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Background: One of the common disorders that can negatively affect the health status of old adults is hypertension. Self-management education is an effective method to control various disorders. This study was designed to assess the effectiveness of self-management education program on blood pressure, management of anthropometric measures, and some metabolic factors among elderly in Tabriz, Iran. Methods: 227 eligible hypertensive elderly patients from three primary health care centers of Tabriz were participated in 12 sessions of self-management education intervention conducted in 6 months from April to October 2019. Systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), serum levels of fasting blood sugar (FBS), total cholesterol (TC), and triglyceride, as well as anthropometric indices were assessed both before and at the end of the intervention. Results: The participated elderly had the mean± SD age of 64.52±5.76 years. After 6-month presence of subjects in the educational sessions, the SBP (p=0.038), body weight (p=0.012), BMI (p=0.021), FBS (0.011), and TC ( < 0.0001) were significantly decreased compared to baseline. Conclusion: Self-management educations can improve compliance of elderly to controlling factors of blood pressure such as diet and exercise. Consequently, following a healthy lifestyle can be effective in reducing a number of the hypertension risk factors.

There are concerns that hypertension control may decrease during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study evaluated the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on office blood pressure (OBP) and home blood pressure monitoring (HBPM) control in a large Brazilian nationwide sample. The results of an adjusted spline analysis evaluating the trajectory of OBP and HBPM control from 01/Jan/2019 to 31/Dec/2020 among independent participants who were untreated (n = 24,227) or treated (n = 27,699) with antihypertensive medications showed a modest and transient improvement in OBP control among treated individuals, which was restricted to the early months following the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak. Furthermore, slight reductions in OBP and HBPM values were detected in the early months following the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak among treated (n = 987) participants for whom blood pressure measurements before and during the pandemic were available, but not among untreated (n = 495) participants. In conclusion, we found no major adverse influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on OBP and HBPM control in a large nationwide sample., *Adjusted prevalence of high office blood pressure (OBP) and home blood pressure monitoring (HBPM) before and during the Covid-19 pandemic among independent treated participants. **p

Background African ancestry patients are considered separately in hypertension guidelines because of more severe hypertension that is presumably harder to control. However, despite the perceived benefit in reducing health disparities, racial profiling in medicine is increasingly criticized for its potential of bias and stereotyping. Therefore, we studied whether creatine kinase (CK), an ATP-regenerating enzyme that enhances vascular contractility and sodium retention, could serve as a more proximate causal parameter of therapy failure than race/ancestry. Methods In a random multiethnic population sample, we compared the performance of African ancestry vs. resting plasma CK as predictors of treated uncontrolled hypertension. Difference in area under the receiver operating curve (AUC) was the primary outcome. Results We analyzed 1,405 persons of African, Asian, and European ancestry (40.2% men, mean age 45.5 years, SE 0.2). Hypertension prevalence was 39% in African vs. 29% in non-African ancestry participants vs. 41% and 27% by high and low CK tertiles. Control rates of treated patients were similar by ancestry (African ancestry patients 40%, non-African ancestry 41%; P = 0.84), but 27% vs. 53% in patients with high vs. low CK (22% vs. 67% in African and 32% vs. 52% in non-African participants). AUC was 0.51 [0.41–0.60] for African ancestry vs. 0.64 [0.55–0.73] for log CK (P = 0.02). Conclusions In contrast to African ancestry, CK might identify hypertensive patients at risk for therapy failure across different ancestry groups. Larger, prospective studies should establish whether resting plasma CK is clinically useful as an impartial method to help predict antihypertensive therapy failure.

The purpose of this study was to estimate the age‐standardised prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension and to identify their risk factors in Bangladeshi adults. Data from 12 904 adults aged 18–95 years, available from the most recent nationally representative 2017–2018 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey were used. Hypertension was defined as having systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg and/or a diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg, and/or taking anti‐hypertensive drugs to control blood pressure. Age‐standardized prevalence of hypertension and management were estimated with direct standardisation. A multilevel mixed‐effects Poisson regression model with a robust variance was used to identify risk factors associated with hypertension and its awareness, treatment, and control. The overall age‐standardized prevalence of hypertension was 26.2% (95% CI, 25.5‐26.9); (men: 23.5%, women: 28.9%). Among those with hypertension (n = 3531), 36.7% were aware that they had the condition, and only 31.1% received anti‐hypertensive medication. The prevalence of controlled hypertension was 12.7% among those with hypertension and 43.6% among those treated for hypertension (n = 1306). Factors independently associated with hypertension were increasing age, higher body mass index, being women, having diabetes, and residing in selected administrative divisions. A declining trend of hypertension control was observed with increasing age and low education. Hypertension is highly prevalent (one in four) in Bangladeshi adults, while awareness, treatment, and control are low. Irrespective of the risks associated with hypertension and its management, programs to increase its awareness, treatment, and control should be given high priority in reducing hypertension prevalence and improving hypertension control in Bangladesh.

BACKGROUND: The impact of hypertension control on the risk of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in patients newly diagnosed with atrial fibrillation (AF) is unknown. This study aimed to investigate the impact of hypertension control on incident ESRD among AF patients.METHODS: From the National Health Information database of Korea, we identified ESRD-free patients who were newly diagnosed with AF during 2010 and 2016. The patients were divided into four groups (NN, NH, HN, and HH) according to combinations of dichotomous blood pressure status [normotensive (N) or hypertensive (H)] of two consecutive check-ups. The primary outcome was incident ESRD. Cox proportional hazard regression analysis evaluated ESRD risks across the groups. The association between ESRD risks and changes in blood pressures was also evaluated.RESULTS: During the mean follow-up duration of 3.2 ± 1.9 years, 130,259 ESRD-free patients with AF (mean age 63.1 ± 12.1 years, male 61.2%) were evaluated. Compared to NN, other patient groups showed higher ESRD risks [hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) = 1.43 (1.08-1.89), 1.39 (1.08-1.79), and 2.03 (1.55-2.65) for NH, HN, and HH, respectively]. There was a significant trend of decreasing risks of ESRD in patients with greater reductions in systolic blood pressure after AF diagnosis (p for-trend CONCLUSION: Uncontrolled hypertension was associated with an increased risk of incident ESRD in patients with newly diagnosed AF. This study emphasizes the importance of blood pressure control once patients are diagnosed with AF to prevent ESRD.

