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The dark web is considered an expansion of the deep web, intentionally hidden from the surface web. It can only be accessed with a particular group of browsers that allow the user to stay anonymous while navigating the dark web. With the untraceable hidden layer of the Internet and the anonymity of the users associated with the dark web, several impressive cybercrimes have been reported. This paper aims to examine the impact of the dark web on society. The article systematically reviews relevant academic literature and books to understand how the dark web works and its societal effects. The study has found that the dark web is an enabler of several cybercrimes. Moreover, while governments and regulatory authorities have introduced strategic detection techniques on the dark web, cybercriminals are adaptive towards the strategies and, given time, will usually find ways to bypass such detection techniques. It is recommended that the regulatory authorities and cyber threat intelligence periodically review the detection techniques for effective monitoring. Furthermore, security agencies or forensic analysts should ensure that they are updated with the latest scientific knowledge on the safe management of the dark web by undertaking more training in cyber security. There is also a need for further research to focus on awareness campaigns about the dangers of the dark web. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The medical-patient relationship is facing pollution of information all over the internet, for physician and patients is becoming tougher to keep updated with the highest quality of information. During the last 20 years multiple evaluation tools have been developed trying to find the best tool to assess high-quality information, to date DISCERN tool represents the most widely spread. Information can be found on the surface internet and in the deep web, constituting the biggest chunk of the internet, informing and controlling the quality of information is a formidable task. PubMed and Google Scholar are the most important tools for a physician to find information, although multiple others are available; awareness must be raised over improving current strategies for data mining high-quality information for the patients and the healthcare community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the changing nature of Tantra in the digital era by focusing on three online tāntrik practitioners from Assam. The region of Assam has a long reputation as the quintessential "land of black magic," and this reputation has continued in the realm of the internet and online tāntrik services. The article argues that these Assamese cyber-tāntrikas reflect at least three key transformations in the practice and representation Tantra. First, they represent a profound challenge to traditional forms of tāntrik authority and a new kind of digital authority—what Heidi A. Campbell calls "alogorhythmic authority"—whereby one gains status and reputation not through established religious institutions but rather through the amplifying power of social media platforms. Second, they reflect the ways in which Tantra in the popular imagination has been largely identified with black magic and also combined with a wide variety of other magical practices from around the globe, most commonly with a (highly stereotyped) version of Voodoo. Finally, they reflect a kind of "Americanized" version of Tantra, which is defined primarily in terms of sex, love, and romance—though also with a uniquely Indian twist and a special focus on the dynamics of marriage, family, and caste relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the prominence of dirt and excrements in online male subcultures. It offers an understanding of both the computer nerd cultures of the 4chan forum and Incel (acronym for "Involuntary celibate") forums that is grounded in their displays of anal sexuality. The article traces the development of this sexuality from the sadistic-aggressive acts of discharge characteristic of 4chan to the masochistic displays of self-deprecation in Incel forums. Whereas the former serve to draw boundaries between the subcultural sphere and that of the cultural mainstream, the latter take the provocative performance of sexual immaturity towards a point of catastrophic loss of control. These performances have political implications, in which the fantasy of being out of control in particular moves Incel culture close to right extremism in that, it is argued, it anticipates a fatalistic act of vengeance against those who are given the blame for one's castrated state. It is in this respect, I argue, that Incel culture must be seen as an extreme variation of online male subcultures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, online black markets and anonymous virtual currencies have become the subject of academic research, and we have gained a certain degree of knowledge about the dark web. However, as terms such as deep web and dark net, which have different meanings, have been used in similar contexts, discussions related to the dark web tend to be confusing. Therefore, in this paper, we discuss the differences between these concepts in an easy-to-understand manner, including their historical circumstances, and explain the technology known as onion routing used on the dark web. