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IoT is expected to have far-reaching consequences on society due to a wide spectrum of applications like smart healthcare, smart transportation, smart agriculture, smart home, etc. However, ethical considerations of AI-enabled smart devices have not been duly considered from a design perspective. In this paper, the authors propose a novel fuzzy logic-based method to incorporate ethics within smart things of IoT. Ethical considerations relevant to a machine context are represented in terms of fuzzy ethics variables (FEVs) and ethics rules. For each ethics rule, a value called scaled ethics value (SEV) is used to indicate its ethical desirability. In order to model flexibility in ethical response, the authors employ the concept of ethics modes that selectively allow scenarios depending on the value of SEV. The method offers a viable mechanism for smart devices to imbue ethical sensitivity that can pave the way for a technology society amenable to human ethics. However, the method does not account for varying ethics, as such incorporating learning mechanisms represent a promising research direction.

In this era of communication and networking technology, Internet of Things adds to the existing technological era and brings revolution to the Information Technology world. Internet of Things consists of interconnected devices which may be digital, physical or mechanical devices equipped with unique identifiers and having the capability to transmit the sensed information to other devices autonomously. Internet of Things is recognized as being composed of resource constraint devices in terms of processing competency, storage capacity and power resources. To cope up these constraints, existing computing technology known as cloud computing can be used to facilitate the Internet of Things system by offloading its processing and storage requirements. In this paper, we have provided the necessity and benefits of Cloud and IoT integration. Further, the paper has identified several research issues that arise due to Cloud-IoT integration. Among the several research issues, it was observed that security and privacy concerns are pivotal in Cloud-IoT integration and need to be addressed to make the integration successful. The core security and privacy threats have been identified and the existing security mechanisms have also been researched in this paper. The paper also highlights open security and privacy research issues in the Cloud-IoT paradigm. This paper can act as a baseline for the research that is needed in the area of security and privacy issues in the Cloud-IoT or Cloud of Things paradigm.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a promising technology for addressing the challenges of urbanisation, however ethical ramifications of introducing such pervasive technology have not been duly considered. It is assumed that smart devices are exempt from moral, religious or legal responsibilities with regard to their surroundings. Such a perspective on device functioning may lead to situations where essential human values are put at risk. We suggest that social parameters be also included within the realm of machine functioning. In this work, we propose a neuro fuzzy system (NFS) that is able to implement ethics relevant to the context of a device and also fine tune them. Initially ethical requirements are specified in terms of fuzzy ethics rules and appropriate ethical response is learned subsequently. The method enables us to address the vital question of ethical compliance of smart things so that ethical rights of people are not infringed upon. By such incorporation, we ensure that machines respect core human values paving way for human friendly technology ecosystems like ethical smart city.

The Internet of Things promises to offer numerous societal benefits by providing a spectrum of user applications. However, ethical ramifications of adopting such pervasive technology on a society-wide scale have not been adequately considered. Smart things endowed with artificial intelligence may carry out decisions that entail ethical consequences. It is assumed that the functioning of a smart device does not involve any ethical responsibility vis-a-vis its application context. Such a perspective may precipitate situations that endanger essential human values or cause physical or emotional harm. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the design of ethics within intelligent systems to safeguard human interests. In order to address these concerns, we propose a novel method based on Boolean algebra that enables a machine to exhibit varying ethical behaviour by employing the concept of ethics categories and ethics modes. Such enhancement of smart things offers a way to design ethically compliant smart devices and paves way for human friendly technology ecosystems.

Notwithstanding the potential of IoT to revolutionise our personal and social lives, the absence of a solid framework of ethics may lead to situations where smart devices are used in ways uncongenial to the moral fabric of a society. In this work, the authors seek to provide a conceptual framework toward incorporating ethics in IoT. They employ the concept of object for each smart device in order to represent ethics relevant to its context. Moreover, the authors propose dedicating a separate ethics layer in the protocol stack of smart devices to account for socio-cultural ethical aspects of a society. The ethics layer enables us to account for ethical responsibilities of smart devices vis-a-vis society so that inadvertent physical, emotional or psychological harm to human beings is avoided. Such mechanism ensures that devices operate ethically not only at individual level but also at D2D level to give rise to high order ethical structures e.g. ethical home, ethical office, ethical university, ethical city, etc.

Emerging Internet of Things represents a paradigm shift in our understanding of modern communication networks. The basic premise is to have smart sensors collaborate directly without human involvement to deliver a new class of applications having far reaching consequences for all aspects of human life. In particular Internet of Things revolution is transforming the modern connected healthcare. However, ubiquitous nature and increased autonomy of the IoT devices raise serious concerns about the ethical complicity of connected smart healthcare applications. In this paper we present a novel method to incorporate ethics in IoT driven connected smart healthcare so that the services provided do not unwittingly infringe on the ethical rights of its beneficiaries.

Internet of Things is a paradigm shift in networking that seeks to connect virtually all things on the planet. Given the constrained nature of smart devices, energy efficient routing would play a key role in successful deployment of such networks. Clustering algorithms organize nodes of a network into groups or clusters and a specific designated node, cluster head is responsible for its cluster. Clustering algorithms have been particularly suggested in the context of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) but their application may also address similar challenges in Internet of Things (IoT). Clustering would facilitate energy efficient routing and topology management by delegating large chunk of communication overhead to cluster head. This paper presents a review of various clustering algorithms, analyses routing characteristics of various IoT domains and suggests appropriate clustering algorithms for each domain.