Background and Objectives: Hypertension control remains a major global challenge. Behavioral approaches recommended for blood pressure (BP) reduction include: stress reduction, increased exercise and healthy dietary habits. Some study findings suggest that yoga exerts beneficial cardiovascular effects including blood pressure alterations. This study was done to assess the effect of trataka, a yogic cleansing technique, on blood pressure and heart rate variables in patients with hypertension and thereby substantiate the clinical understanding of its effect on blood pressure. Material and methods: A total of 60 subjects with primary hypertension (age 25–45 years) were randomized to the study. The yoga group practiced trataka for 30 minutes with guided instructions and the control group was asked to sit calmly for 30 minutes. Blood pressure and heart rate were recorded before and after the practice. Results: The individuals who practiced trataka showed significant reduction in systolic blood pressure (SBP) (p < 0.05), mean heart rate (HR) (p < 0.05), and mean RR (p < 0.05) after the procedure. There were no significant changes observed in the control group as compared to the yoga group. Conclusion: The practice of trataka leads to significant reduction in blood pressure and heart rate in patients with primary hypertensive. Though trataka is considered as a cleansing technique, it induces calmness similar to a mental state during meditation. Evidently, both techniques bear the potential to reduce stress and, henceforth, blood pressure and heart rate.

Little is known about the long-term effects of behavioral interventions to improve blood pressure (BP) control. We evaluated whether a telephone-delivered, behavioral stage-matched intervention (SMI), or a nontailored health education intervention (HEI) delivered for 6 months improves BP control (or lowers systolic BP) over 12 months, as well as its sustainability 6 months after intervention implementation ended, compared with usual care in participants with repeated uncontrolled BP at baseline. A 3-arm, randomized controlled trial was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of 2 interventions, each compared with a usual-care control group. Participants were 533 adults with persistent uncontrolled BP who were treated at 2 Veterans Affairs Medical Centers. The intervention was implemented for 6 months, followed by 6 months of observation. Compared with usual care, the odds of having BP under control over 12 months in SMI were 84% higher (odds ratio, 1.84 [95% CI, 1.28–2.67]; P =0.001), and 48% higher in HEI (odds ratio, 1.48 [95% CI, 1.02–2.14]; P =0.04).Over the 12 months, compared with usual care, systolic blood pressure was 2.80 mm Hg lower in SMI ([95% CI, 0.27 to 5.33]; P =0.03) while it was 2.58 mm Hg lower in HEI ([95% CI, −0.40 to 5.55]; P =0.09). From 6 to 12 months, SMI sustained improved BP control and lower systolic blood pressure, while HEI, which did not have significantly better BP control or lower systolic blood pressure at 6 months, appeared to improve BP control and lower systolic blood pressure. SMI and HEI are promising interventions that can be implemented in clinical practice to improve BP management. Registration: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov ; Unique identifier: NCT00286754.

Background Hypertension is a growing public health emergency in rural sub-Saharan Africa. Based on the known influence of religious leaders in rural sub-Saharan Africa and our prior research, we explored perspectives of religious leaders on hypertension and potential strategies to improve hypertension control in their communities. Methods We conducted 31 in-depth interviews with Christian (n = 17) and Muslim (n = 14) religious leaders in rural Tanzania. Interviews focused on religious leaders’ perceptions of hypertension and how they could play a role in promoting blood pressure reduction. We used interpretative phenomenological analysis, a qualitative research method, to understand religious leaders’ perspectives on, and experiences with, hypertension. Results Three main themes emerged during analysis. First, we found that perceptions about causes, treatment, and complications of hypertension are influenced by religious beliefs. Second, religious beliefs can enable engagement with hypertension care through religious texts that support the use of biomedical care. Third, religious leaders are enthusiastic potential partners for promoting hypertension control in their communities. These themes were consistent between religion and gender of the religious leaders. Conclusions Religious leaders are eager to learn about hypertension, to share this knowledge with others and to contribute to improved health in their communities.

Among ethnic minority groups in Europe, blood pressure (BP) control is often suboptimal. We aimed to identify determinants of suboptimal BP control in a multi‐ethnic population. We analyzed cross‐sectional data of the Healthy Life in an Urban Setting (HELIUS) study, including 3571 participants aged 18‐70 with prescribed antihypertensive medication, of various ethnic backgrounds (500 Dutch, 1052 African Surinamese, 656 South‐Asian Surinamese, 637 Ghanaian, 433 Turkish, and 293 Moroccan) living in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. 53.3% of the population had suboptimal BP control, defined as BP ≥140/90 mmHg despite prescribed antihypertensives. Using multivariate logistic regression analysis, female sex (OR 0.50, 95%CI 0.43‐0.59), being married (0.83, 0.72‐0.96), smoking (0.78, 0.65‐0.94), alcohol intake (0.80, 0.66‐0.96), obesity (1.67, 1.35‐2.06), cardiovascular disease (CVD) history (0.56, 0.46‐0.68), non‐adherence to antihypertensives (1.26, 1.00‐1.58), and family history of hypertension (1.19, 1.02‐1.38) were identified to be independently associated with suboptimal BP control in the total population. In the ethnic‐stratified analysis, factors associated with better BP control were female sex (all ethnic groups), smoking (Turks), and CVD history (Dutch, South‐Asian Surinamese, and African Surinamese), whereas factors associated with suboptimal BP control were older age (Turks), obesity (Dutch, African Surinamese, Ghanaian, and Turks), and non‐adherence to antihypertensives (Dutch). In conclusion, our analysis identifies several key determinants that are independently associated with suboptimal BP control in a multi‐ethnic population, with some important variations between ethnic groups. Targeting these determinants may help to improve BP control., Among ethnic minority groups in Europe, blood pressure (BP) control is often suboptimal. We assessed determinants of suboptimal BP control in a large multi‐ethnic population with prescribed BP‐lowering medication and found several key determinants that are independently associated with suboptimal BP control, with some important variations between ethnic groups.

Background Many obstacles exist for adequate hypertension control, including low individual awareness and clinical inertia (CI). In this study, we aimed to determine hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control among community residents of rural areas of Peravia in Dominican Republic (DR), followed by an assessment of CI in their primary care clinics (PCCs). Methods We interviewed 827 adults from 8 rural communities of Peravia. Demographics, medical history, health care information, and blood pressure (BP) were obtained. We reviewed the community PCC visits of patients with known hypertension or a BP ≥140/90, abstracting medical history and the physician’s action toward uncontrolled BP. Results Of those interviewed, 57% (95% CI: 53%–60%) had hypertension, with 63% (95% CI: 59%–68%) of those aware of their diagnosis. Among individuals with hypertension, 60% (95% CI: 56%–65%) were receiving pharmacological treatment, and only 35% (95% CI: 31%–40%) were controlled. Characteristics associated with awareness were female sex, age >55 years, diabetes, private insurance, and having at least 1 health care visit within the past year. Of the 507 PCC patients reviewed, 340 (67%) had uncontrolled BP. Of these, 220 had no clinical action to address the uncontrolled BP, corresponding to a CI rate of 65%. Conclusions Among rural communities in the DR, undiagnosed hypertension remains common, especially in individuals who are younger, uninsured, or with limited access to health care. For those seen in PCCs, therapeutic intensification to achieve controlled BP is infrequently done. Strategies to address population awareness and CI are needed to improve hypertension control.

