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Early industrialization of the developed countries has enabled their leadership in technological innovation, including environmentally sound technologies. ESTs are technologies that help prevent, control, or reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Endorsed as an integral part of climate action, a binding obligation to ensure access for global south to these technologies remains missing from international environment law and international intellectual property rights law. Transfer of technology also faces certain economic barriers such as lack of infrastructure and human resources that enable adoption and absorption of ESTs. Moreover, there exists ideological differences between developed countries and developing and least developed countries regarding mechanism of technology transfer, creating an impasse in international negotiations to achieve EST transfer. In this paper the author has attempted to reframe the discussion on transfer of ESTs through a climate justice perspective. An incorporation of the practical aspects of the common but differentiated responsibilities of the developed countries into the TRIPS regime, in the form of binding obligations to technology transfer and financial assistance, or relaxations in patent protections, may provide adequate resolution. A balanced and rational approach to EST transfer, beyond the exigencies of global politics, is necessary for the continued prosperity of the Earth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The push towards research commercialisation at universities has highlighted the importance of intellectual property (IP) policies in fostering innovation and guiding and managing research commercialisation activities. This paper undertakes a content analysis of intellectual property policies of all (37) Australian public universities, focusing on policy objectives, definition of IP, ownership of IP created by different creators, and distribution of net commercialisation revenues. It is found that all universities assert ownership over staff-created IP, particularly when related to employment or utilisation of university resources. For students, policies tend to balance their rights with university interests, with nuanced approaches for different types of student participation, but the focus of most policies was on postgraduate students engaging in research activities. While some policies had clear arrangements for IP created by visitors and affiliates and Indigenous cultural and intellectual property (ICIP), about a quarter of policies did not specify arrangements for these groups. Revenue sharing arrangements vary but generally award something between a third to a half of net revenue to creators, to both acknowledge their contribution and incentivise further innovation. Policies included a broad spectrum of objectives, from protecting and commercialising IP to fostering innovation and societal benefit, reflecting varying strategies across the higher education sector. Policies could benefit from further clarity in certain areas such as the rights of students or other creator groups. Research is needed to assess the effectiveness of these policies and their influence on innovation and commercialisation activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Exosomes have become one of the frontiers of biomedical research in recent years because of their promising applications in clinical diagnosis and therapy. OBJECTIVE: To reveal the basic research and technology development trend of exosomes at home and abroad, and provide suggestions for related scientific and technological research and development in China. METHODS: This paper presented a quantitative analysis of the overall research and development situation, the frontier hotspots and future development trends in this research area by means of bibliometric methods and tools. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The research and development hotspots in this area have entered a high growth phase with the application of new tools and methods. Many new technologies and products are facing clinical applications and markets with the development of a large number of clinical translation experiments. Comparative analysis at home and abroad reveals that China has made more remarkable achievements in basic research in this field, but there are still weaknesses in the possession of independent intellectual property rights, clinical technology translation, and regulatory system standardization and management, which need to be further strengthened in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to analyse the intellectual property rights (INPR), foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows and technological exports of 32 developing and developed countries for the period of 2006–2020. Design/methodology/approach: Diagnostic tests were used to confirm the panel least squares, fixed effect, random effect, feasible general least squares, dynamic ordinary least squares and fully modified ordinary least squares estimator results as well as to increase the robustness. Findings: According to the findings for the developing countries, trademark, patent and industrial design applications, each had a significant positive long-run effect on FDI inflows. In addition, there was a significant positive long-run relationship between patent applications and medium- and high-technology exports. Meanwhile, trademark and industrial design applications had a significant negative long-term effect on medium- and high-technology exports. In developed countries, patent and industrial design applications each have a significant negative long-term on medium- and high-technology exports. Furthermore, patent and trademark applications each had a significant negative long-run effect on FDI inflows. Originality/value: This study contributes significantly to the focus that host countries evaluate the technology gaps between domestic and foreign investors at different industry levels to select the best INPR rules and innovation process by increasing international cooperation. Furthermore, the host countries should follow the structure–conduct–performance paradigm based on analysis of the market structure, strategic firms and industrial dynamics systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transfer of technology (ToT) developed in research institutes to industry has been one of the most discussed areas in the recent past. ToT helps in accelerated commercialisation for rapid industrial growth and generates revenue for the institutes by monetising research outcomes. The role of TTOs in the process of developing, protecting intellectual property and disseminating technologies through licensing to spinouts or established companies has generated special interest. TTOs are academic or commercial entities that facilitate the management of intellectual property rights and ToT by bridging the gap between research and industrial needs. They provide support for collaboration and mediate relationships between different innovation stakeholders, namely academia and industry. The present article highlights the role and importance of TTOs in the Indian context with a backdrop of the ecosystem of developed countries. It also suggests the need for having TTO at individual research organisation for better outreach and academiaindustry connects. The study suggests a need for having a larger network of professional TTOs, harmonised policy for managing IP and technology and a robust tech-transfer system which will help all the stakeholders leading to creation of a large number of start-ups, job-creations and, overall, in building the robust innovation and tech-transfer ecosystem for industrial growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The university-industry