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: Widespread use of the Internet has increased availability of numerous products. Multiple published cases highlight that toxic xenobiotics are available for purchase online. Most cases describe purchase from the deep web. We sought to identify extremely hazardous substances available from an online retailer. Methods: Over a 10-month period, the online retailer Amazon.com® was searched for each of the products listed by the Environmental Protection Agency's "List of Extremely Hazardous Substances." Product names, availability on Amazon Prime®, need for a business account, price, and quantity were collated. Results: We identified 79/340 (23.2%) of these substances were available on Amazon.com®. Almost one-third of the available substances were eligible for Amazon Prime®. Approximately one-third of the products were available in an amount that could be toxic by purchasing a single unit (31/79). Of these 31 products, only four required a business account, 18 were eligible for Amazon Prime®, and nine were neither eligible for Prime nor required a business account. Notable products include sodium azide, acrylamide, mercuric acetate, and hydrazine. Conclusions: The ease of purchase and ready availability of such highly toxic substances is concerning. Online retailers like Amazon.com® should consult with toxicologists or other qualified experts and governmental agencies to identify which products should be removed or restricted to business accounts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Deep Web and Dark Web are legitimate tools for use in the field of information science, adding to the discussion of patron privacy. The American Library Association policies on privacy and confidentiality combined with the advancement of internet technology necessitate that library professionals become fluent in Dark Web usability in libraries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Widespread use of the Internet has increased availability of numerous products. Multiple published cases highlight that toxic xenobiotics are available for purchase online. Most cases describe purchase from the deep web. We sought to identify extremely hazardous substances available from an online retailer. Methods: Over a 10-month period, the online retailer Amazon.com® was searched for each of the products listed by the Environmental Protection Agency's "List of Extremely Hazardous Substances." Product names, availability on Amazon Prime®, need for a business account, price, and quantity were collated. Results: We identified 79/340 (23.2%) of these substances were available on Amazon.com®. Almost one-third of the available substances were eligible for Amazon Prime®. Approximately one-third of the products were available in an amount that could be toxic by purchasing a single unit (31/79). Of these 31 products, only four required a business account, 18 were eligible for Amazon Prime®, and nine were neither eligible for Prime nor required a business account. Notable products include sodium azide, acrylamide, mercuric acetate, and hydrazine. Conclusions: The ease of purchase and ready availability of such highly toxic substances is concerning. Online retailers like Amazon.com® should consult with toxicologists or other qualified experts and governmental agencies to identify which products should be removed or restricted to business accounts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last decade, terror organizations have explicitly messed with the World through the internet as if it were specifically devised for these organizations. Daesh, once identical to a pseudo-state, has utilized the internet more than its predecessors and in more creative ways. Its media and cyber presence are still effective although it has lost its physical foothold. Today most of the Daesh platforms which were active in the past have ceased their operations. So far, some have returned to the scene as its media and cyber network rehabilitates. They utilize almost every platform in an effective way and left the unusable ones for a new functioning platform, which may seem as an infinite source of communication medium. Daesh use the Deep and the Dark Web and social media effectively by creating channels through decentralized structures or its media agencies. The channels or web sites' rapid reappearance after coordinated counterattacks to these sites proves its versatile structure. Content analysis of online Daesh magazines displays the framing of events in relation to actual incidents. Negative events are not covered in parallel with the 'framing' theory. Besides this, discourse analysis of these publications reveals that the rhetoric used in the narratives is carefully designed. The narrator has made an effort to rearrange the text by detaching it from its context by means of time, place and occasion. The rhetoric was built on seeing the entire world as an enemy by devising a black versus white cognition, in order to differentiate group members from the rest of society. This context is concealed behind religious features and heroism. Narratives touch the hearts and minds of the group members. Although there are abundant narratives to emphasize the plot, the quality of these narratives is not satisfactory enough for an unbiased reader. Daesh's propaganda alone is not the reason for becoming a sympathizer, supporter or a zealot member. These narratives do not change the mental structure of the audience but support their arguments and reinforce them as a permanent ideology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents an introduction to deliberations on the type and scope of information, including geoinformation, made available in the Deep Web and Dark Web. It has been shown that geoinformation is present in the Surface Web, although only a small fragment is available in the search results. In the search indexes, the main pages of specialised geoinformation portals, Internet maps and databases are typically made available. Most geoinformation is available on the Deep Web, which requires the use of specialized search engines or exploration of thematic maps. It was also pointed out that geoinformation contradicts the assumptions of the Dark Web. The Tor network, which is the basis of the Dark Web, was created to ensure anonymity and prevent location in space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Dark Web is the web that provides more freedom, so the main goal of the Dark Web is the freedom that some do not feel on the Surface Web. It is the Web content that is available on darknet and to access them, you need to have specific software. The dark network is often confused with Deep Web, which refers to unmarked (searchable) internet