Although hypertension is a contributing factor to higher stroke occurrence in the Stroke Belt, little is known about post‐stroke hypertension medication use in Stroke Belt residents. Through the use of national Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System surveys from 2015, 2017, and 2019; we compared unadjusted and adjusted estimates of post‐stroke hypertension medication use by Stroke Belt residence status. Similar levels of post‐stroke hypertension medication use were observed between Stroke Belt residents (OR: 1.09, 95% CI: 0.89, 1.33) and non‐Stroke Belt residents. After adjustment, Stroke Belt residents had 1.14 times the odds of post‐stroke hypertension medication use (95% CI: 0.92, 1.41) compared to non‐Stroke Belt residents. Findings from this study suggest that there is little difference between post‐stroke hypertension medication use between Stroke Belt and non‐Stroke Belt residents. However, further work is needed to assess whether use of other non‐medicinal methods of post‐stroke hypertension control differs by Stroke Belt residence status.

Objective Ethnic minority populations (EMPs) are disproportionally affected by hypertension-mediated complications compared with European host populations (EHPs), which might be due to disparities in hypertension awareness, treatment and control. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to compare awareness, treatment and control rates among EMPs with EHPs. Methods MEDLINE, EMBASE and Web of Science were searched from inception to 29 January 2020. Critical appraisal was performed according to methods of Hoy et al. Pooled odds ratios with corresponding 95% confidence intervals were calculated for these rates, stratified by ethnic group, using either random or fixed effect meta-analysis based on I2-statistics. Study was registered in PROSPRO (CRD42020107897). Results A total of 3532 records were screened of which 16 were included in the analysis with data on 26 800 EMP and 57 000 EHP individuals. Compared with EHPs, African origin populations were more likely to be aware (odds ratio 1.26, 95% confidence interval 1.02-1.56) and treated (1.49, 1.18-1.88) for hypertension, but were less likely to have their blood pressure controlled (0.56, 0.40-0.78), whereas South Asian populations were more likely to be aware (1.15, 1.02-1.30), but had similar treatment and control rates. In Moroccan populations, hypertension awareness (0.79, 0.62-1.00) and treatment levels (0.77, 0.60-0.97) were lower compared with EHPs, while in Turkish populations awareness was lower (0.81, 0.65-1.00). Conclusion Levels of hypertension awareness, treatment and control differ between EMPs and EHPs. Effort should be made to improve these suboptimal rates in EMPs, aiming to reduce ethnic inequalities in hypertension-mediated complications.

Summary Background Improving hypertension control is an important global health priority, yet, to our knowledge, there is no direct evidence on the relationship between blood pressure and mortality in sub-Saharan Africa. We aimed to investigate the relationship between systolic blood pressure and mortality in South Africa and to assess the comparative effectiveness of different systolic blood pressure targets for clinical care and population-wide hypertension management efforts. Methods In this country-wide, population-based cohort study, we used longitudinal data on adults aged 30 years and older from five waves (2008, 2010–11, 2012, 2014–15, and 2017) of the South African National Income Dynamics Study. We estimated the relationship between systolic blood pressure and 6-year all-cause mortality and compared the mortality reductions associated with lowering systolic blood pressure to different targets (120 mm Hg, 130 mm Hg, 140 mm Hg, 150 mm Hg). We also estimated the mean blood pressure reduction required to achieve each target, the share of the population in need of management, and the number needed to treat (NNT) to avert one death under different hypothetical population-wide scale-up scenarios. Findings Of the 8338 age-eligible respondents in the 2010–11 survey, 4993 had all required data and were included in our study. We found a weak, non-linear relationship between systolic blood pressure and 6-year mortality, with larger incremental mortality benefits at higher systolic blood pressure values: reducing systolic blood pressure from 160 mm Hg to 150 mm Hg was associated with a relative risk of mortality of 0·95 (95% CI 0·90 to 0·99; p=0·033), reducing systolic blood pressure from 150 mm Hg to 140 mm Hg had a relative risk of 0·96 (0·91 to 1·01; p=0·12), with no evidence of incremental benefits of reducing systolic blood pressure below 140 mm Hg. At the population level, reducing systolic blood pressure to 150 mm Hg among all those with a starting systolic blood pressure of more than 150 mm Hg was associated with the lowest NNT (n=50), 3·3 deaths averted (95% CI −0·6 to 0·3) per 1000 population, blood pressure management for 16% (95% CI 15·2 to 17·3) of individuals, and a −2·7 mm Hg mean change in systolic blood pressure required to achieve the 150 mm Hg scale-up target (−3·0 to −2·5; p Interpretation The relationship between systolic blood pressure and mortality is weaker in South Africa than in high-income and many low-income and middle-income countries. As such, we do not find compelling evidence in support of targets below 140 mm Hg and find that scaling up management based on a 150 mm Hg target is more efficient in terms of the NNT compared with strategies to reduce systolic blood pressure to lower values. Funding None

A clinical audit of hospitals in Thailand was conducted to assess compliance with the national hypertension treatment guidelines and determine hypertension control rates across facilities of different sizes. Stratified random sampling was used to select sixteen hospitals of different sizes from four provinces. These included community (120 beds) hospitals. Among new cases, the audit determined whether (i) the recommended baseline laboratory assessment was completed, (ii) the initial choice of medication was appropriate based on the patient's cardiovascular risk, and (iii) patients received medication adjustments when indicated. The hypertension control rates at six months and at the last visit were recorded. Among the 1406 patients, about 75% had their baseline glucose and kidney function assessed. Nearly 30% (n = 425/1406) of patients were indicated for dual therapy but only 43% of them (n = 182/425) received this. During treatment, 28% (198/1406) required adjustments in medication but this was not done. The control of hypertension at six months after treatment initiation was 53% varying between 51% in community and 56% in large hospitals (p

