. The same as for the family. Etymology. The generic name is derived from that of the Qin Dynasty in Chinese history, meaning old, combined with the Latinised suffix “ -coccus ” (which stems from the Greek masculine noun κόκκος (cóccos) meaning “berry”), referring to the spherical, ovoid, or generally rounded shape of the adult female prosoma. Remark. The genus is monotypic at present.

Key to families in the “ Xylococcidae and related groups” based on macropterous adult male Notes: the following key is mainly based on the key in Hodgson & Foldi (2006) for the extant families and on the key in Koteja (2008) for the extinct families. The Kuwaniidae information is from the description for Kuwania bipora (Wu 2008). 1(0) Groups of tubular ducts present medially on abdominal segments VII only........................................ 2 - Groups of tubular ducts present medially on both segments VI and VII.......................................... 3 2(1) Antennae 10-segmented; fore wing with regular pinnate sculpture.................................. Matsucoccidae - Antennae 9-segmented; fore wing without regular pinnate sculpture.................................... Ortheziidae 3(1) Fore wing with a club-shaped pterostigma................................................................. 4 - Fore wing without pterostigma.......................................................................... 7 4(3) Fore legs fossorial......................................................................... Margarodidae - Fore legs normally developed, not fossorial................................................................ 5 5(4) Fore wing with anterior flexing patch forked, and 2 posterior flexing patches............................ Qinococcidae - Fore wing with anterior flexing patch unbranched, and 0 or 1 posterior flexing patch............................... 6 6(5) Fore wing with cubital ridge and posterior flexing patch............................................ Weitschatidae - Fore wing without cubital ridge or posterior flexing patch........................................... Jersicoccidae 7(3) Antennae pectinate....................................................................... Stigmacoccidae - Antennae filiform..................................................................................... 8 8(7) Each claw with several digitules.............................................................. Callipappidae - Each claw with 1 pair of digitules........................................................................ 9 9(8) Tarsus 5-segmented........................................................................ Macrodrilidae - Tarsus with 1 or 2 segments............................................................................ 10 10(9) Fore wing with radial sector vein........................................................................ 11 - Fore wing without radial sector vein..................................................................... 12 11(10) Endophallus present; claw with a pair of acute digitules............................................ Xylococcidae - Endophallus absent; claw with a pair of knobbed digitules........................................... Kuwaniidae 12(10) Capitate setae present on antennae and legs........................................................ Arnoldidae - Capitate setae absent................................................................................. 13 13(12) Cubital ridge long, approaching posterior wing margin beyond 2/3 of its length; scutellum triangular........... Grohnidae - Cubital ridge very short, reaching posterior wing margin at 1/4 of its length; scutellum oval................. Serafinidae, Published as part of Wu, San-An, Xu, Han & Zheng, Xinyi, 2022, A new coccoid family (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) for an unusual species of scale insect on Podocarpus macrophyllus (Podocarpaceae) from southern China, pp. 543-558 in Zootaxa 5120 (4) on page 557, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5120.4.5, http://zenodo.org/record/6392851, {"references":["Hodgson, C. J. & Foldi, I. (2006) A review of the Margarodidae sensu Morrison (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) and some related taxa based on the morphology of adult males. Zootaxa, 1263 (1), 1 - 250. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1263.1.1","Koteja, J. (2008) Xylococcidae and related groups (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) from Baltic amber. Prace Muzeum Ziemi, No. 49, 1 - 56.","Wu, S. A. (2008) Morphology of Kuwania bipora Borchsenius (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Margarodidae). Entomotaxonomia, 30 (3), 207 - 214."]}

Key to families in the “ Xylococcidae and related groups” based on macropterous adult male Notes: the following key is mainly based on the key in Hodgson & Foldi (2006) for the extant families and on the key in Koteja (2008) for the extinct families. The Kuwaniidae information is from the description for Kuwania bipora (Wu 2008). 1(0) Groups of tubular ducts present medially on abdominal segments VII only........................................ 2 - Groups of tubular ducts present medially on both segments VI and VII.......................................... 3 2(1) Antennae 10-segmented; fore wing with regular pinnate sculpture.................................. Matsucoccidae - Antennae 9-segmented; fore wing without regular pinnate sculpture.................................... Ortheziidae 3(1) Fore wing with a club-shaped pterostigma................................................................. 4 - Fore wing without pterostigma.......................................................................... 7 4(3) Fore legs fossorial......................................................................... Margarodidae - Fore legs normally developed, not fossorial................................................................ 5 5(4) Fore wing with anterior flexing patch forked, and 2 posterior flexing patches............................ Qinococcidae - Fore wing with anterior flexing patch unbranched, and 0 or 1 posterior flexing patch............................... 6 6(5) Fore wing with cubital ridge and posterior flexing patch............................................ Weitschatidae - Fore wing without cubital ridge or posterior flexing patch........................................... Jersicoccidae 7(3) Antennae pectinate....................................................................... Stigmacoccidae - Antennae filiform..................................................................................... 8 8(7) Each claw with several digitules.............................................................. Callipappidae - Each claw with 1 pair of digitules........................................................................ 9 9(8) Tarsus 5-segmented........................................................................ Macrodrilidae - Tarsus with 1 or 2 segments............................................................................ 10 10(9) Fore wing with radial sector vein........................................................................ 11 - Fore wing without radial sector vein..................................................................... 12 11(10) Endophallus present; claw with a pair of acute digitules............................................ Xylococcidae - Endophallus absent; claw with a pair of knobbed digitules........................................... Kuwaniidae 12(10) Capitate setae present on antennae and legs........................................................ Arnoldidae - Capitate setae absent................................................................................. 13 13(12) Cubital ridge long, approaching posterior wing margin beyond 2/3 of its length; scutellum triangular........... Grohnidae - Cubital ridge very short, reaching posterior wing margin at 1/4 of its length; scutellum oval................. Serafinidae

