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COVID-19 is a life-threatening contagious virus that has spread across the globe rapidly. To reduce the outbreak impact of COVID-19 virus illness, continual identification and remote surveillance of patients are essential. Medical service delivery based on the Internet of Things (IoT) technology backed up by the fog-cloud paradigm is an efficient and time-sensitive solution for remote patient surveillance. Conspicuously, a comprehensive framework based on Radio Frequency Identification Device (RFID) and body-wearable sensor technologies supported by the fog-cloud platform is proposed for the identification and management of COVID-19 patients. The J48 decision tree is used to assess the infection degree of the user based on corresponding symptoms. RFID is used to detect Temporal Proximity Interactions (TPI) among users. Using TPI quantification, Temporal Network Analysis is used to analyze and track the current stage of the COVID-19 spread. The statistical performance and accuracy of the framework are assessed by utilizing synthetically-generated data for 250,000 users. Based on the comparative analysis, the proposed framework acquired an enhanced measure of classification accuracy, and sensitivity of 96.68% and 94.65% respectively. Moreover, significant improvement has been registered for proposed fog-cloud-based data analysis in terms of Temporal Delay efficacy, Precision, and F-measure., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The brain is the most complex organ in the human body, and it is also the most complex organ in the whole biological system, making it the most complex organ on the planet. According to the findings of current studies, modern study that properly characterises the EEG data signal provides a clear classification accuracy of human activities which is distinct from previous research. Various brain wave patterns related to common activities such as sleeping, reading, and watching a movie may be found in the Electroencephalography (EEG) data that has been collected. As a consequence of these activities, we accumulate numerous sorts of emotion signals in our brains, including the Delta, Theta, and Alpha bands. These bands will provide different types of emotion signals in our brain as a result of these activities. As a consequence of the nonstationary nature of EEG recordings, time-frequency-domain techniques, on the other hand, are more likely to provide good findings. The ability to identify different neural rhythm scales using time-frequency representation has also been shown to be a legitimate EEG marker; this ability has also been demonstrated to be a powerful tool for investigating small-scale neural brain oscillations. This paper presents the first time that a frequency analysis of EEG dynamics has been undertaken. An augmenting decomposition consisting of the "Versatile Inspiring Wavelet Transform" and the "Adaptive Wavelet Transform" is used in conjunction with the EEG rhythms that were gathered to provide adequate temporal and spectral resolutions. Children's wearable sensors are being used to collect data from a number of sources, including the Internet. The signal is conveyed over the Internet of Things (IoT). Specifically, the suggested approach is assessed on two EEG datasets, one of which was obtained in a noisy (i.e., nonshielded) environment and the other was recorded in a shielded environment. The results illustrate the resilience of the proposed training strategy. Therefore, our method contributes to the identification of specific brain activity in children who are taking part in the research as a result of their participation. On the basis of several parameters such as filtering response, accuracy, precision, recall, and F-measure, the MATLAB simulation software was used to evaluate the performance of the proposed system., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to report regarding the present study., (Copyright © 2022 Kapil Kumar Nagwanshi et al.)

Drone advancements have ushered in new trends and possibilities in a variety of sectors, particularly for small-sized drones. Drones provide navigational interlocation services, which are made possible by the Internet of Things (IoT). Drone networks, on the other hand, are subject to privacy and security risks due to design flaws. To achieve the desired performance, it is necessary to create a protected network. The goal of the current study is to look at recent privacy and security concerns influencing the network of drones (NoD). The current research emphasizes the importance of a security-empowered drone network to prevent interception and intrusion. A hybrid ML technique of logistic regression and random forest is used for the purpose of classification of data instances for maximal efficacy. By incorporating sophisticated artificial-intelligence-inspired techniques into the framework of a NoD, the proposed technique mitigates cybersecurity vulnerabilities while making the NoD protected and secure. For validation purposes, the suggested technique is tested against a challenging dataset, registering enhanced performance results in terms of temporal efficacy (34.56 s), statistical measures (precision (97.68%), accuracy (98.58%), recall (98.59%), F-measure (99.01%), reliability (94.69%), and stability (0.73).