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major issue of public health. Hypertension control and use of renin--angiotensin system (RAS) blockers are the cornerstones of treatment for CKD of any cause. However, even under optimal RAS blockade, many individuals will progress towards more advanced CKD. Within the past few years, evidence from cardiovascular outcome trials with sodium--glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors clearly suggested that these agents substantially delay CKD progression in patients with diabetes mellitus on top of standard-of-care treatment. The Canagliflozin-and-Renal-Events-in-Diabetes-with-Established-Nephropathy-Clinical-Evaluation (CREDENCE) study, showed that canagliflozin substantially reduced the risk of doubling of SCr, end-stage kidney disease (ESKD), or death from renal or cardiovascular causes in 4401 patients with diabetic CKD compared with placebo (hazard ratio 0.70; 95% CI 0.59-0.82). Recently, the Study-to-Evaluate-the-Effect-of-Dapagliflozin-on-Renal-Outcomes-and-Cardiovascular-Mortality-in-Patients-With-Chronic-Kidney-Disease (DAPA-CKD), including 2510 patients with diabetic and 1803 with nondiabetic CKD, also showed an impressive reduction in the risk of ≥50% decline in eGFR, ESKD, or death from renal or cardiovascular causes (HR 0.61; 95% CI 0.51-0.72). The benefit was similar for patients with diabetic and nondiabetic CKD, including patients with glomerulonephritides. Following this conclusive evidence, relevant guidelines should accommodate their recommendations to implement treatment with SGLT-2 inhibitors for patients with diabetic and nondiabetic CKD.

The India Hypertension Control Initiative (IHCI) is a multi‐partner initiative, implementing and scaling up a public health hypertension control program across India. A cohort of 21,895 adult hypertension patients in 24 IHCI sentinel site facilities in four Indian states (Punjab, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Telangana), registered from January 2018 until June 2019 were assessed at baseline and then followed up for blood pressure (BP) control and antihypertensive medication use. Among all registrations, 11 274 (51%) of the patients returned for a follow‐up visit between July 2019 and September 2019. Among patients returning for follow‐up, 26.3% had BP controlled at registration, and 59.8% had BP controlled at follow‐up (p

BACKGROUND 2014 hypertension guidelines raised treatment goals in older adults. The objective was to examine changes in blood pressure (BP) control ( METHODS Participants were 1,600 white and 650 Black adults aged 71–90 years in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study with treated hypertension in 2011–2013 (baseline) who had BP measured in 2016–2017 (follow-up). Predictors of changes in BP control were examined by race. RESULTS BP was controlled among 75.3% of white and 65.7% of Black participants at baseline and 59.0% of white and 56.5% of Black participants at follow-up. Among those with baseline BP control, risk factors for incident uncontrolled BP included age (relative risk [RR] 1.15 per 5 years, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.07–1.25), female sex (RR 1.36, 95% CI 1.16–1.60), and chronic kidney disease (RR 1.19, 95% CI 1.01–1.40) among white participants, and hypertension duration (RR 1.14 per 5 years, 95% CI 1.03–1.27) and diabetes (RR 1.48, 95% CI 1.15–1.91) among Black participants. Among those with uncontrolled BP at baseline, white females vs. males (RR 0.60, 95% CI 0.46–0.78) and Black participants with chronic kidney disease vs. without (RR 0.58, 95% CI 0.36–0.93) were less likely to have incident controlled BP. CONCLUSIONS BP control decreased among white and Black older adults. Black individuals with diabetes or chronic kidney disease were less likely to have controlled BP at follow-up. Higher treatment goals may have contributed to these findings and unintended differences by race.

Hypertension is highly prevalent and poorly controlled among hemodialysis patients. However, published information regarding the management and control of hypertension among Pakistani hemodialysis patients is scarce. Our objective was to evaluate the pharmacotherapeutic management and control of hypertension and associated factors in hemodialysis patients at a tertiary-care hospital. Eligible hypertensive hemodialysis patients enrolled at the Balochistan Institute of Nephrology-Urology Quetta, Pakistan, between 1 July 2017 and 30 November 2019 were retrospectively followed for 6 months after the baseline hemodialysis session. Collected data were analyzed using SPSS version 20, and odds ratios (ORs) were calculated. Patients with mean pre-dialysis blood pressure (BP)

Arterial hypertension is one of the most important modified risk factors and its adequate control is a cornerstone of primary and secondary prevention. On the other hand, excessive lowering of blood pressure can be harmful, especially in patients with a history of ischemic events. The aim:To evaluate daily blood pressure fluctuations with ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in patients with controlled hypertension according to office measurements in the remote period after myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke Materials and methods:The study involved 64 patients with hypertension in remote period (at least 6 months) after myocardial infarction (38 patients) and ischemic stroke (26 patients) with systolic blood pressure during the last three months and at least two visits. in the range of 120-139 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure 70–89 mm Hg. Patients with valvular heart disease, severe arrhythmias, significant heart failure (NYHA III-IV) were not included in the study.All patients underwent daily blood pressure monitoring. According to the recommendations of ESC / ESH in 2018, the optimal blood pressure control was considered to be the average daily blood pressure after myocardial infarction 130–140 / 70–79 mm Hg. at the age of >65 years, 120–130 / 70–79 mm Hg at the age of ≤65 years; after ischemic stroke 120–130 / Results:The average daily blood pressure values corresponded to the definition of optimal in only 23.4 % of patients with ischemic events. In 63.2 % of patients after myocardial infarction, the mean daily values of systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure were lower than recommended, and in patients after ischemic stroke, this number was significantly lower – 23.1 %. Conversely, in more than half of the patients after ischemic stroke (53.6 %) the average daily blood pressure levels exceeded the recommended ones. In patients after myocardial infarction, this number was only 13.2 %. Excessive reductions in blood pressure were recorded in 58 of 64 patients (90.6 %), in 54 persons such episodes were observed during the day (84.3 %). Persistent (over 1 hour) excessive decrease in blood pressure was registered in 16 people (25.0 %), 8 of whom had persistent excessive blood pressure reductions ≥2/day (12.5 %). Predictors of excessive blood pressure lowering were males, myocardial infarction, beta-blockers. Conclusions:Patients with hypertension after myocardial infarction or ischemic stroke require regular monitoring of blood pressure, even in cases where blood pressure is within the recommended range for some time. It is necessary to take into account the risk not only of increasing but also of excessive lowering of blood pressure

