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Background/objective: To gain insight into both patients' and relatives' experiences with spiritual care (SC) in the intensive care unit (ICU)., Methods: Method used was qualitative interviewing. This was a thematic, topic-centered, biographical, and narrative approach, using semistructured interviews with thematic analysis. A purposive sampling method was used to select a sample of ICU patients and ICU patients' relatives. An interview guide facilitated individual, semistructured interviews. The interview data were recorded by means of note-taking and audio-recording. Verbatim transcripts were compiled for analysis and interpretation., Results: All 12 participants-7 ICU patients and 5 family members of 5 other ICU patients-experienced ICU admission as an existential crisis. Participants would appreciate the signaling of their spiritual needs by ICU health care professionals (HCPs) at an early stage of ICU admission and subsequent SC provision by a spiritual caregiver. They regarded the spiritual caregiver as the preferred professional to address spiritual needs, navigate during their search for meaning and understanding, and provide SC training in signaling spiritual needs to ICU HCPs., Discussion: Early detection of existential crisis signals with ICU patients and relatives contributes to the mapping of spiritual and religious needs. Spiritual care training of ICU HCPs in signaling spiritual needs by ICU patients and relatives is recommended. Effective SC contributes to creating room for processing emotions, spiritual well-being, and satisfaction with integrated SC as part of daily ICU care., (Copyright © 2023 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: The aim of this study is to review the literature for three major domains in relation to spiritual care in the ICU, namely Quality of Life (QoL), Quality of Care (QoC), and Education (E)., Method: An integrative literature research., Results: The 113 selected articles reveal that spirituality is an essential component of QoL and that complementary and effective spiritual care (SC) relieves distress of patients and their relatives. Furthermore, the contribution of SC to quality of care is: 1) diagnosing and addressing spiritual and emotional needs among patients and their relatives; 2) offering spiritual comfort to the patient in distress; 3) increased spiritual well-being of both patients and their relatives; 4) increased family satisfaction in general and by shared decision-making. Finally, the literature reveals the necessity to improve SC knowledge and skills of ICU healthcare professionals (IC HCPs) through relevant training courses., Conclusion: SC contributes to QoL and QoC. The literature indicates that IC HCPs acknowledge the need to improve their SC knowledge and skills to enhance complementary, effective SC. Further research on SC as an integrated part of daily ICU care is necessary to improve QoL and QoC of patients and their relatives., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest To the best of our knowledge, no conflict of interest, financial or other, exists., (Copyright © 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Since there are no scientific data available about the role of spiritual care (SC) in Dutch ICUs, the goal of this quantitative study was twofold: first, to map the role of SC as a part of daily adult ICU care in The Netherlands from the perspective of intensivists, ICU nurses, and spiritual caregivers and second, to identify similarities and differences among these three perspectives. This study is the quantitative part of a mixed methods approach. To conduct empirical quantitative cohort research, separate digital questionnaires were sent to three different participant groups in Dutch ICUs, namely intensivists, ICU nurses, and spiritual caregivers working in academic and general hospitals and one specialist oncology hospital. Overall, 487 participants of 85 hospitals (99 intensivists, 290 ICU nurses, and 98 spiritual caregivers) responded. The majority of all respondents (>70%) considered the positive effects of SC provision to patients and relatives: contribution to mental well-being, processing and channeling of emotions, and increased patient and family satisfaction. The three disciplines diverged in their perceptions of how SC is currently evolving in terms of information, assessment, and provision. Nationwide, SC is not implemented in daily ICU care. The majority of respondents, however, attached great importance to interdisciplinary collaboration. In their view SC contributes positively to the well-being of patients and relatives in the ICU. Further qualitative research into how patients and relatives experience SC in the ICU is required in order to implement and standardize SC as a scientifically based integral part of daily ICU care.