The technological revolution brought by the Internet of Things (IoT) has mostly relied on cloud computing. However, to satisfy the demands of time-sensitive services in the medical industry, fog computing, a novel computational platform based on the cloud computing paradigm, has shown to be a useful tool by extending cloud resources to the network's edge. The current paper examines the role of the fog paradigm in the domain of healthcare decision-making, focusing on its primary advantages in terms of latency, network utilization, and power consumption. A fog-computing-based health assessment framework is developed in the current paper. Moreover, based on effective performance parameters, the performance is evaluated and depicted. The results show that the presented strategy can reduce network congestion of the communication network by analyzing information at the local node. Moreover, increased security on health information can be maintained at local fog node, and enhanced data protection from unauthorized access can be acquired. Fog computing offers greater insights into the health condition of patients with enhanced accuracy, precision, reliability, and stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Internet of Things (IoT), the users have complex needs, and the Web Service Composition (WSC) was introduced to address these needs. The WSC's main objective is to search for the optimal combination of web services in response to the user needs and the level of Quality of Services (QoS) constraints. The challenge of this problem is the huge number of web services that achieve similar functionality with different levels of QoS constraints. In this paper, we introduce an extension of our previous works on the Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) and Bat Algorithm (BA). A new hybrid algorithm was proposed between the ABC and BA to achieve a better tradeoff between local exploitation and global search. The bat agent is used to improve the solution of exhausted bees after a threshold (limits), and also an Elitist Strategy (ES) is added to BA to increase the convergence rate. The performance and convergence behavior of the proposed hybrid algorithm was tested using extensive comparative experiments with current state-of-the-art nature-inspired algorithms on 12 benchmark datasets using three evaluation criteria (average fitness values, best fitness values, and execution time) that were measured for 30 different runs. These datasets are created from real-world datasets and artificially to form different scale sizes of WSC datasets. The results show that the proposed algorithm enhances the search performance and convergence rate on finding the near-optimal web services combination compared to competitors. TheWilcoxon signed-rank significant test is usedwhere the proposed algorithm results significantly differ fromother algorithms on 100% of datasets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internet-enabled (IoT) devices are typically small, low-powered devices used for sensing and computing that enable remote monitoring and control of various environments through the Internet. Despite their usefulness in achieving a more connected cyber-physical world, these devices are vulnerable to ransomware attacks due to their limited resources and connectivity. To combat these threats, machine learning (ML) can be leveraged to identify and prevent ransomware attacks on IoT devices before they can cause significant damage. In this research paper, we explore the use of ML techniques to enhance ransomware defense in IoT devices running on the PureOS operating system. We have developed a ransomware detection framework using machine learning, which combines the XGBoost and ElasticNet algorithms in a hybrid approach. The design and implementation of our framework are based on the evaluation of various existing machine learning techniques. Our approach was tested using a dataset of real-world ransomware attacks on IoT devices and achieved high accuracy (90%) and low false-positive rates, demonstrating its effectiveness in detecting and preventing ransomware attacks on IoT devices running PureOS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internet of Things (IoT) technology has uncovered a wide range of possibilities in several industrial sectors where smart devices are capable of exchanging real-time data. Machine-to-machine (M2M) data exchange provides a new method for connecting and exchanging data among machine-oriented communication entities (MOCE). Conspicuously, network services will be severely affected if the underneath IoT infrastructure is disrupted. Moreover, it is difficult for MOCEs to re-establish connectivity automatically. Conspicuously, in the current paper, an analysis is performed regarding potential technologies including unmanned aerial vehicles, blockchain, and mobile edge computing (MEC) that can enable the secure establishment of M2M communications networks that have been compromised to maintain the secure transmissible data. Furthermore, a Markov decision process-based joint optimization approach is proposed for blockchain systems that aims to elevate computational power and performance. Additionally, the dueling deep Q-network (DDQ) is incorporated to address the dynamic and complex optimization issue so that UAV selection is ensured to maximize performance. The results of experimental simulation with several statistical attributes suggest