Rationale & Objective Lower rates of hypertension awareness, treatment, and control have been observed in Hispanics/Latinos compared with non-Hispanic whites. These factors have not been studied in Hispanics/Latinos with chronic kidney disease (CKD). We sought to describe the prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in Hispanic/Latino adults with CKD. Study Design Cross-sectional cohort. Setting & Participants US.Hispanics/Latinos aged 18 to 74 years enrolled in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL) with CKD. Comparisons were made with the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007 to 2010. Exposure CKD was defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 or urinry albumin-creatinine ratio ≥ 30 mg/g creatinine. Outcomes Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure (BP) ≥ 140 or diastolic BP ≥ 90 mm Hg or use of antihypertensives. For hypertension control, 2 thresholds were examined, Graphical Abstract

Background Blood pressure (BP) are uncontrolled in over 80% hypertensive population in China, indicating a compelling need for a pragmatic hypertension management strategy. The 2018 Chinese hypertension guidelines issued in 2019, after 3 years revision. During the periods, the latest United States (US) and European guidelines successively published, bringing new thoughts, wisdoms and schemes on hypertension management. This review aims to summarize the highlights of the new Chinese guidelines. Main text Despite the fact that the 2017 US hypertension guidelines changed hypertension definition from ≥140/90 mmHg to 130/80 mmHg, the Chinese hypertension guidelines did not follow suit, and maintained 140/90 mmHg as the cut-point of for diagnosis of hypertension. A combined, cardiovascular risks and BP levels-based antihypertensive treatment algorithm was introduced. Five classes of antihypertensive drugs, including β-blockers were recommended as initiation and maintenance of BP-lowering therapy. Initiating combination therapy, including single pill combination (SPC) was indicated in high-risk patients or those with grade 2 or 3 hypertension. For those with grade 1 hypertension (BP ≥ 140/90 mmHg), an initial low-dose antihypertensive drugs combination treatment could be considered. Conclusions China has never stopped exploring the best strategy for improving hypertension control. Based on clinical evidence and expertise, the newest Chinese guidelines and expert consensus will be of help in guiding physicians and practitioners to provide better management of hypertension in China.

Due to fast-paced technological advancements, digital health and telemedicine represent a promising and complex reality, with the potential to change the current management of hypertension and improve its outcomes. New types of health-related strategies are available, ranging from telemonitoring of blood pressure (BP) values to counseling for patients and decisional tools for physicians, thanks to the development of new technology. Even though the strength of available evidence is currently low due to the high heterogeneity of studies and of the proposed interventions, available data suggest a beneficial effect of digital health strategies on BP control and, more generally, on cardiovascular risk reduction. In addition, well-designed randomized controlled trials are needed to further investigate the real impact of these new strategies on clinical outcomes. Furthermore, due to consistent commercial interests in this field, there is a strong need for strict regulations to ensure a safe and secure implementation of this new reality in clinical care.

The new Chinese hypertension guideline comprehensively covers almost all major aspects in the management of hypertension. In this new guideline, hypertension remains defined as a systolic/diastolic blood pressure of at least 140/90 mm Hg. For risk assessment, a qualitative approach is used similarly as in previous Chinese guidelines according to the blood pressure level and the presence or absence of other risk factors, target organ damage, cardiovascular complications, and comorbid diseases. The therapeutic target is 140/90 mm Hg in general, and if tolerated, especially in high‐risk patients, can be more stringent, that is, 130/80 mm Hg. However, a less stringent target, that is, 150/90 mm Hg, is used in the younger (65‐79 years, if tolerated, 140/90 mm Hg) and older elderly (≥80 years). Five classes of antihypertensive drugs, including β‐blockers, can be used either in initial monotherapy or combination. The guideline also provided information on the management of hypertension in several special groups of patients and in the presence of secondary causes of hypertension. To implement the guideline recommendations, several nationwide hypertension control initiatives are being undertaken with new technology. The new technological platforms hopefully will help improve the management of hypertension and generate scientific evidence for future hypertension guidelines, including a possible Asian hypertension guideline in the near future.

Everlyne G Ogugu,1 Sheryl L Catz,1 Janice F Bell,1 Christiana Drake,2 Julie T Bidwell,1 James E Gangwisch3 1Betty Irene Moore School of Nursing, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA; 2Department of Statistics, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA; 3Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York City, NY, USACorrespondence: Everlyne G Ogugu, Betty Irene Moore School of Nursing, University of California Davis 2570 48th Street Sacramento, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA, Email egogugu@ucdavis.eduPurpose: This study examined the relationship between habitual sleep duration and blood pressure (BP) control in adults with hypertension.Methods: This cross-sectional study used data of 5163 adults with hypertension obtained from the 2015– 2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Multivariable logistic regression was used to analyze the association between habitual sleep duration and BP control. Habitual sleep duration was self-reported and defined as the amount of sleep usually obtained in a night or main sleep period during weekdays or workdays. It was categorized as < 6, 6 - < 7, 7– 9, and > 9 hours. BP control was defined as average systolic BP < 130mmHg and diastolic BP < 80mmHg.Results: Results from the fully adjusted models show that among all adults with hypertension, habitual sleep duration of < 6 hours night/main sleep period was associated with reduced odds of BP control (OR = 0.53, 95% CI: 0ss.37– 0.76, P = 0.001) when compared to 7– 9 hours. In the subpopulation of adults who were on antihypertensive medication, those with a sleep duration of < 6 hours had lower odds of BP control than those with a sleep duration of 7– 9 hours (OR = 0.53, 95% CI: 0.36– 0.77, P = 0.002). No significant differences were noted in all adults with hypertension and in the subpopulation of those on antihypertensive medication in BP control between the reference sleep duration group (7– 9 hours) and the 6 - < 7 or > 9 hours groups. There were no significant differences across age groups or gender in the relationship between habitual sleep duration and BP control.Conclusion: Sleep duration of < 6 hours is associated with reduced odds of hypertension control. These significant findings indicate that interventions to support adequate habitual sleep duration may be a promising addition to the current hypertension management guidelines.Keywords: hypertension, blood pressure control, hypertension control, sleep, sleep duration

Several recent large studies, most of which were performed in Denmark, have revealed a link between hydrochlorothiazide use and the risk of non-melanoma skin cancer. Photosensitizing properties of hydrochlorothiazide, inherent in many antihypertensive drugs, are considered a key pathophysiological mechanism underlying this association. The results of these studies prompted an update to the recommendations of the European Medical Agency for the safety of hydrochlorothiazide. However, to date there have been no convincing evidence of causality of this association. The accumulation of data on usage of hydrochlorothiazide, the most widely used diuretic worldwide, made the discussion of this association possible despite the low prevalence of skin cancer. At the same time, the retrospective design of these studies should be considered, as well as limited sample and lack of adjustment for important confounders. Therefore, the results obtained in these studies must be interpreted with extreme caution to prevent the decrease in hypertension control due to reduced compliance with treatment, unjustified withdrawal or replacement of hydrochlorothiazide, including its fixed combinations, with other thiazide or thiazide-like diuretics, which also have photosensitizing action.