contractual research collaborations to solve complex problems jointly and create social and economic impact have long existed. Technology Transfer Offices (TTOs) constitute formal technology intermediaries established to strengthen university-industry collaborations. However, the differences in needs and capabilities, individual and organizational backgrounds, and innovative learning modes inhibit effective partnerships. We develop a conceptual framework that explains how TTOs can catalyze these collaborations in Botswana. We use the grounded theory approach to examine the TTOs' challenges and opportunities in strengthening university-industry linkages. Notably, we employ inductive analysis to synthesize interview data and analyze it using domain analysis and componential analysis. Data were extracted from the university and industry policies and documents and interviews with 102 participants from two universities (42.2%) and three industry firms (57.8%) involved in technology transfer. We found 71.6% had excellent knowledge and experience and 28.4% had varying degrees of experience. While individual or independent consultancies (44.1%) lead, TTOs facilitate collaboration through contractual research agreements (32.4%), technology licensing (22.5%), and joint ventures (10.8%). This demonstrates entities' significant access to each other's financial and technological resources. This allows entities to generate new knowledge, equip each other with tools and competencies required to produce commercial products and new revenue streams. Most significantly, while Botswana has displayed remarkable progress toward strengthening its institutional support systems for technology transfer and commercialization, there is a shortage of IP expertise at universities and industries, possibly leading to low levels of IP awareness. Also, most institutions have incomplete IP strategies, and there is inadequate administration and enforcement of intellectual property rights systems at the national level, possibly contributing to low national IP filings. Therefore, we recommend entities fully engage in vigorous IP activities, review and finalize their IP policies and make them flexible yet equitably based on the needs of the collaborating industry firms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rampant spread of the COVID-19 infection poses a grave and formidable challenge to global healthcare, with particular concern to the inhabitants of the African continent. In response to these pressing concerns, different strategies have been employed to combat the emergence of this insidious disease, encompassing crucial measures such as physical distancing, the utilization of face masks, meticulous hand hygiene, and widespread vaccination campaigns. Nevertheless, the economic realities faced by numerous African nations, characterized by their classification as "low-income countries (LICs)", present a formidable barrier to accessing and distributing approved vaccines to their populations. Moreover, it is essential to discuss the hesitancy of the European Union (EU) in releasing intellectual property rights associated with the transfer of vaccine technology to Africa. While the EU has been a key player in global efforts to combat the pandemic, there has been reluctance in sharing valuable knowledge and resources with African countries. This hesitancy raises concerns about equitable vaccine access and the potential for a prolonged health crisis in Africa. This review underscores the urgent imperative and need of establishing localized vaccine development and production facilities within Africa, necessitating the active involvement of governments and collaborative partnerships to achieve this crucial objective. Furthermore, this review advocates for the exploration of viable avenues for the transfer of vaccine technology as a means to facilitate equitable vaccine access across the African continent and also the cruciality and the need for the EU to reconsider its stance and actively engage in transferring vaccine technology to Africa through sharing intellectual property. The EU can contribute to the establishment of localized vaccine production facilities on the continent, which will not only increase vaccine availability but also promote self-sufficiency and resilience in the face of future health emergencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasingly, countries in the Global South—notably South Africa, Brazil, and Indonesia—are introducing material transfer agreements (MTAs) into their domestic laws for the exchange of scientific material. The MTA is a contract securing the legal transfer of tangible research material between organizations such as laboratories, pharmaceutical companies, or universities. Critical commentators argue that these agreements in the Global North have come to fulfill an important role in the expansion of dominant intellectual property regimes. Taking Indonesia as a case, this article examines how MTAs are enacted and implemented differently in the context of research involving the Global South. Against the conventionally understood forms of contract that commodify and commercialize materials and knowledge, the MTA in the South can be understood as a legal technology appropriated to translate a formerly relational economy of the scientific gift to a market system of science. As a way of gaining leverage in the uneven space of the global bioeconomy, the MTA functions as a technology for 'reverse appropriation', a reworking of its usage and meaning as a way of countering some of the global power inequalities experienced by Global South countries. The operation of this reverse appropriation, however, is hybrid, and reveals a complex reconfiguration of scientific exchange amidst a growing push for 'open science'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technology transfer offices (TTO) were created with the mission of executing innovation policy and its technology transfer to industry. Most studies regarding TTO focus on the context of developed countries, so there is a lack of research on the subject in emerging economies, such as Brazil. In addition, the issue of how diverse the skills of the team of a given TTO should be for their best revenue performance is still little addressed. In this sense, the present study aims to identify which characteristics of the TTO, related to their human resources, influence obtaining revenue from the patents that constitute their portfolios. To achieve this objective, 272 TTO in Brazil were analysed with the help of the Logistic Regression technique, based on Maximum Likelihood Estimation. A remarkable conclusion that emerges from our results is that the universities to increase their revenue must invest in full‐time employees (e.g., rather than in scholarship students, as tends to be the norm) and foster the inventions' communications, as well as to attract and retain employees with skills directly related to knowledge fields such as Law, Engineering, and Communication (quite surprisingly, Management and Economics graduates are not included). The combination of these factors can increase the probabilities or odds of a given TTO obtaining revenue. Thus, our results contribute to TTO human resource practices, especially those in structuring stages, such as those in Brazil and Latin American countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prior studies ignore the impact of infrastructure on university technology transfer. High-speed rail, China's most significant infrastructure, has played an essential role in the economy and society. Using high-speed railway construction as a quasi-experiment and a large sample of Chinese universities for the 2007–2017 period, we investigate the impact of high-speed rail on university technology transfer. We provide extensive evidence that