Qinococcus Wu, gen. n. Type species: Qinococcus podocarpus Wu, sp. n. Diagnosis. The same as for the family. Etymology. The generic name is derived from that of the Qin Dynasty in Chinese history, meaning old, combined with the Latinised suffix “ -coccus ” (which stems from the Greek masculine noun κόκκος (cóccos) meaning “berry”), referring to the spherical, ovoid, or generally rounded shape of the adult female prosoma. Remark. The genus is monotypic at present., Published as part of Wu, San-An, Xu, Han & Zheng, Xinyi, 2022, A new coccoid family (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) for an unusual species of scale insect on Podocarpus macrophyllus (Podocarpaceae) from southern China, pp. 543-558 in Zootaxa 5120 (4) on page 545, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5120.4.5, http://zenodo.org/record/6392851

Wu, San-An, Xu, Han, Zheng, Xinyi (2022): A new coccoid family (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) for an unusual species of scale insect on Podocarpus macrophyllus (Podocarpaceae) from southern China. Zootaxa 5120 (4): 543-558, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5120.4.5

Key to all developmental instars of Qinococcus podocarpus Wu 1(0) Legs absent; antennae each much reduced, plate-like......................................................... 2 - Legs present; antennae each long and segmented............................................................ 5 2(1) Body shape tadpole-like; vulva present........................................................... adult female - Body oval or oblong; vulva absent........................................................................ 3 3(2) Body elongate oval, more than twice as long as wide..................................... second-instar male nymph - Body slightly pyriform, less than twice as long as wide....................................................... 4 4(3) Multilocular pores forming a single transverse row between spiracles on abdominal segments IV and V............................................................................................... second-instar female nymph - Multilocular pores forming 2 or 3 transverse rows between spiracles on abdominal segments IV and V................................................................................................. third-instar female nymph 5(1) With wings or wing buds; antennae each 10-segmented....................................................... 6 - Without wings or wing buds; antennae each with 7 or 9 segments............................................... 7 6(5) Wings fully developed; legs each with a claw........................................................ adult male - Wings only in bud state; legs each without a claw......................................................... pupa 7(5) Antennae each 7-segmented; mouthparts developed............................................ first-instar nymph - Antennae each 9-segmented; mouthparts absent or much reduced............................ third-instar male nymph, Published as part of Wu, San-An, Xu, Han & Zheng, Xinyi, 2022, A new coccoid family (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) for an unusual species of scale insect on Podocarpus macrophyllus (Podocarpaceae) from southern China, pp. 543-558 in Zootaxa 5120 (4) on page 557, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5120.4.5, http://zenodo.org/record/6392851

Key to all developmental instars of Qinococcus podocarpus Wu 1(0) Legs absent; antennae each much reduced, plate-like......................................................... 2 - Legs present; antennae each long and segmented............................................................ 5 2(1) Body shape tadpole-like; vulva present........................................................... adult female - Body oval or oblong; vulva absent........................................................................ 3 3(2) Body elongate oval, more than twice as long as wide..................................... second-instar male nymph - Body slightly pyriform, less than twice as long as wide....................................................... 4 4(3) Multilocular pores forming a single transverse row between spiracles on abdominal segments IV and V............................................................................................... second-instar female nymph - Multilocular pores forming 2 or 3 transverse rows between spiracles on abdominal segments IV and V................................................................................................. third-instar female nymph 5(1) With wings or wing buds; antennae each 10-segmented....................................................... 6 - Without wings or wing buds; antennae each with 7 or 9 segments............................................... 7 6(5) Wings fully developed; legs each with a claw........................................................ adult male - Wings only in bud state; legs each without a claw......................................................... pupa 7(5) Antennae each 7-segmented; mouthparts developed............................................ first-instar nymph - Antennae each 9-segmented; mouthparts absent or much reduced............................ third-instar male nymph

Newsteadia fanjingensis sp. n. Material examined Holotype: Adult ♀ (GUGC), ��� CHINA: Guizhou Prov., Tongren City, / Jiangkou County, Fanjingshan, / 1 November 2020, / Lan Zhang leg.��� Paratypes: 2♂♂ (GUGC), ��� CHINA, Guizhou Prov., Tongren City, / Jiangkou County, Fanjingshan, / 2019. XI.16, / Xin-Yi Zheng leg. ���; ♂ (GUGC), ��� China, Guizhou Prov., Tongren City, / Jiangkou County, Fanjingshan, / 2020. VIII. 16, / Xin-Yi Zheng leg. ���; 3♂♂ (GUGC), ��� CHINA, Guizhou Prov., Tongren City, / Jiangkou County, Fanjingshan, / 2020.XI.1, / Lan Zhang leg. ���; 2♀♀ (GUGC), ��� China: Guizhou Prov., Tongren City, / Jiangkou County, Fanjingshan, / 2019.XI.16, / Xin-Yi Zheng leg. ���; 2♀♀ (GUGC), ��� China: Guizhou Prov., Tongren City, / Jiangkou County, Fanjingshan, / 2020.V.13, / Xin-Yi Zheng leg. ���; ♀ (GUGC), ��� China: Guizhou Prov., Tongren City, / Jiangkou County, Fanjingshan, / 2020.VI.18, / Xin-Yi Zheng leg. ���; ♀ (GUGC), ��� China: Guizhou Prov., Tongren City, / Jiangkou County, Fanjingshan, / 2020.VIII.16, / Xin-Yi Zheng leg. ���; ♀ (GUGC), ��� China: Guizhou Prov., Tongren City, / Jiangkou County, Fanjingshan, / 2020.XI.1, / Lan Zhang leg. ��� 3 first-instar nymph (GUGC), ��� China: Guizhou Prov., Tongren City, / Jiangkou County, Fanjingshan, / 2020. VI.18, / Xin-Yi Zheng leg. ���; 2 second-instar nymph (GUGC), ��� China: Guizhou Prov., Tongren City, / Jiangkou County, Fanjingshan, / 2020.V.13, / Xin-Yi Zheng leg. ���; 2 third-instar nymph (GUGC), ��� China: Guizhou Prov., Tongren City, / Jiangkou County, Fanjingshan, / 2020.VIII.16, / Xin-Yi Zheng leg. ���; 1 prepupal male (GUGC), ��� China: Guizhou Prov., Tongren City, / Jiangkou County, Fanjingshan, / 2020.V.13, / Xin-Yi Zheng leg. ��� Description Adult female (n=8) Unmounted specimens (Figs 5���9) Body with wax plates subrectangular. Dorsum entirely covered with white wax plates; those on middorsum protrude forwards, and plates on margin radiate in all directions. Venter of abdomen covered by waxy ovisac. Exposed body (with wax plates removed) oval. Body yellow, eyestalk black at base, yellow at tip. Many spines present on dorsum. Slide-mounted female (Figs 10���26) Body 1.8 (1.6���2.2) mm long, 1.4 (1.2���1.9) mm wide. Antenna 7 segmented (Fig. 10), apical segment longest, scape widest, segments III��� VI rather short and subequal. Antenna total length 685 (685���957) ��m. Segment lengths (��m): scape (I), 170 (170���229); pedicel (II), 160 (160���245); III, 46 (46���74); IV, 43 (40���74); V, 43 (35���59); VI, 45 (42���60), and apical segment (VII) 193 (193���247). Details of antennal spine-like setae: I, 10 or 11 (9���11); II, 9 or 10 (9���18); III, 2 or 3 (2���4); IV, 3 (3���6); V, 3 or 4 (2���4); VI, 3 (2 or 3); apical segment (VII) with 4 or 5 (4���7) spine-like setae, apical seta 81 