BACKGROUND: As the non-communicable disease (NCD) burden is rising in regions with high HIV prevalence, patients with comorbid HIV and chronic NCDs may benefit from integrated chronic disease care. There are few evaluations of the effectiveness of such strategies, especially those that directly leverage and extend the existing HIV care system to provide co-located care for NCDs. SETTING: Academic Model of Providing Access to Healthcare (AMPATH), Kenya, provides care to over 160,000 actively enrolled patients in catchment area of 4 million people. METHODS: Using a difference-in-differences design, we analyzed retrospective clinical records of 3603 patients with comorbid HIV and hypertension during 2009–2016 to evaluate the addition of chronic disease management (CDM) to an existing HIV care program. Outcomes were blood pressure (BP), hypertension control, and adherence to HIV care. RESULTS: Compared to the HIV standard of care, the addition of CDM produced statistically significant, though clinically small improvements in hypertension control, decreasing systolic BP by 0.76mmHg (p1 year improved by 7 percentage points (p6months increased by 10.5 percentage points (p

To bolster the awareness of high blood pressure (BP) and to monitor the trend of hypertension control rate. Similar to May Measurement Month (MMM) 2017 and 2018 campaigns, we conducted the MMM 2019 campaign in 643 community pharmacies across Taiwan, and recruited adults aged 20 years or over in May and June of 2019. After filling in an anonymous questionnaire regarding medical history and lifestyle habits and having 10-min sitting rest, pharmacists took triplicate upper-arm BP readings on participants using an automated oscillometric sphygmomanometer. The means of the second and third BP readings were used as the screening BP estimates. Hypertension was defined if one of the followings was met: use of antihypertensive medications, systolic BP ≥140 mmHg, or diastolic BP ≥90 mmHg. Controlled BP was defined as BP of

The widespread treatment of hypertension and resultant improvement in blood pressure have been major contributors to the dramatic age-specific decline in heart disease and stroke. Despite this progress, a persistent gap remains between stated public health targets and achieved blood pressure control rates. Many factors may be important contributors to the gap between population hypertension control goals and currently observed control levels. Among them is the extent to which patients adhere to prescribed treatment. The goal of this scientific statement is to summarize the current state of knowledge of the contribution of medication nonadherence to the national prevalence of poor blood pressure control, methods for measuring medication adherence and their associated challenges, risk factors for antihypertensive medication nonadherence, and strategies for improving adherence to antihypertensive medications at both the individual and health system levels.

Background: Cardiovascular diseases, including stroke, remain the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in the US. Hypertension (HTN) is the single most chronic condition among African-American (AA) adults with health disparities in respect to control, awareness, and compliance. HEALS Med-Tech (HMT) is a 12-month HTN management program. This abstract will present findings from the first 3 months of HMT on BP reduction in diagnosed AA adults. Primary outcomes of interest are changes in systolic BP (SBP), diastolic BP (DBP), and weight at 3, 6, and 12 months. Methods: HMT has 3 components: a) HEALS (Healthy Eating And Living Spiritually) a group-based, 12-month behavioral lifestyle intervention (3-months of weekly sessions followed by 9 monthly maintenance sessions) modified from the NIH-funded DASH and PREMIER programs; b) Med-component provides HTN management through medications and social support provided by PCPs; and c) Tech-component provides an interactive telehealth by mobile phone to combat barriers to healthcare access. Results: A total of 62 eligible AA participants were enrolled and randomized to either HEALS Med-Tech or standard care (control). The study is currently in maintenance phase. The least squares mean SBP at baseline was 144.1 mm Hg, and after 12 weeks of intervention, the SBP was 134.0 mm Hg. Similar changes were seen in DBP at 12 weeks from baseline. Conclusion: A multidisciplinary, community-engaged approach utilizing technology, supported by community peers, could improve HTN management in high-risk AAs. This study will contribute to understanding methods to empower AAs to increase self-care management of HTN and improve access to healthcare.

Hypertension control (United States) increased from 1999 to 2000 to 2009 to 2010, plateaued during 2009 to 2014, then fell during 2015 to 2018. We sought explanatory factors for declining hypertension control and assessed whether specific age (18–39, 40–59, ≥60 years) or race-ethnicity groups (Non-Hispanic White, NH [B]lack, Hispanic) were disproportionately impacted. Adults with hypertension in National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys during the plateau (2009–2014) and decline (2015–2018) in hypertension control were studied. Definitions: hypertension, blood pressure (mm Hg) ≥140 and/or ≥90 mm Hg or self-reported antihypertensive medications (Treated); Aware, ‘Yes” to, “Have you been told you have hypertension?”; Treatment effectiveness, proportion of treated adults controlled; control, blood pressure P P =0.01), treatment (−4.6%, P =0.004), and treatment effectiveness (−6.0%, P P =0.97]). Antihypertensive monotherapy rose (+4.2%, P =0.04), although treatment resistance factors increased (obesity +4.0%, P =0.02, diabetes +2.3%, P =0.02). Hypertension control fell across age (18–39 [−4.9%, P =0.30]; 40–59 [−9.9%, P =0.0003]; ≥60 years [−6.5%, P =0.005]) and race-ethnicity groups (Non-Hispanic White [−8.5%, P =0.0007]; NHB −7.4%, P =0.002]; Hispanic [−5.2%, P =0.06]). Racial/ethnic disparities in hypertension control versus Non-Hispanic White were attenuated after adjusting for modifiable factors including education, obesity and access to care; NHB (odds ratio, 0.79 unadjusted versus 0.84 adjusted); Hispanic (odds ratio 0.74 unadjusted versus 0.98 adjusted). Improving hypertension control and reducing disparities require greater and more equitable access to high quality health care and healthier lifestyles.