high-speed rail has a positive effect on university technology transfer. The finding remains valid after a battery of robustness tests. Mechanism tests find that high-speed rail can improve university technology transfer by promoting the interaction between universities and enterprises and improving enterprises' technology demand for universities. Further analysis shows that better intellectual property protection strengthens the effect of high-speed rail on university technology transfer, and the relationship between high-speed rail and university technology transfer is more prominent in the regions with underdevelopment technology trading markets. Our study suggests that high-speed rail is an important variable that affects university technology transfer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Article explores whether and bow we may leverage antitrust law to calibrate the exploitation of intellectual property ("IP") rights-e.g., IP licensing-to facilitate needed access to essential technologies. The Article's motivation is to help developing countries find an effective way to address their complaints that owners of IP-protected technologies refuse to license needed technologies or charge unfairly high prices. The Article concludes that leveraging antitrust law unilaterally to address these typical challenges developing countries experience in accessing essential technologies may be more effective and efficient than attempting to change the IP regime. The IP regime is governed by negotiated and established multilateral instruments and is likely helpful in promoting international technology transfer and domestic technology innovation. -In answering the question of whether we may leverage antitrust law to improve access to essential technologies, the Article explores the conceptual linkages among IP. antitrust law. and access to essential technologies, examining the diverse approaches toward the IP-antitrust interface by multilateral, regional, bilateral, and jurisdictional instruments. In answering the question of how we may do so, the Article suggests a possible approach containing four main aspects. In doing so, the Article presents reference points for implementing this approach by comparing courses taken by three major antitrust regimes-the United States, the European Union, and China-toward controversial topics such as refusal to license, the essential facilities doctrine, and excessive pricing. The Article then discusses the necessary balancing considerations for implementing this approach. It also considers the barriers developing countries need to overcome for the implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Business accelerators play a key role in the initial critical stages of assessment of commercial viability, offering mentorship provision of funding and protection of intellectual property (IP) for product development and refinement. However, little is known about the decision-making criteria and detailed analysis of the underlying criteria and interdependencies between the key factors used by accelerator organizations to fund start-ups. This article focuses on the decision-making criteria utilized by a leading £21M accelerator program, largely funded by the European Regional Development Fund for initial stage funding and IP protection for product and innovation commercialization. We incorporate a multimethodological interpretive-based approach based on Day's “Real-Win-Worth” framework to develop the interrelationships and ranking between the factors. The results highlight the significance and weighting attached to the factors associated with the technical competency of the proposer and evidence of demand existing for the product. We propose a new framework that models the key factor interrelationships offering additional insight to accelerator-based decision making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past four decades, Intellectual Property (IP) has been one of the main controversies of US-China trade relations. But the current US-China trade war contains a new focus - technology transfer. This article adopts a socio-legal and economic approach to examine the current technology and trade tensions between these two countries and why China became an Information Technology (IT) powerhouse. It first provides an overview of IP and technology transfer rules under the Phase One US-China Economic and Trade Agreement (POA). It then explores different forms of forced technology transfer activities and the in-depth reasons for the US to shift its main IP concerns from IP enforcement to technology transfer. It explains why the US and China trade war is inevitable, why the current US-China IP-trade war is significantly different from previous ones, and the economic and political reasons behind the global technology leadership competition by the two countries. Finally, the author concludes that the POA and its technology transfer rules are not the ends of the game but just the start of the global technology leadership competition between the US and China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of technology transfer in climate change negotiations is vital. If technology is to help mitigate and adapt to climate change, the international community needs to ensure sufficient innovation and technology transfer. This article concentrates on the existing legal mechanisms that seek to ensure environmentally sustainable technologies are developed and available where needed. It problematises dominant international and public law frameworks, favouring instead a transnational lens that highlights the market, hybrid and non-market approaches to technology transfer. This conceptual framework allows one to focus on how states, international organisations and corporations shape this area of the law. Ultimately, the article presents the claim that discussions about technology transfer reflect a broader struggle, as the shift from fossil fuels to green energy opens up space to reconsider how one thinks about technology, intellectual property rights, dependency, and the role of the state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many Latin American universities have innovated their patents and services and generated easy-to-market developments to produce revenue. However, the lack of an adequate system to effectively transfer technology and of a frame of reference that allows universities to propose a suitable sale value for their innovations and patents, prevents them from obtaining economic benefits by distributing their products and services to public and private companies. In this study, a technical method is proposed--in addition to an effective technology transfer system--to quantify the potential that universities have and guarantee that the innovations, services and developments produced by them are marketed effectively. To do this, the potential that the university possesses is quantified and the contributions from the personnel, the research groups, the laboratories, etc. are assessed in order to then weigh the best references and define which ones have the greatest potential to be marketed. Since the objective of public universities is to generate the greatest benefit to society through non-profit products and services, measuring the true impact of these benefits through indices that quantify the social mass they impact is proposed. For this research, the invention patent developed by Escuela Politécnica Nacional del Ecuador was analyzed and the sale value and the projection of revenues that the university received were calculated. This case serves as an example for other Latin American universities [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the proposal of "One Belt One Road" initiative, more and more technology-driven enterprises in China are going abroad for foreign direct