or 89 (81���105) ��m long, subapical seta 28 or 32 (28���39) ��m long, medial sensory seta present, 32 (31���38) ��m long (Fig. 11). Sensorium on segment II subapical on dorsal surface. Most setae on segments spinelike, each 15���31 (15���49) ��m long, dorsum of segment I with 1 basal spine-like seta (Fig. 12). Eyestalk situated near base of scape, with wider base and finger-like apex, 63 or 69 (53���84) ��m long, width at base 31 or 33 (30���61) ��m. Venter. Labium conical, with a narrow apex, 2 segmented, about 197 (178���235) ��m long, with 11 or 13 (11��� 18) setae on each side, with spine-like setae at base each about 20 (17���23) ��m long, hair-like setae at apex each about 43 (43���46) ��m long. Stylet loop as long as labium, 192 (174���226) ��m long (Fig. 13). Legs without a suture between trochanter and femur and with tibia and tarsus fused, without a tibio-tarsal articulation. Anterior leg length measurements (��m): coxa 114 (111���160), trochanter-femur 349 (352���559), tibia-tarsus 468 (466���652), claw 41 (39���63), claw digitules 9 (9���20); setal details: coxa with 14 or 17 (14���17) setae, trochanter-femur with 50 or 53 (50���56), tibia-tarsus with 55 or 60 (41���60). Middle leg length measurements (��m): coxa 115 (110���184), trochanterfemur 370 (356���593), tibia-tarsus 450 (446���682), claw 44 (43���62), claw digitules 9 (9���19); setal details: coxa with 15 or 16 (12���20) setae, trochanter-femur with 50 or 53 (41���53), tibia-tarsus with 51 or 59 (39���59). Hind leg length measurements (��m): coxa 130 (126���197), trochanter-femur 408 (406���638), tibia-tarsus 592 (590���801), claw 47 (47���64), claw digitules 15 (13���17); setal details: coxa with 17 or 18 (13���18) setae, trochanter-femur with 50 or 57 (47���57), tibia-tarsus with 64 or 68 (55���68). Most setae on legs spine-like: coxa with 2���5 basal spine-like setae, each about 13���20 ��m long, distal setae spine-like but longer, each 23���32 (23���34) ��m; trochanter with 2 or 3 sensory pores on each surface and 2 tiny setae at basal articulation (Fig. 14), other setae on trochanter-femur subequal in length, each about 16 ��m. Hind leg with a sensory seta anterior to tibial sensorium, 31 (23���34) ��m long (Fig. 16); anterior and middle legs each with a seta similar to sensory seta but smaller near tibial sensorium, each 7 (6���15) ��m long (Fig. 15), several longer spine-like setae before sensorium, 17���23 (17���35) ��m long, other tibia-tarsal setae short, conical and subequal in length, each about 15 ��m long; claw digitules conical, claw without a denticle (Fig. 17). Ovisac band not interrupted medially, with pores anterior to anterior section of ovisac band but without pores immediately posterior to anterior section of ovisac band; anterior section of ovisac band about 6���10 spines wide; lateral and posterior parts of ovisac band with 5 band clusters on margin of abdominal venter, cluster C6 absent; C1���C3 ovisac band clusters separated, C4 and C5 contiguous; longest spines within ovisac band each about 18 (18���25) ��m long. Region surrounded by ovisac band containing 3 hair-like setae, and 52 (48���52) spine-like setae near vulva (Fig. 25). Wax plates present in small groups on venter of thorax and head. Wax plate on head partially divided longitudinally. Anterior thoracic spiracles each with 8 or 12 (8���20) quadrilocular pores, spiracular opening 28���29 (28���36) ��m in diameter (Fig. 18). Hair-like setae few, scattered around each coxa and antenna, with few setae on anterior and lateral edges of ovisac band and in segmental rows in ovisac band. Each spine band in ventral lateral area containing 1���5 setae. Hair-like setae of 2 kinds: long hair-like setae, each about 25 (24���32) ��m long (Fig. 19); and rather small and slender, each about 18 (12���18) ��m long (Fig. 20). Quadrilocular pores of 2 kinds: tubular quadrilocular pores protruding from derm, each 6���11 ��m long, associated with wax plates whose spines are each 14���18 (14���19) ��m long (Fig. 21); and sessile quadrilocular pores, each 4���5 ��m in diameter, forming transverse bands within ovisac band and scattered between wax plates elsewhere, most abundant within ovisac area (Fig. 22). Discoidal pores of 2 sizes: small pores associated with sessile quadrilocular pores except area within ovisac, each 2���3 ��m in diameter (Fig. 23); and larger pores present only within ovisac area, each about 4 ��m in diameter (Fig. 24). Minute tubular ducts present in wax plates. Marginal abdominal spiracles numbering 5 pairs, each associated with sessile quadrilocular pores and several hair-like setae. Dorsum. Covered with wax plates, wax plate on head partially divided longitudinally, 7dm and 5 mid-dorsal clusters sometimes completely separated medially, 3 mid-dorsal clusters fused completely, other mid-dorsal clusters partially separated medially (separated anteriorly but fused posteriorly). Lateral thoracic wax plates 4 and 7, sometimes fused posteriorly with medial wax plates 3 and 5. Marginal clusters of abdominal segments III��� V or IV��� V (7cl to 7el or 7dl to 7el) running together to form a continuous series. Wax plate on head 539 (539���650) ��m long; medial wax plates on thorax each 7���12 spines wide, 223���435 (219���441) ��m long, lateral thoracic wax plates each 12���16 spines wide, 145���155 (145���233) ��m long; mid-dorsal plates on abdomen each 1���8 spines wide, 84���385 (80���443) ��m long, lateral abdominal wax plates each 72���176 (72���229) ��m long. Spines on dorsum subequal in length with rounded apices, each 18���19 (17���19) ��m long. Long hair-like setae present in marginal clusters near anterior edges of marginal wax plates, and near anterolateral and anteromedial edge of each dorsomedial wax plate; small hair-like setae present between spines. Quadrilocular pores of 2 types: tubular quadrilocular pores within wax plates; and sessile quadrilocular pores forming rows between wax plates. A few small discoidal pores present, associated with sessile quadrilocular pores. Minute tubular ducts present in wax plates. Anal ring with 1 outer and 2 or 3 inner rows of pores; anal ring setae short and stout with blunt rounded apices, each about 56 (56���66) ��m long, anal ring 78 (78���97) ��m wide (Fig. 26). Host plants. The specimens were collected from under the mosses Platyhypnidium riparioides (Hedw.) Dixon (Bryophyta: Brachytheciaceae) and Metacalypogeia sp. (Marchantiophyta; Calypogeiaceae), growing on the trunks of Acer sp. (Magnoliophyta; Sapindaceae). Etymology. The species epithet is derived from the name of the type locality, Fanjingshan, combined with the Latin ending ���- ensis ���, meaning ���from���. Remarks. In the Oriental Region, N. fanjingensis sp. n. is similar to N. koeroesicsomai Koz��r & Konczn�� Benedicty, 1999, and N. vasarhelyii Koz��r & Konczn�� Benedicty, 1999 in having 7-segmented antennae. Newsteadia fanjingensis differs from N. koeroesicsomai in having (character states in N. koeroesicsomai in parentheses): (i) antennal apical segment with subapical and medial sensory setae (without subapical and medial sensory setae); (ii) ovisac band with lateral sections incomplete (ovisac band complete); (iii) dorsal marginal clusters of abdominal segments III��� V or IV��� V fused to form a continuous series (dorsal abdominal marginal clusters all separate); and (iv) dorsum with quadrilocular pore rows between wax plates (only small number of quadrilocular pores between wax plates). Finally, N. fanjingensis differs from N. vasarhelyii in having (character states in N. vasarhelyii in parentheses): (i) quadrilocular pore rows present between dorsal wax plates (quadrilocular pores absent from between wax plates); and (ii) dorsally, marginal clusters on abdominal segments III��� V or IV��� V fuse to form a continuous section (clusters of abdominal segments II��� V fuse to form a continuous series). Adult male (n=5) Unmounted specimens (Figs 27���30) Live adult male slender; wings oval; legs slender and well developed; antenna and wings longer than body; compound eyes