Hypertension is highly prevalent in Chile. The National Health Survey 2016–17 reported a 27.6% prevalence, 68.7% awareness, and 33.3% of hypertensives had controlled blood pressure (BP). May Measurement Month (MMM) is a global initiative aimed at raising awareness of high BP and to act as a temporary solution to the lack of screening programmes worldwide. A cross-sectional survey of volunteers aged ≥18 years old was carried out in May 2018. Blood pressure measurement, the definition of hypertension, and statistical analysis followed the MMM protocol. Ninety-four sites participated, most of them from the Public Health System outpatient clinics distributed along the country. In addition, universities, clinical research sites, and private clinics participated. Hypertension was diagnosed as mean systolic BP ≥140 mmHg and/or diastolic BP ≥90 mmHg or receiving antihypertensive medication. Overall 9344 individuals were screened. After multiple imputation, hypertension prevalence was 29.2%, of which 64.0% were aware of their condition. Of those aware of their hypertension diagnosis, 87.7% were receiving antihypertensive medication and 56.1% of the total number of hypertensives were on antihypertensive medication. Moreover, 15.3% of the participants who were not receiving treatment were considered potential hypertensives identified in the MMM18. MMM18 was one of the largest BP screening campaigns performed in Chile. It demonstrated a high prevalence of hypertension with one-third of these individuals having controlled BP. The high percentage of persons untreated or with uncontrolled hypertension while on pharmacologic treatment suggests that systematic screening programmes may be a useful tool to improve hypertension control in Chile.

Hypertension has been poorly controlled with the old target of less than 140/90 (mmHg). Currently, the average control rate in the United States is about 50% with the old goal of 140/90. If the new goal of 130/80 is used, the control rate would dramatically decrease. For hypertension management, the traditional stepped-care method needs to be replaced with new approaches using single-pill combination pharmacotherapy (polypill) or using hemodynamic data for drug selection and titration to target underlying cardiovascular abnormalities when cardiovascular disease is present. With the old goal of 140/90, these new approaches have achieved a control rate of 90%. The evidence indicates that new models of therapy and patient support can dramatically improve control rate. However, a key requirement is the will to act. Standardizing and publishing the control rate per medical group could motivate clinicians to implement best practices and expedite a rapid shift to better hypertension management.

Uncontrolled hypertension represents an important cause for postponing a non-cardiac surgery. Perioperative management of hypertensive patients should focus on cardiovascular risk stratification, evaluation of blood pressure levels and hypertension control, registration of the ongoing antihypertensive regimen and counseling about clinical decisions related to the expected perioperative blood pressure fluctuations. To date, there is a lack of evidence on how hypertensive patients should be perioperatively treated, while an empirical clinical approach is usually pursued in the usual practice. The present review appraises the gaps in the evidence and illustrates the current empirical approach of perioperative management of hypertension in non-cardiac surgery.

Among individuals with hypertension, controlling high blood pressure (BP) reduces the risk for cardiovascular events and death. Reducing dietary sodium can help achieve BP control. The study aim was to use a population-based sample utilizing the gold-standard for urinary sodium to quantify the degree with which sodium was independently associated with BP control among individuals with hypertension. Participants included 1 568 adults from the Heart Follow-Up Study, a New York City population-based representative study conducted in 2010. Participants collected urine for 24 hours and had BP and other anthropometrics measured. Hypertension was defined as systolic BP ≥ 140 mmHg, diastolic BP ≥ 90 mmHg, or being on BP lowering medication. Sodium intake (mg/day) was measured from a single 24-hour urine collection. Hypertension prevalence was 30.8%. Among those with hypertension, 64.6% were aware, 56.3% were treated, and 40.3% were controlled. Among those treated for hypertension, 73.0% were controlled. Mean sodium intake among those with hypertension was 3 564 mg/day. From multivariable adjusted logistic regression models, each 500mg decrease in 24-hour urinary sodium excretion was associated with a 18% higher odds of hypertension control among those with hypertension (1.18, 95% CI: 1.07, 1.30). In New York City, approximately one in three people has hypertension with a majority uncontrolled. Sodium intake among those with hypertension was 55% greater than recommended upper limit of 2 300 mg per day. Among individuals with hypertension, lower sodium intake was associated with hypertension control.

High blood pressure is the world’s leading cause of death, but despite treatment for hypertension being safe, effective, and low cost, most people with hypertension worldwide do not have it controlled. This article summarizes lessons learned in the first 2 years of the Resolve to Save Lives (RTSL) hypertension management program, operated in coordination with the World Health Organization (WHO) and other partners. Better diagnosis, treatment, and continuity of care are all needed to improve control rates, and five necessary components have been recommended by RTSL, WHO and other partners as being essential for a successful hypertension control program. Several hurdles to hypertension control have been identified, with most related to limitations in the health care system rather than to patient behavior. Treatment according to standardized protocols should be started as soon as hypertension is diagnosed, and medical practices and health systems must closely monitor patient progress and system performance. Improvement in hypertension management and control, along with elimination of artificial trans fat and reduction of dietary sodium consumption, will improve many aspects of primary care, contribute to goals for universal health coverage, and could save 100 million lives worldwide over the next 30 years.

Worldwide, hypertension control rate is far from ideal. Some studies suggest that patients treated by specialists have a greater chance to achieve control. The authors aimed to determine the BP control rate among treated hypertensive patients under specialist care in Argentina, to characterize patients regarding their cardiovascular risk profile and antihypertensive drug use, and to assess the variables independently associated with adequate BP control. The authors included adult hypertensive patients under stable treatment, managed in 10 specialist centers across Argentina. Office BP was measured thrice with a validated oscillometric device. Adequate BP control was defined as an average of the three readings

Increased blood pressure is a leading risk for death globally, and interventions to enhance hypertension control have become a high priority. An important aspect of clinical interventions is understanding the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of differing primary healthcare practitioners. We examined KAP surveys from 803 primary care practitioners in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia (response rate 80%), using a comprehensive KAP survey developed by the World Hypertension League (WHL). The WHL KAP survey uniquely includes an assessment of key World Health Organization recommended interventions to enhance hypertension control. There were few substantive differences between healthcare professional disciplines. Primary care practitioners mostly had a positive attitude toward hypertension management. However, confidence and practice in performing specific tasks to control hypertension were suboptimal. A low proportion indicated they systematically screened adults for hypertension and many were not aware of the need to or were confident in prescribing more than two antihypertensive medications. It was the practice of a high proportion of doctors to not pharmacologically treat most people with hypertension who were at high cardiovascular risk. There was a reluctance by physicians to task share hypertension diagnosis, drug prescribing and assessing cardiovascular risk to nurses. The minority of health care professions use a hypertension management algorithm, and few have patient registries with performance reporting functions. There were few substantive differences based on the age, gender, and years of clinical practice of the practitioners. The study findings support the need for standardized education and training of primary care practitioners in Ulaanbaatar to enhance hypertension control.