investment (FDI). But at the same time, due to the special geographical location of the countries along the "Belt and Road," the turbulent geopolitical pattern, weak economic growth, and constant conflicts between religious civilizations, all these will make Chinese technology-driven enterprises' investment in the countries along the "Belt and Road" face a nonnegligible risk. Thus, how to correctly assess and reasonably prevent OFDI risk has become urgent task for enterprises. This paper takes 20 countries along the "Belt and Road" as the research object and combines the characteristics of technology-oriented enterprises to determine the risk assessment indicators at all levels from four aspects: politics and policy, economy and finance, society and culture, and technological risks. Using fuzzy cluster analysis, the countries along the "Belt and Road" are classified into four groups: low, medium-low, medium-high, and high risks and corresponding countermeasures are proposed. Technology-oriented enterprises should raise their political risk awareness, comprehensively assess the economic and financial environment of host countries before making FDIs, implement "localized" operation and management, and pay attention to the protection of intellectual property rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of digital copyright in the internet era altered the traditional method of information dissemination and triggered a new copyright revolution, which benefited copyright owners by increasing revenue. However, as a result of the efficiency and convenience of technical capture, the data-based form of copyright faces new challenges and the emergence of a large number of infringement acts has become a barrier to the development of the digital copyright industry. Blockchain technology is decentralized, impenetrable, timestamped, traceable, and capable of smart contracts, among other characteristics. It was initially applied in the financial sector before being expanded to other sectors, resulting in a variety of blockchain + X models. The application of blockchain technology to digital copyright protection represents an attempt to protect copyright owners' rights through the use of a novel technical method and protection concept, and it has a bright future. This study analyzes the current state of digital copyright protection in detail, discusses the benefits of applying blockchain technology in three areas: digital copyright registration and confirmation, transaction monitoring, and evidence maintenance, as well as the potential difficulties associated with the application of blockchain technology, and finally considers and proposes the system design for blockchain technology in the application of digital copyright protection. The study discovered that by utilizing blockchain technology to establish a unified blockchain digital copyright protection platform, it is possible to completely and efficiently record the entire process of copyright registration and confirmation, monitor data capture infringement, provide objective electronic evidence, reduce the cost of copyright owner rights protection, and increase the success rate of judicial remedies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article follows the scientific and entrepreneurial career of one of the most prominent genetic engineers, Jin-Soo Kim, in order to analyze the fate of a vision of biotechnology in South Korea, in which academy, government, and industry came together to "correct" Korean academic and economic life. I show how the scientific and the economic were intertwined in Kim's entrepreneurial lives, and so were the public and the private, commerce and law and virtue. As the founder of Toolgen, a biotech company specializing in genome editing, Kim built his career as a pioneer in biotech venture from the late 1990s, at a time when the Korean government tried to find certain opportunities in biotechnology amid the Asian financial crisis. I situate Kim's early career as a CEO of Toolgen and his return to an academic post at Seoul National University (SNU) within the rise of biotechnology entrepreneurship and the institutionalization of academic patenting in South Korea as an alternative to catch-up industrial and innovation policy that would free the country from the dependence that its own lack of science and technological innovation imposed on it. By 2005, as I show, Kim had emerged as an exemplary entrepreneurial scientist at SNU, a role model for reforming an old, tradition-bound research university into an entrepreneurial university, thereby helping to transform South Korea's industrial economy into a knowledge economy in an age of globalization. The fate of Toolgen and the scientific career of Kim, however, reflected the emergence of biotechnology entrepreneurship not only of perceived opportunity but of considerable resentments. I will end this paper with a brief discussion of a recent controversy over the ownership of his invention of the CRISPR technology at SNU. His story is thus a vista of the new ideas and sentiments of the 21st century global biotechnology manifested in South Korea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyses the patenting activities of university science and engineering professors in Canada between 1920 and 1975. Unlike most studies on commercial activities in academia, which typically focus on the post-1980 period and on university practices, we focus on the pre-1980 period and on the individual decisions of professors to patent their inventions. Based on quantitative patent data, we show that patenting, and thus professors' interest in the possible commercial value of their scientific discoveries made in university laboratories, was relatively common on an individual and informal basis well before the 1980s and the advent of what is now called "academic capitalism". This contradicts the belief that before that period, universities were a kind of ivory towers in which professors isolated themselves from external influences and engaged only in pure and disinterested research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article seeks to address the impact of digitisation of the agricultural market in assessing the market definitions in the context of potential harm to competition in this sector. In doing so, the emphasis will be on the role of trust, frontier technologies, and intellectual property in this market and the article asks the question how the transfer, processing, and analytics of data can be made broadly accessible to all stakeholders, while assessing regulation on the basis of competition law and the law against unfair competition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores technological development and its transfer in the context of cooperation between scientific and technological institutions (STI), represented in large part by universities, and companies. The motivation for the research arose from the finding that most studies on technology transfer do not clarify how the technology development process takes place. In this context, the objective of the research is to characterize the main aspects of the technology development and licensing process of patented technologies in the State of Paraná in Brazil. In methodological terms, the research is predominantly qualitative, with primary data collection in two phases: i) data on intellectual property requests and technology transfers from 16 STI from Paraná selected for the study; ii) questionnaire from 45 researchers who invented intellectual property claims to characterize the development process of protected and transferred and non-transferred technologies. It is inferred, from the study carried out in Paraná, that developing technologies oriented by the demand of the productive sector favors their transfer to society and that the