black; body greyish white because mealy and cottony wax products more-or-less cover the body; with wax filaments protruding from the tubular pores on abdominal segment VII. Adult male, soaked in 75% ethyl alcohol, with pleural region and wings nearly transparent, and antenna, extremities, sclerites on head, thorax and abdomen brown. Head clearly separated from thorax. Slide-mounted adult male (Figs 31���46) Total body length 1.8���2.1 mm, thorax about 0.5���0.6 mm wide. Body with few hair-like setae (hs); loculate pores absent. Simple minute pores (smp) present throughout body, each 2���3 ��m in diameter. Head: Flat, subpentagonal, 280���283 ��m long, 239���265 ��m wide. Mid-cranial ridge (mcr) well developed on dorsum and venter, but fading posteriorly before postoccipital ridges dorsally. Anterior dorsal mcr also fades and separates from mcr on venter, with 2 hs anteriorly on dorsal region of fading mcr. Ventrally, mcr reaches level of anterior margins of eyes and bifurcates. Dorsal mcr with 4���6 flagellate hairlike setae on each side (each seta 35���57 ��m long); also 42���48 smp near mcr on each side, smp situated almost on anterior of mid-dorsal plate, in addition, a pit present posterolaterally on each side. Ventromedial part of epicranium with 8���11 ventral mcr setae (each 38���56 ��m long) and 1���4 smp on either side. Dorsomedial plate broad-leaf-shaped, apex tapering anteriorly, postoccipital ridges with a medial ���petiole-like��� extension. Ventromedial plate subpentagonal, sclerotized posterior part with a developed cranial apophysis, anterolateral ridges strongly sclerotized, separated by scape. Ventral plate subrectangular; mouth opening present, with sclerotized oesophagus. Tentorium well developed, posterior tentorium extended and embedded in prothorax, seeming to articulate with cervical sclerite. Compound eyes each 86���96 ��m long, with 71���74 ommatidia, each ommatidium 11���15 ��m in diameter. Ocelli each 21���28 ��m wide, 32���43 ��m long. Ocular sclerite with a strong Y-shaped postocular ridge, but posterior arm not articulating with cervical sclerite. Antenna (Figs 35���36): 10 segmented, total length 2.4���2.5 mm, longer than body, wings and legs. Scape: 99���108 ��m long, 66���73 ��m wide, with 10���13 long hs distally (each seta 49���60 ��m long) and a dorsal spinose seta near base (12���15 ��m long); scape without pores; inserted at membrane between dorso- and ventromedial plates. Pedicel: 69���85 ��m long, 51���54 ��m wide; with 7���11 hs (each seta 23���46 ��m long), 3 or 4 coeloconic sensilla ventrally and a campaniform sensilla dorsally. Segments III���X all filiform, each 25���33 ��m wide, with numerous fleshy setae (fs) each 30���40 ��m long, all segments except apical segment each with a few hs, each hs 15���46 ��m long. Except for scape, pedicel and proximal part of segment III, rest of antenna with plate-like microridges, each with microspines, which contribute to tuberculate surface on each segment (Fig. 52). Antennal segment lengths (��m): III, 341���356; IV, 327���340; V, 313���329; VI, 315���345; VII, 292���331; VIII, 235���269; IX, 218���239 and X, 180���212; approximate number of setae on segments: III, 15���25 hs + 12���20 fs; IV, 15���17 hs + 32���40 fs; V, 8 or 9 hs + 39 or 40 fs; VI, 7 or 8 hs + 37���44 fs; VII, 3 or 4 hs + 34���43 fs; VIII, 3 or 4 hs + 22���31 fs; IX each with about 2���4 hs + 25 fs. Segment X with about 16 fs + 1 strong terminal bristle, about 21���32 ��m long, and 1 antennal bristle laterally near apex, 54���59 ��m long. Thorax: Prothorax: Prothorax separated from head by a cervical constriction; with a largely membranous region between cervical constriction and mesothorax. Dorsally, a minute pair of posttergites on dorsum, each about 25 ��m long, with a small and slightly slender pronotum between the posttergites, about 27 ��m long; each side with 2 hs near the pronotum (each seta about 37 ��m long) and 1 smp on one side. Laterally, proepisternum + cervical sclerites complex, anterior cervical sclerite seems to articulate with tentorium. Posteriorly, it is divided into 3 arms: (a) dorsal arm short, extending into a plate that bears 4 hs and 4 smp; (b) middle arm forms, together with pleural ridge, a long apophysis; and (c) ventral arm joined to precoxal ridge by a sclerotized plate. Ventrally, prosternum about 217 ��m long, with a triangular sclerotized area, lateral margins weak, but posterior margin sclerotized with end fishtail-like. Prosternum with 3���7 hs and about 16 or 17 smp. Mesothorax: Dorsally, prescutum, scutum and scutellum uniformly sclerotized. Prescutum oval, separated anterolaterally from scutum by short marginal ridges, posteriorly almost continuous with scutum. Prescutum 112���129 ��m long and 176���200 ��m wide, without prescutal setae and pores. Prealare narrow and weakly sclerotized, arising from prescutal sutures and extending to episternum. Scutum about 114 ��m long and 313 ��m wide, with scutal hs + about 40���49 smp on each side medially (each seta about 34 ��m long), posterior to prescutum. Scutum lateral margins weak. Laterally, anterior tegula strongly sclerotized, posterior one bulging, with 4 tegular setae but without pores. Scutellum subpentagonal, 93���103 ��m long and 131���155 ��m wide, with posterior margin marked by a thick ridge that extends posterolaterally as posterior notal wing process to postalare. Scutellum without setae and pores. Mesopostnotum separated from scutellum by a large membrane and overlapped by metathoracic fold so that only anterior parts of postalares may be seen. Postnotal apophyses well developed. Postalares trifurcate; anterior arm overlapping pleural ridge, ventral arm extending posteriorly to pleural apophysis, dorsal arm extending dorsally a short distance. Mesopleural apophysis clearly visible, a short projection arising from the ridge above apophysis forming a boundary between supraepisternum and infraepisternum. Supraepisternum divided into 2 parts: the anterior, distinctly bulgeing, articulates with narrow and long basalare, the posterior one produces a ridge-like projection (pleural wing process) running dorsally and articulates with basalare. U-shaped subalare present posterior to pleural wing process. Epimeron small and well sclerotized. Mesopleuron without setae or pores. Mesothoracic spiracle opening within space between anterior leg coxa and infraepisternum, with peritreme almost circular, 28���33 ��m wide, with 1 hs. Ventrally, basisternum subhexagonal, strongly sclerotized, 188���224 ��m long and 381���413 ��m wide. Anterior marginal and longitudinal medial ridge developed, with about 17���20 basisternal hs on each side (each seta about 25 ��m long). Furca large, narrow at base, arms rather broad and very divergent, extending almost to marginal ridge anteriorly. First axillary sclerite elongate, with anterior tip curved around anterior of second sclerite and articulated with costal complex. Third axillary sclerite strongly sclerotized, proximal tip articulated with postalare; anterior tip articulated with second sclerite, and distal tip fused with wing. Metathorax: Dorsally, small metapostnotum present medially, 48 ��m wide, with 4 hs present medially and 2 hs mo, Published as part of Zheng, Xinyi & Xing, Jichun, 2021, A new species of the scale insect genus Newsteadia Green (Hemiptera Coccomorpha: Ortheziidae) from China, pp. 481-505 in Zootaxa 4981 (3) on pages 483-504, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4981.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/4921214, {"references":["Sikes, E. K. (1928) The external morphology and life-history of the coccid bug, Orthezia urticae Linn. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1928, 269 - 305. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1928. tb 07152. x","Kozar, F. (2004) Ortheziidae of the World. Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, 525 pp.","Vea, I. M. (2014) Morphology of the males of seven species of Ortheziidae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea). American Museum Novitates, 3812, 1 - 36. https: // doi. org / 10.1206 / 3812.1"]}