sites from traditional search engines. The Dark Web is at the center of the debate over whether anonymity online should be kept regardless of the illegal activity it provides. It is growing fast thanks to new tools, which makes the navigation easier. Websites which are the part of the Dark Web are accessible only by using Tor (The Onion Routing) and I2P (Invisible Internet Protocol). Tor provides anonymous access to the Internet and I2P specializes in allowing the sites to be accessed anonymously. The Darknet is used for illegal activities such as selling and buying drugs, hacking, fraud, pornography, etc. But also anonymity, privacy, access to restricted materials can be used in many positive ways. This research describes the effect of the Dark Web respectively what the Dark Web and the Deep Web are also this document aims to provide recommendations belong to the Dark Web, based on open- source research. This paper endeavors to provide a broader understanding of the dark Web and its influence on our lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The popularization of anonymous markets such as Silk Road is challenging current drug policy and may provide a new context for old issues, such as adulteration of heroin with fentanyl derivatives. The aims of this paper are to report the presence of ocfentanil, a novel, potent, non-controlled fentanyl analog, in samples sold as heroin in the hidden web, and to summarize the effects reported by users.Methods: In 2015, four samples allegedly bought as heroin in cryptomarkets of the hidden web were sent to Energy Control for analysis. Energy Control is a Spanish harm reduction NGO that offers anonymous drug checking with the purpose of adapting counselling to the specific substances present in the drug and monitor the drug market. Identification was performed by GC/MS and LC/MS/MS. We contacted the submitters of the samples and performed an Internet search to retrieve additional information.Results: One sample contained ocfentanil, caffeine and heroin. Three samples contained the aforementioned substances plus paracetamol. Two out of the four contacted users reported distinct short acting, opioid-like effects. No fora discussion could be found about the effects of ocfentanil, neither web pages nor individuals advertising the substance.Conclusion: We report the presence of a new substance detected in the hidden web as an adulterant of heroin, ocfentanil. It has short acting opioid-like effects, roughly the same potency as fentanyl, and can be injected, snorted or smoked. Severe side effects have been associated with its use, including one death. No discussion about this substance could be found in the Internet, which suggests this substance has not been sold as such. Available data about purities of drugs purchased in cryptomarkets suggest that adulteration is not a severe problem and this agrees with users' perceptions. However, this study suggests that adulteration is a real threat not only at the street level, but also for users that buy substances in cryptomarkets, and suggest the need for harm reduction initiatives in this setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The organization and presentation of web spaces that the main national television channels dedicate to television series are analyzed. We focus the study on a double perspective, reflecting on one hand the structure and content of each web site and, on the other, the options available to the user. The proposal of Codina, Aubia and Sánchez (2008) is taken as a reference for methodology and a working template has been developed based on the review of both qualitative and quantitative aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The unprecedented growth of the Internet has given rise to the Dark Web, the problematic facet of the Web associated with cybercrime, hate, and extremism. Despite the need for tools to collect and analyze Dark Web forums, the covert nature of this part of the Internet makes traditional Web crawling techniques insufficient for capturing such content. In this study, we propose a novel crawling system designed to collect Dark Web forum content. The system uses a human-assisted accessibility approach to gain access to Dark Web forums. Several URL ordering features and techniques enable efficient extraction of forum postings. The system also includes an incremental crawler coupled with a recall-improvement mechanism intended to facilitate enhanced retrieval and updating of collected content. Experiments conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the human-assisted accessibility approach and the recall-improvement-based, incremental-update procedure yielded favorable results. The human-assisted approach significantly improved access to Dark Web forums while the incremental crawler with recall improvement also outperformed standard periodic- and incremental-update approaches. Using the system, we were able to collect over 100 Dark Web forums from three regions. A case study encompassing link and content analysis of collected forums was used to illustrate the value and importance of gathering and analyzing content from such online communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evolution of the Internet and the World Wide Web continually exceeds expectations with the swift pace of technological innovations. Information is added, and just as quickly becomes outdated at a rapid pace. Researchers have found that Digital materials can provide access to primary source materials and connect the researcher to institutions virtually. This article provides some basic definitions and presents an overview of digital library projects, archival resources, and access challenges to the Deep Web. A variety of strategies are included that can be used in searching the Deep Web for information. A Webography of resources is included for further exploration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Perspectivas em Ciência da Informaçao is the property of Nova Economia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)