intellectual capital of STI plays a key role in the beginning of successful interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The valuation of a technology or invention patent is an exercise of good sense based on referents of competitive intelligence and experts. The purpose of this article is to establish the monetary value of the invention patent according to the technology situation and under possible commercialization scenarios. First, the conditions and potential of the patent are evaluated through expert analysis, the expectations of the owners of the invention patent and of potential clients or allies. Second, the patent is valued by discounted free cash flow (FCLD) and according to possible commercialization alternatives. The results show that there is an increase in the added value of 2.7 times for the company, in the alternative corresponding to the licensing of energy distributors in the national territory, compared to the alternative of only producing internally and making its own distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The term ʺknowledge transferʺ is currently often used and is not limited to the commercial sphere. We undrestand technology transfer as the transfer of research and development results into practice. From a narrower point of view, technology transfer can be understood as the successful use of technologies developed by one entity to meet the needs of other entities. The process of technology transfer is quite complex and therefore i tis necessary to take severeal steps in order to successfully commercialize the technology. Success, but also failure, thus also depends on the correct and effective application of intellectual property, which is a key aspect of technology and knowledge transfer. Intellectual property law provides adequate protection for the unique results ofcrative intellectual activity and results with commercial potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the explosive development of decentralized finance, we witness a phenomenal growth in tokenization of all kinds of assets, including equity, funds, debt, and real estate. By taking advantage of blockchain technology, digital assets are broadly grouped into fungible and non-fungible tokens (NFT). Here non-fungible tokens refer to those with unique and non-substitutable properties. NFT has widely attracted attention, and its protocols, standards, and applications are developing exponentially. It has been successfully applied to digital fantasy artwork, games, collectibles, etc. However, there is a lack of research in utilizing NFT in issues such as Intellectual Property. Applying for a patent and trademark is not only a time-consuming and lengthy process but also costly. NFT has considerable potential in the intellectual property domain. It can promote transparency and liquidity and open the market to innovators who aim to commercialize their inventions efficiently. The main objective of this paper is to examine the requirements of presenting intellectual property assets, specifically patents, as NFTs. Hence, we offer a layered conceptual NFT-based patent framework. Furthermore, a series of open challenges about NFT-based patents and the possible future directions are highlighted. The proposed framework provides fundamental elements and guidance for businesses in taking advantage of NFTs in real-world problems such as grant patents, funding, biotechnology, and so forth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many firms increasingly collaborate with universities to create innovation through the commercialization of scientific knowledge. However, a variety of mismatches between a firm's interests and the value delivered by university partners (e.g., common knowledge base, strategic goals, agreements on intellectual property management, etc.) can cause rough interactions and relationships. Therefore, managers demand an effective practice to support the management of university-industry collaborations (UICs). This article builds on the previous work on a matching quality assessment model by extending its applicability to propose an analytical framework for developing a strategic roadmap to guide relationship development toward effective UIC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our objective is to study Canada's patenting activity over time in aggregate terms by destination country, by assignee and destination country, and by diversification by country of destination. We collect bibliographic patent data from the Canadian Intellectual Property Office and the United States Patent and Trademark Office. We identify 19,957 matched Canada–US patents, 34,032 Canada-only patents, and 43,656 US-only patents from 1980 to 2014. Telecommunications dominates in terms of International Patent Classification technologies for US-only and Canada–US patents. At the firm level, the greatest number of matched Canada–US patents were granted in the field of telecommunications, at the university level in pharmaceuticals, at the government level in control and instrumentation technology, and at the individual level in civil engineering. We use entropy to quantify technological diversification and find that diversification indices decline over time for Canada and the USA; however, all US indices decline at a faster rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In late years, university-industry research collaborating organizations are organized, and the efforts in various fields have been done for the purpose of realizing inventions and new technologies by the university researchers industrial application or social problems. I suspect that many of the people involved are struggling because their efforts are not rewarded and they are not getting good reviews. Consider the problems and ideals of technology transfer from the viewpoint of "management of intellectual production" rather than from "organizational theory". The forms of technology transfer between academia and industry can be broadly divided into ideas originating from universities and intellectual property resulting from joint research with companies. Results from research associations or public research funds belong to the latter category. In other words, research ideas originating from the unique ideas of university researchers are "cutting-edge ideas", and are distinguished from other "outgoing ideas". Here, we consider technology licensing organizations (TLOs) that have been approved by the government as "university-internal" TLOs that belong to "approved TLOs," and consider their history, management, and later and current status. Other corporate organizations (stock companies, limited companies) will be discussed on another occasion as their financial structures are different. In the midst of the demand for technology that supports the creation of businesses with transformational impact, the source should be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The history and current status of Niigata TLO Inc. Niigata TLO started December, 2001 as certified TLO by Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry (METI) representing 18 universities in Niigata prefecture to initiate to create intellectual properties (IPs) and transfer the IPs to global industries. Niigata TLO was incorporated as the outside TLO (not as a TTO inside Niigata University) was very successful for the first five years (2004~2009) by transfer of substantial technology transfer followed by various grant projects, but, has gone through hardship due to conflict of policy between METI and Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT). Niigata TLO has gone through restructure to survive in the unique way. Due to restructuring and unique line of business, Niigata TLO is currently specializing to develop very world top class hydrogen sensor for Fuel Cell (FC) industry to optimize FC efficiency, and supply of human Dendritic Cell line (PMDC05) for R&D of Oncology therapy and infectious disease, which was established in Niigata University. Niigata University has shifted their management policy to concentrate Collaborative research works with industry rather than R&D of original technology. Thereby, Niigata TLO lost incentive to tech-transfer of innovative technologies developed by Niigata University. As one of counter measure to the Niigata University policy, Niigata TLO founded the Start-up (UniBio Corp.) by use of Plant Bio technology in Japan in an attempt to create employment and activate local economy by introducing innovative technology to Japan. We would keep discussing with Niigata University to find out the most desirable dream to share in terms of academia-industry-government relationship between Niigata TLO and Niigata University. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies have shown that technology transfer is essential for innovation and knowledge diffusion. However, without appropriate policies, technology transfer cannot be successful. This research studied technology transfer and its policies in Korea with the aim to determine whether it contributed to the catching-up of the Korean economy while seeking to prove Schumpeter's theory of innovation. In this study, a mixed methodology that involved the use of a systematic review of literature and an analysis of secondary data was employed. The results show that technology transfer policies are essential to economic growth and income generation of the National Innovation System (NIS) while fostering innovation. In line with this, three key policies were discovered that helped the Korean NIS make an economic catch-up from a developing country to a developed country. These are: Intellectual Property Rights, Foreign Direct Investment, and a third class (which was referred to as the general technology transfer policy) of technology transfer policies. These policies improve technology transfers by establishing free trade zones, giving tax breaks to foreign firms and easing the process of foreign direct investment. Based on these results, a policy structure was developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Firms engaged in university–industry collaboration (UIC) desire to advance knowledge and new technologies with their academic partners, however the performance of knowledge creation and transfer is greatly affected by complementarity and compatibility between the firm and academic institute. In practice, many firms assess the appropriateness of academic partners using a broad range of criteria, with high subjectivity. This paper therefore seeks to address this challenge by introducing a systematic approach to help firms determine the appropriateness of academic partners, represented as “matching quality” in this paper. Three facets of matching quality are examined: complementarity of research ability, compatibility in business mindset, and compatibility in relationships. This paper proposes a framework and model for assessing matching quality, along with a case study to demonstrate how the proposed model works. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This extension and research action was carried out as the product of the master's degree in Intellectual Property and Technology Transfer for Innovation (PROFNIT), focused on the IP process of the Federal Institute of Mato Grosso (IFMT). With the objective of preparing a proposal to improve the institute's Intellectual Property (IP) management process, diagnoses were carried out in 12 Brazilian Science and Technology Institutions (ICT), appointed with IFMT technicians and survey meetings with a specialist in process improvement. The result can both contribute to the management and use of public resources, as well as to serve as possible support for improving the IP process in other Brazilian ICT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper contributes to discussions about the processes and implications of technology transfer through analysis of the work of technology transfer professionals. The analysis relies on interviews with technology transfer professionals in Israeli universities, coupled with theory from the domains of knowledge brokering, boundary work, and the institutional work approach in new institutional theory. I argue that these professionals undertake two types of boundary work. The first is brokering work, in which they connect academic researchers with industrial partners and translate knowledge across boundaries. The second is maintenance work, a type of institutional work that involves policing and monitoring, to protect the university's ownership of intellectual property and the normative boundaries of academic science. I reveal the strategies that professionals employ to manage conflicts of interest and of values as part of their ongoing work, and discuss the implications for technology transfer policy and the normative aspect of university-industry relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) protect firms from imitation and are considered crucial to promoting innovation and technological diffusion. This paper examines the impact of IPR on import-sourcing decisions of multinational firms. We consider a framework in which firms offshore production of an intermediate good to another country. Firms can decide either to import the intermediate good from vertically integrated producers, or from independent suppliers. In both cases, offshoring part of the production process embodies a risk of imitation. The model predicts that, under reasonable parameter restrictions, stronger IPR disproportionately encourages the imports of intermediate goods through vertical integration. Using the US Related-Party Trade database, we find empirical evidence supportive of the positive link between level of IPR and the share of imports from vertically integrated manufacturers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Purpose: Indonesia has patent law for more than three decades and has made adjustments with the Trade related of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) Agreement by revising such patent law several times with the aim of encouraging innovation and technology transfer as promised by the Agreement, but technological capacity and technology transfer are still low. The purpose of this study is to analyse whether the implementation of international patent law in Indonesia facilitates innovation and technology transfer to increase technological capacity. Methodology: This study used a normative legal research methodology. It used statutory and conceptual approaches. Both approaches were needed to analyse conceptual and theoretical works related to this topic and to examine consistency of applicable laws and policy. Legal resources and legal documents were analysed using descriptive qualitative analysis. Findings: This study found that the implementation of international patent law to promote innovation and technology transfer in Indonesia was still not easy to be seen because the Indonesian Patent Law was not designed comprehensively to promote innovation and technology transfer and lack of consistency of regulations and policies on technology transfer. It also paid less attention to facilitate international technology transfer. Contributions: This study suggests that Indonesia needs comprehensiveness and consistency of all prevailing laws and regulation related to technology transfer, research and development, particularly patent law, to fully use flexibility provided by the TRIPs Agreement to enhance national technological capacity and innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research on knowledge diffusion in the field of intellectual property is growing based on the current research techniques, but