Genus Newsteadia Green, 1902 Orthezia (Newsteadia) Green 1902: 284���285. Newsteadia Green; Newstead 1903: 241, change in status (level); Koz��r 2004: 36; Gavrilov-Zimin 2018: 196. Transnewsteadia Richard 1990: 223���230. Type species: Transnewsteadia nepalensis Richard 1990, synonymized by Koz��r & Konczn�� Benedicty 2000: 197. Type species: Coccus floccosus De Geer, 1778 by monotypy and original designation., Published as part of Zheng, Xinyi & Xing, Jichun, 2021, A new species of the scale insect genus Newsteadia Green (Hemiptera Coccomorpha: Ortheziidae) from China, pp. 481-505 in Zootaxa 4981 (3) on page 483, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4981.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/4921214, {"references":["Green, E. E. (1902) Note on Orthezia floccosa, De Geer. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 38, 284 - 285. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 17215","Newstead, R. (1903) Monograph of the Coccidae of the British Isles. Vol. 2. Ray Society, London, 270 pp.","Kozar, F. (2004) Ortheziidae of the World. Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, 525 pp.","Gavrilov-Zimin, I. A. (2018) Ontogenesis, morphology and higher classification of archaeococcids (Homoptera: Coccinea: Orthezioidea). Zoosystematica Rossica, 2018 (2), 1 - 264. https: // doi. org / 10.31610 / zsr / 2018. supl. 2.1","Richard, C. (1990) [Transnewsteadia nepalensis, n. gen., n. sp. and Ortheziola loebli, n. sp., Ortheziidae from Nepalese litter forest (Homoptera: Coccoidea-Archaeococcoidea).] Annales de la Societe entomologique de France, New Series, 26 (2), 223 - 230.","Kozar, F. & Konczne Benedicty, Z. (2000) Revision of Newsteadia of the Australian and Pacific regions, with description of eleven new species (Homoptera: Coccoidea, Ortheziidae). Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 46 (3), 197 - 229.","De Geer, C. (1778) Dixieme memoire. Suppleement aux memoires des volumes precedents, ou description de quelques insectes ailes, suivie de celle de plusieurs insectes du Cap-de-Bonne-Esperance. Memoires pour servir a l'histoire des insectes. Tome 7. Pierre Hesselberg, Stockholm, 950 pp."]}

Newsteadia fanjingensis sp. n. Material examined Holotype: Adult ♀ (GUGC), ‘ CHINA: Guizhou Prov., Tongren City, / Jiangkou County, Fanjingshan, / 1 November 2020, / Lan Zhang leg.’ Paratypes: 2♂♂ (GUGC), ‘ CHINA, Guizhou Prov., Tongren City, / Jiangkou County, Fanjingshan, / 2019. XI.16, / Xin-Yi Zheng leg. ’; ♂ (GUGC), ‘ China, Guizhou Prov., Tongren City, / Jiangkou County, Fanjingshan, / 2020. VIII. 16, / Xin-Yi Zheng leg. ’; 3♂♂ (GUGC), ‘ CHINA, Guizhou Prov., Tongren City, / Jiangkou County, Fanjingshan, / 2020.XI.1, / Lan Zhang leg. ’; 2♀♀ (GUGC), ‘ China: Guizhou Prov., Tongren City, / Jiangkou County, Fanjingshan, / 2019.XI.16, / Xin-Yi Zheng leg. ’; 2♀♀ (GUGC), ‘ China: Guizhou Prov., Tongren City, / Jiangkou County, Fanjingshan, / 2020.V.13, / Xin-Yi Zheng leg. ’; ♀ (GUGC), ‘ China: Guizhou Prov., Tongren City, / Jiangkou County, Fanjingshan, / 2020.VI.18, / Xin-Yi Zheng leg. ’; ♀ (GUGC), ‘ China: Guizhou Prov., Tongren City, / Jiangkou County, Fanjingshan, / 2020.VIII.16, / Xin-Yi Zheng leg. ’; ♀ (GUGC), ‘ China: Guizhou Prov., Tongren City, / Jiangkou County, Fanjingshan, / 2020.XI.1, / Lan Zhang leg. ’ 3 first-instar nymph (GUGC), ‘ China: Guizhou Prov., Tongren City, / Jiangkou County, Fanjingshan, / 2020. VI.18, / Xin-Yi Zheng leg. ’; 2 second-instar nymph (GUGC), ‘ China: Guizhou Prov., Tongren City, / Jiangkou County, Fanjingshan, / 2020.V.13, / Xin-Yi Zheng leg. ’; 2 third-instar nymph (GUGC), ‘ China: Guizhou Prov., Tongren City, / Jiangkou County, Fanjingshan, / 2020.VIII.16, / Xin-Yi Zheng leg. ’; 1 prepupal male (GUGC), ‘ China: Guizhou Prov., Tongren City, / Jiangkou County, Fanjingshan, / 2020.V.13, / Xin-Yi Zheng leg. ’ Description Adult female (n=8) Unmounted specimens (Figs 5–9) Body with wax plates subrectangular. Dorsum entirely covered with white wax plates; those on middorsum protrude forwards, and plates on margin radiate in all directions. Venter of abdomen covered by waxy ovisac. Exposed body (with wax plates removed) oval. Body yellow, eyestalk black at base, yellow at tip. Many spines present on dorsum. Slide-mounted female (Figs 10–26) Body 1.8 (1.6–2.2) mm long, 1.4 (1.2–1.9) mm wide. Antenna 7 segmented (Fig. 10), apical segment longest, scape widest, segments III– VI rather short and subequal. Antenna total length 685 (685–957) μm. Segment lengths (μm): scape (I), 170 (170–229); pedicel (II), 160 (160–245); III, 46 (46–74); IV, 43 (40–74); V, 43 (35–59); VI, 45 (42–60), and apical segment (VII) 193 (193–247). Details of antennal spine-like setae: I, 10 or 11 (9–11); II, 9 or 10 (9–18); III, 2 or 3 (2–4); IV, 3 (3–6); V, 3 or 4 (2–4); VI, 3 (2 or 3); apical segment (VII) with 4 or 5 (4–7) spine-like setae, apical seta 81 or 89 (81–105) μm long, subapical seta 28 or 32 (28–39) μm long, medial sensory seta present, 32 (31–38) μm long (Fig. 11). Sensorium on segment II subapical on dorsal surface. Most setae on segments spinelike, each 15–31 (15–49) μm long, dorsum of segment I with 1 basal spine-like seta (Fig. 12). Eyestalk situated near base of scape, with wider base and finger-like apex, 63 or 69 (53–84) μm long, width at base 31 or 33 (30–61) μm. Venter. Labium conical, with a narrow apex, 2 segmented, about 197 (178–235) μm long, with 11 or 13 (11– 18) setae on each side, with spine-like setae at base each about 20 (17–23) μm long, hair-like setae at apex each about 43 (43–46) μm long. Stylet loop as long as labium, 192 (174–226) μm long (Fig. 13). Legs without a suture between trochanter and femur and with tibia and tarsus fused, without a tibio-tarsal articulation. Anterior leg length measurements (μm): coxa 114 (111–160), trochanter-femur 349 (352–559), tibia-tarsus 468 (466–652), claw 41 (39–63), claw digitules 9 (9–20); setal details: coxa with 14 or 17 (14–17) setae, trochanter-femur with 50 or 53 (50–56), tibia-tarsus with 55 or 60 (41–60). Middle leg length measurements (μm): coxa 115 (110–184), trochanterfemur 370 (356–593), tibia-tarsus 450 (446–682), claw 44 (43–62), claw digitules 9 (9–19); setal details: coxa with 15 or 16 (12–20) setae, trochanter-femur with 50 or 53 (41–53), tibia-tarsus with 51 or 59 (39–59). Hind leg length measurements (μm): coxa 130 (126–197), trochanter-femur 408 (406–638), tibia-tarsus 592 (590–801), claw 47 (47–64), claw digitules 15 (13–17); setal details: coxa with 17 or 18 (13–18) setae, trochanter-femur with 50 or 57 (47–57), tibia-tarsus with 64 or 68 (55–68). Most setae on legs spine-like: coxa with 2–5 basal spine-like setae, each about 13–20 μm long, distal setae spine-like but longer, each 23–32 (23–34) μm; trochanter with 2 or 3 sensory pores on each surface and 2 tiny setae at basal articulation (Fig. 14), other setae on trochanter-femur subequal in length, each about 16 μm. Hind leg with a sensory seta anterior to tibial sensorium, 31 (23–34) μm long (Fig. 16); anterior and middle legs each with a seta similar to sensory seta but smaller near tibial sensorium, each 7 (6–15) μm long (Fig. 15), several longer spine-like setae before sensorium, 17–23 (17–35) μm long, other tibia-tarsal setae short, conical and subequal in length, each about 15 μm long; claw digitules conical, claw without a denticle (Fig. 17). Ovisac band not interrupted medially, with pores anterior to anterior section of ovisac band but without pores immediately posterior to anterior section of ovisac band; anterior section of ovisac band about 6–10 spines wide; lateral and posterior parts of ovisac band with 5 band clusters on margin of abdominal venter, cluster C6 absent; C1–C3 ovisac band clusters separated, C4 and C5 contiguous; longest spines within ovisac band each about 18 (18–25) μm long. Region surrounded by ovisac band containing 3 hair-like setae, and 52 (48–52) spine-like setae near vulva (Fig. 25). Wax plates present in small groups on venter of thorax and head. Wax