that the proposed framework can increase throughput optimally in comparison to state-of-the-art techniques. Additionally, a performance measure of reliability and stability depicts significant enhancement for the proposed framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Blockchain (BCT) is the first decentralized ledger to include a trust mechanism in its design. It establishes a trustworthy framework for distributed commands by using data redundancy at several nodes. Conspicuously, the current study presents a BCT-based lightweight IoT information exchange security architecture for data exchange. The proposed technique uses a dual chain methodology, namely transaction and data BCT working together to provide distributed storage and tamper-proofing of data. Moreover, Transaction BCT is enhanced by a consensus algorithm using a practical Byzantine fault-tolerant (PBFT) mechanism. The proposed algorithm can increase data registering efficiency, transactions, and privacy protection BCT. It is deduced that local dominance can be avoided using the dynamic game strategy of node cooperation. Furthermore, by reporting the node's global reputation value, the status of the unknown node may be approximated. The high-trust measure is utilized to adjust the weight of the affected node in the combined node-set, leading to the Bayesian equilibrium. The proposed model is validated in several experimental simulations and results are compared with state-of-the-art techniques. Based on the results, enhanced performance is registered for the proposed techniques in terms of temporal delay, statistical efficiency, reliability, and stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unmanned aerial vehicles, drones, and internet of things (IoT) based devices have acquired significant traction due to their enhanced usefulness. The primary use is aerial surveying of restricted or inaccessible locations. Based on the aforementioned aspects, the current study provides a method based on blockchain technology for ensuring the safety and confidentiality of data collected by virtual circuit-based devices. To test the efficacy of the suggested technique, an IoT-based application is integrated with a simulated vehicle monitoring system. Pentatope-based elliptic curve encryption and secure hash algorithm (SHA) are employed to provide anonymity in data storage. The cloud platform stores technical information, authentication, integrity, and vehicular responses. Additionally, the Ethbalance MetaMask wallet is used for BCN-based transactions. Conspicuously, the suggested technique aids in the prevention of several attacks, including plaintext attacks and ciphertext attacks, on sensitive information. When compared to the state-of-the-art techniques, the outcomes demonstrate the effectiveness and safety of the suggested method in terms of operational cost (2.95 units), scalability (14.98 units), reliability (96.07%), and stability (0.82). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IoT-Edge-Fog Computing presents a trio-logical model for decentralized computing in a time-sensitive manner. However, to address the rising need for real-time information processing and decision modeling, task allocation among dispersed Edge Computing nodes has been a major challenge. State-of-the-art task allocation techniques such as Min–Max, Minimum Completion time, and Round Robin perform task allocation, butv several limitations persist including large energy consumption, delay, and error rate. Henceforth, the current work provides a Quantum Computing-inspired optimization technique for efficient task allocation in an Edge Computing environment for real-time IoT applications. Furthermore, the QC-Neural Network Model is employed for predicting optimal computing nodes for delivering real-time services. To acquire the performance enhancement, simulations were performed by employing 6, 10, 14, and 20 Edge nodes at different times to schedule more than 600 heterogeneous tasks. Empirical results show that an average improvement of 5.02% was registered for prediction efficiency. Similarly, the error reduction of 2.03% was acquired in comparison to state-of-the-art techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of IoT technology in several applications is hampered by security and privacy concerns with IoT edge nodes. Security flaws can only be resolved by implementing cryptographic protocols on these nodes. The resource constraints of the edge nodes make it extremely difficult to implement these protocols. The majority of cryptographic protocols' fundamental operation is finite-field multiplication, and their performance is significantly impacted by their effective implementation. Therefore, this work mainly focuses on implementing low-area with low-energy and high-speed one-dimensional bit-parallel semi-systolic multiplier for the Montgomery multiplication algorithm. The space and delay complexity analysis of the proposed multiplier structure reveals that the proposed design has a significant reduction in delay and a marginal reduction in the area when compared to the competitive one-dimensional multipliers. The obtained ASIC synthesis report demonstrates that the suggested multiplier architecture saves a marginal amount of space as well as a significant amount of time, area–delay product (ADP), and power–delay product (PDP) when compared to the competitive ones. The obtained results indicate that the proposed multiplier layout is very appropriate for use in devices with limited resources such as IoT edge nodes and tiny embedded devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