it is mostly focused on some of the subfields, such as patent documents and technology transfer. What is lacking in the literature is a comprehensive profile of the discipline. The paper uses bibliometric methods and visualization technologies to conduct a profiling analysis of Web of Science journal articles in the field of intellectual property from the three aspects of authorship network, geographical diffusion of collaboration, and subject cluster. Facilitated by visualization software and programming scripts, the paper presents the highly active scholars in the field through author co-citation analysis (ACA) and document co-citation analysis (DCA), the diffusion networks of collaboration through dynamic geographical graphs, and the five main clusters of disciplinary subjects, namely, Innovation, Judicature, Legislation, Information, and Market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The patentometric study is an evaluation method associated with the identification of the strengths and weaknesses of science and technology. Patent analysis as a decision-making strategy through the examination of the records of inventions and innovations related to the diagnosis of heavy vehicles, aimed at avoiding failures or errors in the parts of the equipment and the saving from heavy financial charges. Objective: to determine trends in research and inventions through patents related to the diagnosis of heavy vehicles. Materials and methods: analyticalsynthetic, inductive-deductive and historical-logical methods were used in the search for the information contained in different sources. During the period 2001-2010, the evolution, origin and destination of technology are analyzed; as well as the most outstanding applicants, inventors and areas of invention, using patent databases of the United States Office, the World Intellectual Property Organization and the European Patents Organization. Results: patents were obtained that showed areas of invention that have been protected, preferentially related to the diagnosis of vehicles using digital methods in the most productive areas, the most emerging technologies and the main countries in these matters. Conclusions: the patent analysis reveals the main trends related to the diagnosis of vehicles, in addition to verifying that the existing technology and the experience transferred have led to proactive behavior optimizing business operations and reducing production costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective of the study: The main objective of this research work was to analyze the importance of a Technology Transfer Office (TTO) as an innovation promoter in regional development in Mexico. Methodology/Approach: An analysis bibliographic was used, application of surveys and generation of indexes. In 2014, a survey was applied to 131 TTOs to measure their impacts. Originality/Relevance: To perform this analysis, we used a self-generated indicator, an index that measures the degree of specialization by geographic region and economic sector, using indicators of regional agglomeration as a basis. The agglomeration model generated was composed of national patent applications, international patents, utility models, industrial designs, and trade secrets. Main results: The results by geographical area in Mexico, were the Northwest, specializing in aquaculture, fisheries, aeronautics and agriculture; the Northeast, in biotechnology, chemistry and metallurgy mechanics; the Center, in automobile, energy, and software; the West, in aerospace, automobile, chemistry and metallurgy mechanics; the Southeast, in food industry, construction, and mining. Theoretical/methodological contributions: We found that the specialization of the TTOs among the various productive sectors in Mexico has contributed to the highest rates of growth in patent registration in the Latin American region. Social/management contributions: Although contributions generated in protecting intellectual property at international level are still insufficient, we believe we are on the right track. At least Mexico started to generate the innovation ecosystem that other countries began four decades ago. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In order to detonate the transfer of knowledge, the Mexican government has established the public policy of the creation of Technology Transfer Offices (OTT); however, this policy has proved ineffective due to the inconsistency in the permanence of most Mexican TTOs. Despite this, there are some OTTs that have excelled; such is the case of the OTT of the Benemerita Autonomous University of Puebla (OTT-BUAP) that was established in 2011. This office has positioned this university in the first places nationwide in the context of patent generation, reason for that this OTT has been the object of analysis of this study to answer the following question of this research: How has the OTT-BUAP managed to position itself within the best OTT in Mexico, in the field of patent management, during the 2011-2018 period? The general objective of this research is to contribute to the knowledge of the specialist in technology transfer and commercialization that is dedicated to the management of University OTTs. Regarding the review of the literature, it was found that this issue related to the performance of Mexican TTOs in the field of patent management has been poorly studied, which is why this research is justified. Method: This research is considered exploratory, qualitative, descriptive and transversal, which consisted in applying the case study methodology to the OTT-BUAP, based on six propositions made from secondary sources. Results: It was found that of the processes of intellectual property protection, consulting, licensing and the creation of spinoffs, only the process of intellectual property protection is the one that is in the maturation stage in said OTT. It was also found that the OTT-BUAP has an expert team in the drafting of patents, which was hired, specifically, for the creation and promotion of said OTT. Discussion or Conclusion: According to the results found in this investigation, the reason why the OTT-BUAP has positioned itself among the best OTTs in Mexico in the 2011-2018 period, is largely due to the fact that it has an effective patenting process, based on equitable regulations on the distribution of royalties supported by a strategic incentive plan to motivate researchers to protect the results of their research. This process was designed and managed by a researcher from the Mexican Institute of Industrial Property, an expert in intellectual property protection, hired by BUAP, specifically, to form a professional teamwork for the drafting of patents and other tasks related to the transfer and commercialization of technology that comes from the BUAP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, knowledge is one of the essential elements of wealth creation, ability and knowledge of countries and is considered as a powerful tool in national development. The purpose of this study is A Review of Factors Affecting the Commercialization of Research Projects of Iranian Medical Universities. In this review study, using Persian keywords (knowledge commercialization, research commercialization, and research projects) in Persian databases such as Irandoc, SID, Magiran, Normags, and Civilica) and in English Databases Proquest, EBSCO, Emerald, JSTORE, Science Direct, ISI, Scopus, Pubmed and LISA. In this regard, it is attempted to extract the closest and most relevant articles in the period between 2010-2019 as follows. As a result of the search, in the search result, based on the keyword in the article title, 22 articles with reliable and trustworthy information were reviewed. The findings extracted from the studies showed that various and diverse factors such as