plate on head partially divided longitudinally. Anterior thoracic spiracles each with 8 or 12 (8–20) quadrilocular pores, spiracular opening 28–29 (28–36) μm in diameter (Fig. 18). Hair-like setae few, scattered around each coxa and antenna, with few setae on anterior and lateral edges of ovisac band and in segmental rows in ovisac band. Each spine band in ventral lateral area containing 1–5 setae. Hair-like setae of 2 kinds: long hair-like setae, each about 25 (24–32) μm long (Fig. 19); and rather small and slender, each about 18 (12–18) μm long (Fig. 20). Quadrilocular pores of 2 kinds: tubular quadrilocular pores protruding from derm, each 6–11 μm long, associated with wax plates whose spines are each 14–18 (14–19) μm long (Fig. 21); and sessile quadrilocular pores, each 4–5 μm in diameter, forming transverse bands within ovisac band and scattered between wax plates elsewhere, most abundant within ovisac area (Fig. 22). Discoidal pores of 2 sizes: small pores associated with sessile quadrilocular pores except area within ovisac, each 2–3 μm in diameter (Fig. 23); and larger pores present only within ovisac area, each about 4 μm in diameter (Fig. 24). Minute tubular ducts present in wax plates. Marginal abdominal spiracles numbering 5 pairs, each associated with sessile quadrilocular pores and several hair-like setae. Dorsum. Covered with wax plates, wax plate on head partially divided longitudinally, 7dm and 5 mid-dorsal clusters sometimes completely separated medially, 3 mid-dorsal clusters fused completely, other mid-dorsal clusters partially separated medially (separated anteriorly but fused posteriorly). Lateral thoracic wax plates 4 and 7, sometimes fused posteriorly with medial wax plates 3 and 5. Marginal clusters of abdominal segments III– V or IV– V (7cl to 7el or 7dl to 7el) running together to form a continuous series. Wax plate on head 539 (539–650) μm long; medial wax plates on thorax each 7–12 spines wide, 223–435 (219–441) μm long, lateral thoracic wax plates each 12–16 spines wide, 145–155 (145–233) μm long; mid-dorsal plates on abdomen each 1–8 spines wide, 84–385 (80–443) μm long, lateral abdominal wax plates each 72–176 (72–229) μm long. Spines on dorsum subequal in length with rounded apices, each 18–19 (17–19) μm long. Long hair-like setae present in marginal clusters near anterior edges of marginal wax plates, and near anterolateral and anteromedial edge of each dorsomedial wax plate; small hair-like setae present between spines. Quadrilocular pores of 2 types: tubular quadrilocular pores within wax plates; and sessile quadrilocular pores forming rows between wax plates. A few small discoidal pores present, associated with sessile quadrilocular pores. Minute tubular ducts present in wax plates. Anal ring with 1 outer and 2 or 3 inner rows of pores; anal ring setae short and stout with blunt rounded apices, each about 56 (56–66) μm long, anal ring 78 (78–97) μm wide (Fig. 26). Host plants. The specimens were collected from under the mosses Platyhypnidium riparioides (Hedw.) Dixon (Bryophyta: Brachytheciaceae) and Metacalypogeia sp. (Marchantiophyta; Calypogeiaceae), growing on the trunks of Acer sp. (Magnoliophyta; Sapindaceae). Etymology. The species epithet is derived from the name of the type locality, Fanjingshan, combined with the Latin ending ‘- ensis ’, meaning ‘from’. Remarks. In the Oriental Region, N. fanjingensis sp. n. is similar to N. koeroesicsomai Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 1999, and N. vasarhelyii Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 1999 in having 7-segmented antennae. Newsteadia fanjingensis differs from N. koeroesicsomai in having (character states in N. koeroesicsomai in parentheses): (i) antennal apical segment with subapical and medial sensory setae (without subapical and medial sensory setae); (ii) ovisac band with lateral sections incomplete (ovisac band complete); (iii) dorsal marginal clusters of abdominal segments III‒ V or IV‒ V fused to form a continuous series (dorsal abdominal marginal clusters all separate); and (iv) dorsum with quadrilocular pore rows between wax plates (only small number of quadrilocular pores between wax plates). Finally, N. fanjingensis differs from N. vasarhelyii in having (character states in N. vasarhelyii in parentheses): (i) quadrilocular pore rows present between dorsal wax plates (quadrilocular pores absent from between wax plates); and (ii) dorsally, marginal clusters on abdominal segments III‒ V or IV‒ V fuse to form a continuous section (clusters of abdominal segments II‒ V fuse to form a continuous series). Adult male (n=5) Unmounted specimens (Figs 27–30) Live adult male slender; wings oval; legs slender and well developed; antenna and wings longer than body; compound eyes black; body greyish white because mealy and cottony wax products more-or-less cover the body; with wax filaments protruding from the tubular pores on abdominal segment VII. Adult male, soaked in 75% ethyl alcohol, with pleural region and wings nearly transparent, and antenna, extremities, sclerites on head, thorax and abdomen brown. Head clearly separated from thorax. Slide-mounted adult male (Figs 31–46) Total body length 1.8–2.1 mm, thorax about 0.5–0.6 mm wide. Body with few hair-like setae (hs); loculate pores absent. Simple minute pores (smp) present throughout body, each 2–3 μm in diameter. Head: Flat, subpentagonal, 280–283 µm long, 239–265 µm wide. Mid-cranial ridge (mcr) well developed on dorsum and venter, but fading posteriorly before postoccipital ridges dorsally. Anterior dorsal mcr also fades and separates from mcr on venter, with 2 hs anteriorly on dorsal region of fading mcr. Ventrally, mcr reaches level of anterior margins of eyes and bifurcates. Dorsal mcr with 4–6 flagellate hairlike setae on each side (each seta 35–57 μm long); also 42–48 smp near mcr on each side, smp situated almost on anterior of mid-dorsal plate, in addition, a pit present posterolaterally on each side. Ventromedial part of epicranium with 8–11 ventral mcr setae (each 38–56 µm long) and 1–4 smp on either side. Dorsomedial plate broad-leaf-shaped, apex tapering anteriorly, postoccipital ridges with a medial “petiole-like” extension. Ventromedial plate subpentagonal, sclerotized posterior part with a developed cranial apophysis, anterolateral ridges strongly sclerotized, separated by scape. Ventral plate subrectangular; mouth opening present, with sclerotized oesophagus. Tentorium well developed, posterior tentorium extended and embedded in prothorax, seeming to articulate with cervical sclerite. Compound eyes each 86–96 μm long, with 71–74 ommatidia, each ommatidium 11–15 μm in diameter. Ocelli each 21–28 μm wide, 32–43 μm long. Ocular sclerite with a strong Y-shaped postocular ridge, but posterior arm not articulating with cervical sclerite. Antenna (Figs 35–36): 10 segmented, total length 2.4–2.5 mm, longer than body, wings and legs. Scape: 99–108 µm long, 66–73 µm wide, with 10–13 long hs distally (each seta 49–60 µm long) and a dorsal spinose seta near base (12–15 µm long); scape without pores; inserted at membrane between dorso- and ventromedial plates. Pedicel: 69–85 µm long, 51–54 µm wide; with 7–11 hs (each seta 23–46 µm long), 3 or 4 coeloconic sensilla ventrally and a campaniform sensilla dorsally. Segments III–X all filiform, each 25‒33 µm wide, with numerous fleshy setae (fs) each 30–40 µm long, all segments except apical segment each with a few hs, each hs 15–46 µm long. Except for scape, pedicel and proximal part of segment III, rest of antenna with plate-like microridges, each with microspines, which contribute to tuberculate surface on each segment (Fig. 52). Antennal segment lengths (µm): III, 341–356; IV, 327–340; V, 313–329; VI, 315–345; VII, 292–331; VIII, 235–269; IX, 218–239 and X, 180–212; approximate number of setae on segments: III, 15–25 hs + 12–20 fs; IV, 15–17 hs + 32–40 fs; V, 8 or 9 hs + 39 or 40 fs; VI, 7 or 8 hs + 37–44 fs; VII, 3 or 4 hs + 34–43 fs; VIII, 3 or 4 hs + 22–31 fs; IX each with about 2–4 hs + 25 fs. Segment X