DDoS attacks in the Internet of Things (IoT) technology have increased significantly due to its spread adoption in different industrial domains. The purpose of the current research is to propose a novel technique for detecting botnet attacks in user-oriented IoT environments. Conspicuously, an attack identification technique inspired by Recurrent Neural networks and Bidirectional Long Short Term Memory (BLRNN) is presented using a unique Deep Learning (DL) technique. For text identification and translation of attack data segments into tokenized form, word embedding is employed. The performance analysis of the presented technique is performed in comparison to the state-of-the-art DL techniques. Specifically, Accuracy (98.4%), Specificity (98.7%), Sensitivity (99.0%), F-measure (99.0%) and Data loss (92.36%) of the presented BLRNN detection model are determined for identifying 4 attacks over Botnet (Mirai). The results show that, although adding cost to each epoch and increasing computation delay, the bidirectional strategy is more superior technique model over different data instances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Viral diseases transmitted bymosquitoes are emerging public health problems across the globe. Dengue is considered to be the most significant mosquito-oriented disease. Conspicuously, the present study provides an effective architecture for Dengue Virus Infection surveillance. The proposed system involves a 4-level architecture for the prediction and prevention of dengue infection outspread. The architectural levels including Dengue Information Acquisition level, Dengue Information Classification level, Dengue-Mining and Extraction level, and Dengue-Prediction and Decision Modeling level enable an individual to periodically monitor his/her probabilistic dengue fevermeasure. The prediction process is carried out so that proactivemeasures are taken beforehand. For predictive purposes, probabilistic analysis in terms of Level of Dengue Fever (LoDF) was carried out using the Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System. Based on the Self-OrganizedMapping procedure, the presence of LoDF is visualized. Several simulations on datasets of 16 individuals cumulating to 32,255 instances were conducted to test the effectiveness of the presented model. In comparison to other decision-modeling methods, significantly improved results in form of classification efficacy, a temporal delay, prediction effectiveness, reliability, and stability were reported for the presented model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Networked devices benefit enterprises to gain far-reaching control over their industrial processes, which encourages them to conduct routine operations in a smart manner. Rapidly expanding interconnected sensor devices are eligible to aggregate, process and disseminate wide-ranging data. This paper proposed an extended anomaly discovery and response framework. We argued the prospective security anomalies to the IoT equipped industrial-floor and examined the numerous attacks that are conceivable on the modules in the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) architecture. IIoT service layer architecture was designed in consideration of high-volume device connectivity, management and security enforcement. Collection of geospatial service and device data aided the proposed framework to bridge the gap between anomaly identification and context-aware node behavior. Framework evaluation considered design principles such as node interpretability, decentralization, real-time data relay, modularity and required service alignment. Emulation outcomes specify that the malware discovery performance is better if the anomaly recognition model used the applied utility for the yield layer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Internet of Things (IoT) has enhanced many industries in terms of smart decision-modeling and performance assessment. Numerous developments in industries such as national security and police forces have been revolutionized to interpret data regarding ubiquitous instances. The current paper introduces an IoT-inspired system for evaluating the competence of police officers' performance. The work presented in this study focuses on evaluating several actions of police officers to determine overall conduct using the Bayesian Classification Model. The probabilistic integrity estimate (PIE) has been quantified using efficient data processing for effective decision-making. Furthermore, the 2-level decision tree model has been presented to evaluate police personnel's efficiency. The presented model is tested on challenging data sets obtained from the online repository for validation purposes. Conspicuously, the presented methodology outperformed state-of-the-art decision methods in terms of classification efficiency, a temporal delay, prediction estimation, stability, and reliability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

