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Feedback interconnections of causal linear systems are studied in a continuous-time setting. The developments include a linear time-varying (LTV) generalization of Vinnicombe's v-gap metric and an integral-quadratic-constraint-based robust L2-stability theorem for uncertain feedback interconnections of potentially open-loop unstable systems. These main results are established in terms of Toeplitz--Wiener--Hopf and Hankel operators, and the Fredholm index, for a class of causal linear systems with the following attributes: (i) a system graph (i.e., subspace of L2 input-output pairs) admits normalized strong right (i.e., image) and left (i.e., kernel) representations, and (ii) the corresponding Hankel operators are compact. These properties are first verified for stabilizable and detectable LTV state-space models to initially motivate the abstract formulation, and subsequently verified for frequency-domain multiplication by constantly proper Callier--Desoer transfer functions in analysis that confirms consistency of the developments with the time-invariant theory. To conclude, the aforementioned robust stability theorem is applied in an illustrative example concerning the feedback interconnection of distributed-parameter systems over a network with time-varying gains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]