with about 16 fs + 1 strong terminal bristle, about 21–32 µm long, and 1 antennal bristle laterally near apex, 54–59 µm long. Thorax: Prothorax: Prothorax separated from head by a cervical constriction; with a largely membranous region between cervical constriction and mesothorax. Dorsally, a minute pair of posttergites on dorsum, each about 25 µm long, with a small and slightly slender pronotum between the posttergites, about 27 µm long; each side with 2 hs near the pronotum (each seta about 37 µm long) and 1 smp on one side. Laterally, proepisternum + cervical sclerites complex, anterior cervical sclerite seems to articulate with tentorium. Posteriorly, it is divided into 3 arms: (a) dorsal arm short, extending into a plate that bears 4 hs and 4 smp; (b) middle arm forms, together with pleural ridge, a long apophysis; and (c) ventral arm joined to precoxal ridge by a sclerotized plate. Ventrally, prosternum about 217 µm long, with a triangular sclerotized area, lateral margins weak, but posterior margin sclerotized with end fishtail-like. Prosternum with 3–7 hs and about 16 or 17 smp. Mesothorax: Dorsally, prescutum, scutum and scutellum uniformly sclerotized. Prescutum oval, separated anterolaterally from scutum by short marginal ridges, posteriorly almost continuous with scutum. Prescutum 112–129 µm long and 176–200 µm wide, without prescutal setae and pores. Prealare narrow and weakly sclerotized, arising from prescutal sutures and extending to episternum. Scutum about 114 µm long and 313 µm wide, with scutal hs + about 40–49 smp on each side medially (each seta about 34 µm long), posterior to prescutum. Scutum lateral margins weak. Laterally, anterior tegula strongly sclerotized, posterior one bulging, with 4 tegular setae but without pores. Scutellum subpentagonal, 93–103 µm long and 131–155 µm wide, with posterior margin marked by a thick ridge that extends posterolaterally as posterior notal wing process to postalare. Scutellum without setae and pores. Mesopostnotum separated from scutellum by a large membrane and overlapped by metathoracic fold so that only anterior parts of postalares may be seen. Postnotal apophyses well developed. Postalares trifurcate; anterior arm overlapping pleural ridge, ventral arm extending posteriorly to pleural apophysis, dorsal arm extending dorsally a short distance. Mesopleural apophysis clearly visible, a short projection arising from the ridge above apophysis forming a boundary between supraepisternum and infraepisternum. Supraepisternum divided into 2 parts: the anterior, distinctly bulgeing, articulates with narrow and long basalare, the posterior one produces a ridge-like projection (pleural wing process) running dorsally and articulates with basalare. U-shaped subalare present posterior to pleural wing process. Epimeron small and well sclerotized. Mesopleuron without setae or pores. Mesothoracic spiracle opening within space between anterior leg coxa and infraepisternum, with peritreme almost circular, 28–33 µm wide, with 1 hs. Ventrally, basisternum subhexagonal, strongly sclerotized, 188–224 µm long and 381–413 µm wide. Anterior marginal and longitudinal medial ridge developed, with about 17–20 basisternal hs on each side (each seta about 25 µm long). Furca large, narrow at base, arms rather broad and very divergent, extending almost to marginal ridge anteriorly. First axillary sclerite elongate, with anterior tip curved around anterior of second sclerite and articulated with costal complex. Third axillary sclerite strongly sclerotized, proximal tip articulated with postalare; anterior tip articulated with second sclerite, and distal tip fused with wing. Metathorax: Dorsally, small metapostnotum present medially, 48 µm wide, with 4 hs present medially and 2 hs mo

Nikkoaspis brevispina sp. n. (Figs. 1���24) Material examined. Holotype: Adult ♀ (GUGC), CHINA: Guizhou Prov., Jiangkou County, Fanjing Mountain, / 14 November 2020, / Feng Tian leg. Paratypes: 9 ♀♀ (GUGC), same data as holotype. Description. Appearance in life. Adult female scale cover white, 2.3���2.5 mm long, about 2.0 mm wide, subtriangular, expanded towards posterior end; exuviae brown, situated at anterior end; margins of scale thin but dorsum thickened, with curved grooves. The ventral scale encloses the cephalothorax (Figs 1, 3, 5). Exposed body of adult female yellow, narrowest anteriorly, gradually widening posteriorly before widening sharply at abdominal segment I; rear end rounded so that body is bottle-shaped (Figs 6���8). Scale cover of immature male scale white, elongate, 1.5���1.7 mm long, about 0.4 mm wide, with parallel sides and 3 longitudinal ridges, median ridge most prominent. Exuviae pale yellow, situated at anterior end of scale (Figs 2, 4). Slide-mounted adult female ( based on ten specimens): Body 1550���1580 (1563) ��m long, 930���960 (938) ��m wide, narrowest anteriorly, cephalothorax gradually broadening posteriorly before widening sharply at abdominal segment I; rear end rounded so that body is bottle-shaped. Cephalothorax. Antennae separated by a space nearly as wide as mouthparts, each composed of a small tubercle and 2 long setae (a few specimens with antenna on one side with only 1 seta). Anterior spiracles each associated with 25���37 trilocular disc pores, in a cluster; posterior spiracles not associated with disc pores (Figs. 9���11). Pygidial margin. Lobes numbering 2 pairs; L 1 separated from each other by 7���10 ��m and each lobe split into 3 or 4 lobules; L 2 each split into 5���8 (usually 6 or 7) lobules; all lobules similar in size, elongate, nearly as long as adjacent plates, occasionally with a dentate protuberance present at corner of apex, resembling a plate (Fig. 23). Plates on abdominal margins dense, well developed, each slightly longer than a pygidial lobe, with base slightly constricted, middle thicker, and apex bifurcate. With 2 or 3 (usually 2) plates between L 1; 3���8 (usually 3 or 4) between L 1 and L 2 (on abd. VII); 11���18 (usually 12���14) on abd. VI; 12���19 (usually 15���17) on V; 12���20 (usually 14���16) on IV; 16���17 on III; plates becoming progressively shorter anteriorly until they obsolete on abd. II; plates absent from abd. I. With a small plate at each junction of the abdominal segments lateral to L 2, becoming gradually smaller anteriorly and finally obsolete (Figs. 8, 13���19, 21���23). Gland spines very short, but ducts inside each gland spine obvious; with 0 or 2 gland spines between L 1; 0���3 between L 1 and L 2; 2���5 between abd. VII and VI; 2���6 (usually 3���4) between VI and V; 3���6 between V and IV; and 2���6 (usually 4 or 5) between IV and III. Where plates at the junction of the abdominal segments became short and finally obsolete, even very short gland spines are easier to see (Figs 15���19). Ducts and pores. Marginal macroducts slightly larger than dorsal ducts. Dorsal macroducts all about same size, numbering about 550���600 on each side of body, forming indistinct oblique or longitudinal rows or bands; on pygidium, macroducts densest near margins, becoming fewer towards midline. On each abdominal segment, the 2 lateral groups of ducts extend from each side and merge into one submedial group. Prepygidial abdominal segments with numerous dorsal macroducts between margin and submargin, also along posterior borders. Ventral ducts scattered, more numerous on abdomen than on cephalothorax (Figs 7, 8 and 20). Perivulvar pores forming 5 groups, with 18���20 in anteromedian group, 32���39 in each anterolateral group, and 38���45 in each posterolateral group. Anal opening situated slightly anterior to centre of pygidium (Figs 20, 24). Host plant. Bamboo (Poaceae: Sinarundiaria spp.), at 1800 m altitude. Habit. Females found at the base of the upper leaf surfaces along the midrib, separate from each other; immature males found on the middle of the lower leaf surfaces, also along the midrib, separate from each other. Heavily infested leaves were observed to wilt and develop black necrotic spots beneath the scale insects. Remarks. Nikkoaspis brevispina