More than 10-billion physical items are being linked to the internet to conduct activities more independently and with less human involvement owing to the Internet of Things (IoT) technology. IoT networks are considered a source of identifiable data for vicious attackers to carry out criminal actions using automated processes. Machine learning (ML)-assisted methods for IoT security have gained much attention in recent years. However, the ML-training procedure incorporates large data which is transferable to the central server since data are created continually by IoT devices at the edge. In other words, conventional ML relies on a single server to store all of its data, which makes it a less desirable option for domains concerned about user privacy. The Federated Learning (FL)-based anomaly detection technique, which utilizes decentralized on-device data to identify IoT network intrusions, represents the proposed solution to the aforementioned problem. By exchanging updated weights with the centralized FL-server, the data are kept on local IoT devices while federating training cycles over GRUs (Gated Recurrent Units) models. The ensemble module of the technique assesses updates from several sources for improving the accuracy of the global ML technique. Experiments have shown that the proposed method surpasses the state-of-the-art techniques in protecting user data by registering enhanced performance measures of Statistical Analysis, Energy Efficiency, Memory Utilization, Attack Classification, and Client Accuracy Analysis for the identification of attacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A flood is defined as a surplus of water or sludge on parched soil, and a flood has originated through the runoff of water inside the water route from the various water sources like canals, etc. Intense rainfall, deforestation, urbanization, deprived water and sewerage administration, and lack of concentration toward the environment of the hydrological scheme have been the causes of urban flooding. In addition, there is a deficiency in flood assessment due to the impediment in getting data on floods to the control room from the flood-affected area. To diminish the possessions due to flooding, there ought to be an immediate move of captured statistics as of the hectic region en route to the observation room with no further wait for a completely fledged technique in the wireless settings data from the Internet of Things (IoT). The Internet of Everything (IoE) is a concept that extends the Internet of Things. In view of the fact that the wireless nodes are changeable in their environment, those effects lead to unsteadiness and uncertainty in information distribution. Therefore, there is a requirement for flood-predictable region data that may be exaggerated between the source and the control room. In the past, there were a lot of techniques set up and put into practice intended for keeping an eye on the flood spots. However, one of the biggest challenges is to have data sharing without delay and loss of data among source and destination nodes. In addition to that, the video quality also needs to be taken into consideration at the same time in receipt, as it is a tough task to determine and preplan the flood happenings completely from the normal disaster that makes scientific complicatedness more than the information being received in a wireless ad-hoc environment using IoT-based sensors. Considering all the abovementioned reasons, the proposed work comprises of three folded goals, namely, the design of a mobile ad-hoc flooding environment, the development of an urban flood high definition video surveillance system using IoT-based sensors, and experimental work on simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Internet of Things (IoT) is an interconnected network of computing nodes that can send and receive data without human participation. Software and communication technology have advanced tremendously in the last couple of decades, resulting in a considerable increase in IoT devices. IoT gadgets have practically infiltrated every aspect of human well-being, ushering in a new era of intelligent devices. However, the rapid expansion has raised security concerns. Another challenge with the basic approach of processing IoT data on the cloud is scalability. A cloud-centric strategy results from network congestion, data bottlenecks, and longer response times to security threats. Fog computing addresses these difficulties by bringing computation to the network edge. The current research provides a comprehensive review of the IoT evolution, Fog computation, and artificial-intelligence-inspired machine learning (ML) strategies. It examines ML techniques for identifying anomalies and attacks, showcases IoT data growth solutions, and delves into Fog computing security concerns. Additionally, it covers future research objectives in the crucial field of IoT security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a robotic system dedicated to remote wrist rehabilitation is proposed as an Internet of Things (IoT) application. The system offers patients home rehabilitation. Since the physiotherapist and the patient are on different sites, the system guarantees that the physiotherapist controls and supervises the rehabilitation process and that the patient repeats the same gestures made by the physiotherapist. A human-machine interface (HMI) has been developed to allow the physiotherapist to remotely control the robot and supervise the rehabilitation process. Based on a computer vision system, physiotherapist gestures are sent to the robot in the form of control instructions. Wrist range of motion (RoM), EMG signal, sensor current measurement, and streaming from the patient's