Cerebrovascular disease (CVD) contributes to spatial navigation deficits; however, the everyday outcomes of this association remain unexplored. We investigated whether CVD was a risk for getting lost behavior (GLB) in elderly with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and mild Alzheimer disease (AD). Getting lost behavior was assessed using a semistructured clinical interview and was associated with white matter lesions (WMLs) in patients with MCI. Specifically, right occipital WMLs increased the odds of GLB by 12 times ( P = .03) and right temporal WMLs increased the odds of GLB by 4 times ( P = .01), regardless of age, gender, global cognitive impairment, and occipital or medial temporal gray matter atrophy. Hypertension increased the risk of GLB in MCI by contributing to the burden of WMLs. White matter lesions were not associated with GLB in mild AD. Our findings suggest that interventions aimed at reducing GLB in prodromal dementia may involve preventing WMLs by optimizing hypertension control.

Hypertension that occurs for years can cause various problems. Effort to measure blood pressure regularly and treat it effectively, aim to prevent complications. Someone who usually smoke and let high cholesterol levels in the blood more at risk of complications. One of the complications caused by hypertension is stroke, so it is necessary to control the hypertensive patients because hypertension control can be the key prevention of stroke. This study aims to find out how the knowledge of hypertensive patients about stroke prevention efforts by way of non-pharmacologic therapy, Non-pharmacological therapies here include regular exercise, low-salt diet and lifestyle changes. The type of research is descriptive research, the polpulation in this study is all hypertensive patients who come to the Poly In dr. Slamet Garut in August 2012. The sample in this research using non probability method with accidental sampling with 25 samples. Obtained that the knowledge of hypertensive patients about the effort of stroke prevention by non-pharmacological therapy in Poli In dr. Slamet Garut from 25 respondents, have the best knowledge as much as 28.00%, knowledge enough 36.00%, have knowledge less 36.00%. Most of the respondents who studied about the knowledge of hypertensive patients about stroke prevention efforts by non-pharmacological therapy in Inner Polyclinic dr. Slamet Garut has less knowledge and enough knowledge respectively that is 36.00% (9 persons).

Montrezol, FT, Marinho, R, Mota, GdFAd, D'almeida, V, de Oliveira, EM, Gomes, RJ, and Medeiros, A. ACE gene plays a key role in reducing blood pressure in the hyperintensive elderly after resistance training. J Strength Cond Res 33(4): 1119-1129, 2019-Hypertension is a difficult disease to control and exercise training plays a key role in hypertension control. Some individuals are not responsive to exercise training; so, we highlight the polymorphism of I allele of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) as a factor responsible for this lack of responsiveness. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of ACE insertion/deletion genotypes on effects of resistance training on blood pressure (BP) and chronic inflammation. Eighty-six hypertensive volunteers, aged between 60 and 80, were evaluated. They performed 16 weeks of resistance training at 50% of 1 maximal repetition. The greatest benefits were seen on homozygous of the Insertion allele, whom presented reduction of systolic blood pressure (SBP: 129.31 ± 13.34 vs. 122.56 ± 9.68 mm Hg, p < 0.001) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP: 79.18 ± 8.05 vs. 70.12 ± 7.71 mm Hg, p < 0.01) during daytime period, and in 24-hour period (SBP: 127.12 ± 13.65 vs. 121.06± 9.68 mm Hg, p < 0.001 and DBP: 71.87 ± 8.39 vs. 68.75 ± 8.72 mm Hg, p < 0.05) and also increased circulating adiponectin levels (4.04 ± 1.79 vs. 6.00 ± 2.81 ng·ml, p < 0.01). Other genotypes showed no changes in BP and biochemical parameters. Our results suggest a cardio protective factor of I allele because only those homozygous showed reductions in BP and increases in adiponectin.

Since the publication of the 2017 ACC/AHA hypertension guideline, few studies have analyzed the epidemiology and management of hypertension across many heterogeneous subgroups in the US.We analyzed the data collected by the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 1999 to 2016. Participants greater than 20 years of age, who had valid blood pressure measurements, were included in the study. A comprehensive analysis of 14 population subgroups was done to systematically examine how hypertension awareness, treatment, and control varied by subpopulations.Our study included 45,557 participants with a mean age of 47.1 years, 48.3% were male and 51.7% were female. 47.8% participants had hypertension, of which 59.9% were aware of their diagnosis. Among the participants who were aware of their hypertension, 90.3% were prescribed medication(s) to lower blood pressure, of which 39.2% had achieved control. Multivariate analysis showed age, gender, Race/ethnicity, annual family income, education level, BMI, waist to height ratio, diabetes, and previous cardiovascular events to be independent risk factors for hypertension. Lower likelihoods of awareness and treatment were associated with male sex, younger age, Mexican ethnicity, participants without health insurance, absence of previous cardiovascular events, diabetes, obesity, or smoking. Overall, hypertension control rate was suboptimal across most of subgroups (40%).Based on the 2017 ACC/AHA guideline, almost half of the US adult population has hypertension. The suboptimal number of people with controlled blood pressure is pervasive in all subgroups and warrants greater efforts in prevention, as well as more effective treatment.

Objective This study was conducted to assess hypertension control and factors associated with it among hypertensive patients on treatment at Zewditu Memorial Hospital. Results A total of 225 patients were included in the study, of which 55.6% of patients were females. The mean age of the patients was 55.2 years and half of them had a family history of hypertension. About 29% of patients had comorbidities. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs), calcium channel blockers (CCBs) and beta-blockers (BBs) were the most frequently prescribed medications. Majority of (83.1%) the patients received combination therapy. The most frequent two and three drugs class combination were ACEI + BB and ACEIs + CCB + BB, respectively. Drug treatment was modified for 22.2% of patients and blood pressure (BP) was controlled in 26.2% of patients. Older age was associated with good BP control (AOR 2.58, CI 1.27–5.24), while treatment modification was associated with poor BP control (AOR 0.21, CI 0.07–0.65). The findings indicate that BP control was low and factors like middle age and treatment modification contributed to the low BP control. It is recommended that the physicians should be adherent to current guidelines regarding the selection of appropriate antihypertensive medications so as to achieve target BP goals. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13104-019-4173-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Regular physical activity, smoking cessation, and moderate alcohol consumption are important lifestyle behaviors that can be modified when managing hypertension. This study examined the associations of diagnostic status and age at hypertension diagnosis with lifestyle behaviors among individuals with hypertension. Data came from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2007 to 2012 (N = 5231). Multinomial logistic regression models were used to estimate the relative risk (RR) of adopting lifestyle behaviors. A diagnosis of hypertension was associated with an individual being a past smoker (RR = 1.26, 95% CI: 1.05, 1.52). There was an association between duration since diagnosis and being a past smoker (RR = 1.01; 95% CI 1.01, 1.02; P = 0.004). Excessive drinking was inversely associated with duration since diagnosis (RR = 0.95; 95% CI 0.94, 0.96; P