sp. n. is distinguished from all other Nikkoaspis species by possessing numerous dorsal macroducts, very short gland spines, strongly segmented L 1 and L 2, and a large number of plates on the margins of the pygidium and between the pygidial lobes. The new species is similar to N. sikokiana Takagi, 1999, in body shape but can be distinguished by the following characteristics (character states of N. sikokiana in brackets): (i) adult female with L 1 and L 2 split into lobules (L 1 and L 2 not split); (ii) gland spines shorter than plates (gland spines longer than plates); and (iii) about 70���90 plates and 550���600 dorsal macroducts on each side (about 40 plates and 250 dorsal macroducts on each side). Etymology. The new species epithet is derived from the Latin word ��� brevis ���, meaning short, and ��� spina ���, meaning spine, referring to the short gland spines on pygidium. Checklist. A checklist of Nikkoaspis species is provided in Table 1., Published as part of Tian, Feng, Zheng, Xinyi & Xing, Jichun, 2021, Description of a new species of the genus Nikkoaspis Kuwana, 1928 (Hemiptera Coccomorpha: Diaspididae) from China, pp. 363-370 in Zootaxa 4949 (2) on pages 365-369, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4949.2.9, http://zenodo.org/record/4636534, {"references":["Takagi, S. (1999) Notes on the scale insect subtribe Kuwanaspidina (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Diaspididae). Insecta Matsumurana New Series, 56, 95 - 150."]}

Genus Nikkoaspis Kuwana, 1928 Nikkoaspis Kuwana, 1928: 37; Chou, 1982: 57���58; Hu, 1987: 138���140; Takagi, 1999: 114���115; Normark, 2019: 52, 67. Type species. Nikkoaspis shiranensis Kuwana, 1928. Generic diagnosis (adult female). Scale cover of adult female white, elongate, convex; exuviae situated at anterior end, brownish. Slide-mounted adult female body elongate pyriform; cephalothorax tapering anteriorly; abdomen broad and expanded. Lateral margin of each abdominal segment with numerous plates and simple gland spines. Pygidium broad with posterior margin rounded. Pygidial lobes numbering 2 pairs; median lobes (L 1) separated from each other, each L 1 split into 1 or 2 lobules; second lobes (L 2) each split into 2���4 lobules of equal size; each lobule slender, with or without apical incision. There are 2 plates between L 1; space between L 1 and L 2 with 1 or 2 plates. Margin lateral to L 2 with some plates that form a continuous row with plates on margins of prepygidial abdominal segments. Gland spines absent from between L 1; 1 gland spine present lateral to L 1, and 1 or 2 gland spines situated lateral to L 2. Anal opening situated slightly anterior to centre of pygidium. Perivulvar pores present in 5 groups. Dorsal macroducts small, densely covering the lateral margins of prepygidial abdominal segments, and extending along posterior margin of each pygidial segment to midline. Dorsal macroducts scattered and irregularly arranged (Chou, 1982). Distribution. Malaysia, China, Japan, Russia. Remarks. Nikkoaspis and Kuwanaspis are so similar that Takahashi (1930) merged them into a single genus. However, according to Takagi (1970:122; 1999:115) Nikkoaspis species are found on high-altitude bamboo in boreo-montane forests, whereas Kuwanaspis species occur in a wide range of habitats from tropical lowlands to temperate regions. These differing distribution traits, together with the peculiar body shape and numerous dorsal macroducts, were used to justify acceptance of Nikkoaspis as a valid genus by Takagi (1970). However, in their molecular phylogenetic analysis, Normark et al. (2019) found that Nikkoaspis is nested within Kuwanaspis, such that Kuwanaspis as presently constituted is paraphyletic, probably being comprised of multiple morphologically cryptic genera. Their analysis also showed Nikkoaspis as being sister to a tropical clade of Kuwanaspis (all samples from lowland Borneo), whereas all the temperate samples of Kuwanaspis including the genotype, K. hikosani (Kuwana, 1902), formed a separate clade. In principle, these clades might be accepted as separate genera, despite their close morphological similarity, but Normark et al. (2019) did not do so; nor did they synonymise Nikkoaspis under Kuwanaspis. Revision of the genus-level taxonomy is beyond the scope of the present article but future revision may result in splitting Kuwanaspis (as presently understood) into more than one genus. The temperate clade containing K. hikosani would retain the name Kuwanaspis, and Nikkoaspis (as presently understood) might remain distinct or form part of the unnamed tropical clade., Published as part of Tian, Feng, Zheng, Xinyi & Xing, Jichun, 2021, Description of a new species of the genus Nikkoaspis Kuwana, 1928 (Hemiptera Coccomorpha: Diaspididae) from China, pp. 363-370 in Zootaxa 4949 (2) on page 364, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4949.2.9, http://zenodo.org/record/4636534, {"references":["Kuwana, S. I. (1928) The diaspine Coccidae of Japan. V. Genera Chionaspis, Tsukushiaspis [n. gen.], Leucaspis, Nikkoaspis [n. gen.]. Scientific Bulletin. Japan, 1, 1 - 39.","Chou, I. (1982) Monograph of the Diaspididae of China. Vol. 1. Shaanxi Publishing House of Science & Technology, Shaanxi, 58 pp.","Hu, J. L. (1987) A new species of Nikkoaspis (Coccoidea: Diaspididae). Contributions from Shanghai Institute of Entomology, 7, 138 - 140.","Takagi, S. (1999) Notes on the scale insect subtribe Kuwanaspidina (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Diaspididae). Insecta Matsumurana New Series, 56, 95 - 150.","Normark, B. B., Okusu, A., Morse, G. E., Peterson, D. A., Itioka, T. & Schneider, S. A. (2019) Phylogeny and classification of armored scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Diaspididae). Zootaxa, 4616 (1), 1 - 98. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4616.1.1","Takahashi, R. (1930) Observations on the Coccidae of Formosa, Part II. Report. Department of Agriculture Government Research Institute, Formosa, 43, 1 - 45.","Takagi, S. (1970) Diaspididae of Taiwan based on material collected in connection with the Japan-U. S. Cooperative Science Programme, 1965 (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Pt. II. Insecta Matsumurana, New Series, 33, 1 - 146.","Kuwana, S. I. (1902) Coccidae (scale insects) of Japan. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 3, 43 - 98."]}

Nipponorthezia guizhouensis sp. n. (Figs 1���18) Material examined Holotype: ♀ (GUGC), China, Guizhou Prov., Guiyang City, Wudang, Yangchang, 23 September 2019, Xin-Yi Zheng leg. Paratypes: 2 ♀♀ (GUGC), China: Guizhou Prov., Yanhe County, 2014.VIII.8, Guoru Ren leg.; 2 ♀♀ (GUGC), China: Guizhou Prov, Dafang County, 2017.XI.3, Maofa Yang leg.; 10 ♀♀ (GUGC), China: Guizhou Prov., Feng- gang County, 2018.II.27, Xiuxian Shen leg., Published as part of Zheng, Xinyi & Xing, Jichun, 2020, A new species of the genus Nipponorthezia (Hemiptera: Coccidomorpha Ortheziidae) from China, with an identification key to all the species, pp. 444-450 in Zootaxa 4786 (3) on page 445, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4786.3.11, http://zenodo.org/record/3877032

Genus Nipponorthezia Kuwana,1916 Nipponorthezia Kuwana, 1916: 150; Koz��r, 2004: 230; Gavrilov-Zimin, 2018: 196. Type species: Nipponorthezia ardisiae Kuwana, 1916 ., Published as part of Zheng, Xinyi & Xing, Jichun, 2020, A new species of the genus Nipponorthezia (Hemiptera: Coccidomorpha Ortheziidae) from China, with an identification key to all the species, pp. 444-450 in Zootaxa 4786 (3) on page 445, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4786.3.11, http://zenodo.org/record/3877032, {"references":["Kuwana, S. I. (1916) Some new scale insects of Japan. Annotationes Zoologicae Japonenses, 9, 145 - 152.","Kozar, F. (2004) Ortheziidae of the World. Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, 525 pp.","Gavrilov-Zimin, I. A. (2018) Ontogenesis, morphology and higher classification of archaecococcids (Homoptera: Coccinea: Orthezoidea). Zoosystematica Rossica, 2018 (2), 1 - 264."]}