environment are returned to the control station. The various acquired data are displayed in the HMI and recorded in its database, which allows later monitoring of the patient's progress. During the rehabilitation process, the developed system makes it possible to follow the muscle contraction thanks to an extraction of the Electromyography (EMG) signal as well as the patient's resistance thanks to a feedback from a current sensor. Feature extraction algorithms are implemented to transform the EMG raw signal into a relevant data reflecting the muscle contraction. The solution incorporates a cascade fuzzy-based decision system to indicate the patient's pain. As measurement safety, when the pain exceeds a certain threshold, the robot should stop the action even if the desired angle is not yet reached. Information on the patient, the evolution of his state of health and the activities followed, are all recorded, which makes it possible to provide an electronic health record. Experiments on 3 different subjects showed the effectiveness of the developed robotic solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The last few years have seen significant advances in neuromotor rehabilitation technologies, such as robotics and virtual reality. Rehabilitation robotics primarily focuses on devices, control strategies, scenarios and protocols aimed at recovering sensory, motor and cognitive impairments often experienced by stroke victims. Remote rehabilitation can be adopted to relieve stress in healthcare facilities by limiting the movement of patients to clinics, mainly in the current COVID-19 pandemic. In this context, we have developed a remote controlled intelligent robot for elbow rehabilitation. The proposed system offers real-time monitoring and ultimately provides an electronic health record (EHR). Rehabilitation is an area of medical practice that treats patients with pain. However, this pain can prevent a person from positively interacting with therapy. To cope with this matter, the proposed solution incorporates a cascading fuzzy decision system to estimate patient pain. Indeed, as a safety measure, when the pain exceeds a certain threshold, the robot must stop the action even if the desired angle has not yet been reached. A fusion of sensors incorporating an electromyography (EMG) signal, feedback from the current sensor and feedback from the position encoder provides the fuzzy controller with the data needed to estimate pain. This measured pain is fed back into the control loop and processed to generate safe robot actions. The main contribution was to integrate vision-based gesture control, a cascade fuzzy logic-based decision system and IoT (Internet of Things) to help therapists remotely take care of patients efficiently and reliably. Tests carried out on three different subjects showed encouraging results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Even in its infancy, the internet of things (IoT) has enticed most of the modern industrial areas like smart cities, automobiles, medical technology. Since IoT connects everything together, it is vulnerable to a variety of devastating intrusion attacks. Being the internet of different devices makes it easy for attackers to launch their attacks. Thus, to combat all these attacks, an attack analysis is presented in this article using the basic principles of Artificial Neural Networks. Internet packet traces are used to train to the supervised ANN (Multilevel Perceptron) and evaluated after the training to decline the DDoS Attacks. This research article mainly focuses on the categorization of traffic patterns into legitimate traffic and attack traffic patterns in IoT network. The ANN processes are evaluated and tested in a simulated IoT network. The experimental results show a greater accuracy in detection of various DDoS attacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Earthquake prediction is considered a vital endeavour for human safety. Effective earthquake prediction can drastically reduce human damage, which is of utmost importance to the community and individuals. In the current research world, there is a boom in scientific interest in the prediction of seismic events. With the technological revolution in data acquisition, communication networks, edge–cloud computing, the Internet of Things (IoT), and big data analysis, it is feasible to develop an intelligent earthquake prediction model for early warnings at vulnerable locations. Conspicuously, a collaborative IoT–Edge-centered smart earthquake monitoring and prediction framework using cloud and edge computing are proposed. IoT technology is utilized to acquire real-time sensor data, which is forwarded to the edge layer for feature classification utilizing a novel bayesian belief model technique. Furthermore, Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) mechanism is employed to forecast the magnitude of earthquakes in the cloud layer. Based on the experimental simulation, enhanced effectiveness is acquired for the presented framework in terms of classification performance (Precision (92.52%), Sensitivity (91.72%), and Specificity (91.01%)). Additionally, results show that the utilization of edge computing significantly reduces computational delay (23.06s). Moreover, enhanced accuracy and throughput are acquired for the presented model in terms of reliability (95.26%) and stability (92.16%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]