marketing research factors, factors (individual, environmental, contextual, structural and content, social, cultural, organizational, legal, political, economic, industrial, intellectual property, technology management, and so on) are effective in commercializing research projects and research. Therefore, effective steps can be taken by employing competent and experienced research and interested managers and paying attention to the factors influencing the commercialization of knowledge and research. In order to make the most of the economic and social benefits of the scientific potential of the country's research sector, it is necessary to commercialize research projects more seriously in medical universities than other organizations because of their important mission and vision to community health which necicitate effective research management is from start to finish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with the views of foreign and domestic economists on understanding the essence of the notion of intangible assets (IA) and its role in the management system of the enterprise. The main purpose of the study is to improve the conceptual apparatus of this category. Systematization of literary sources and approaches to understanding the essence of the IA has shown that there are different approaches to the definition of their essence (economic, legal, accounting, evaluation), which are disclosed in the scientific literature and regulatory documents. The topicality of solving this scientific problem lies in the fact that due to the existence of differences in economic, legal, accounting and valuation approaches to understanding the essence of IA there is a significant gap between the methodology of accounting IA and modern management requirements. The difficulty in interpreting the concept of IA is caused by the fact that they include different objects by nature. The signs characterizing IA are analyzed and singled out. The advantages and disadvantages of topical approaches to the definition of the nature of the IA, which are disclosed in the scientific literature and normative legal documents, are revealed. It is proposed to clarify the interpretation of the concept of «intangible assets» where the economic, legal, accounting, valuation aspects are combined. It is recommended to consider intangible assets as identifiable and evaluated long-term and current assets that are not physically embodied, and represent the rights to intellectual property, the use of natural resources, property and organizational and economic privileges. In addition, they are able to bring economic benefits and have the property to influence the formation of value enterprises, increase their profitability and competitiveness. It is proposed to clarify the wording of the definition of IA in the Law of Ukraine «On state regulation of activities in the field of technology transfer», which will more fully disclose the rights to IA objects for the groups listed in PAS 8, the Accounts plan and in the Methodological Recommendations for accounting of intangible assets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paper presents some aspects regarding intellectual property strategy, checklist of items to be considered in a licensing agreement, revenue distribution, gross and net income, general principles of income sharing, material made available for use by the R&D Institution, treatment of licenses for non-commercial research and teaching within a university or R&D Institution, and inventor, Law 83/2014 – Service invention in Romania. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 2012 World Health Assembly Global Vaccine Action Plan called for global access to new vaccines within 5 years of licensure. Current approaches have proven insufficient to achieve sustainable vaccine pricing within such a timeline. Paralleling the successful strategy of generic competition to bring down drug prices, a clear consensus is emerging that market entry of multiple suppliers is a critical factor in expeditiously bringing down prices of new vaccines. In this context, key target objectives for improving access to new vaccines include overcoming intellectual property obstacles, streamlining regulatory pathways for biosimilar vaccines, and reducing market entry timelines for developing-country vaccine manufacturers by transfer of technology and know-how. I propose an intellectual property, technology, and know-how bank as a new approach to facilitate widespread access to new vaccines in low- and middle-income countries by efficient transfer of patented vaccine technologies to multiple developing-country vaccine manufacturers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on how the U.S. has feared the rapid rise of China as a technology powerhouse in 2018. It mentions that the administration of U.S. President Donald Trump has waged a trade war over China under the pretext to punish Chinese transgressions which include forced technology transfers, state-sponsored acquisition technology companies of the U.S., cyber theft of intellectual property and predatory licensing practices.

Traditional intellectual property principles hold that ideas themselves must not be appropriated. Nevertheless, within open and collaborative dynamics, ideas are traded in technology markets for a stand-alone value. Contract-based exchanges to appropriate these ownerless resources take place in the market for unprotected ideas. Due to their lack of legal protection, these transactions are non-optimal and lead to economic inefficiency. A system dynamics simulation model was developed to determine the factors and causal relations that contribute to this problem. Using the scenarios technique, the model was intervened with possible legal solutions from the intellectual property system. From the results, a sui generis legal right for commercial ideas is proposed to foster the open dynamic and optimize the legal and economic conditions of technology markets for these creative assets. This interdisciplinary scheme provides a framework for future intellectual property legislation and public policies, as for further academic discussions in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose The paper aims to present the results of the first Russian pilot study on technological level of organisations upon the answers of 2,500 respondents out of nine sectors of economy to a broad specialised questionnaire. The purpose of the study is to assess the technological level of organisations on the basis of qualitative information that comprehensively reflects its most important characteristics, as well as identify factors that affect the technological level of production.Design/methodology/approach It offers a look at which methodological approaches were developed and what the survey shows on characteristics of the application of technology (the scope and extent of the application, level of technology, the problems solved by applying specific types of technology) and the application of intellectual property rights.Findings The paper also highlights some interesting findings that suggest that the majority of national organisations tend to pursue technological self-sufficiency strategies and quite a large part of them are not active in either domestic or foreign Science & Tecnology markets.Originality/value An originality lies in the proposed methodological approaches of the study, in the selected indicators of progressivity and the scale of application of technology related to the level of production capacities of the surveyed medium and large enterprises and organisations. This identifies significant incentives for organisations to increase their technology level as well as competitive advantages for the respondents themselves and for their competitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]