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Tämä artikkeli käsittelee autismikirjon varhaisnuorten puheen prosodian havaittua epätyypillisyyttä. Kyseessä on pilottitutkimus, jonka aineisto koostuu viiden 11–13-vuotiaan suomea äidinkielenään puhuvan autismikirjon pojan ja kuuden samanikäisen neurotyypillisen pojan puhenäytteistä. Puhenäytteet on kerätty spontaanista puheesta. Aineiston pohjalta koostettiin havaintokoe, jonka suoritti 50 neurotyypillistä yliopisto-opiskelijaa. Tulokset osoittavat, että neurotyypilliset aikuiset pitävät autismikirjon varhaisnuorten puheen prosodiaa epätyypillisempänä kuin samanikäisten neurotyypillisten verrokkien puheen prosodiaa. Epätyypillisyyden vaikutelma voi akustisten analyysien ja arvioijien kirjallisten vastausten perusteella aiheutua esimerkiksi laulunomaisesta tai poukkoilevasta sävelkulusta, katkonaisesta puherytmistä, suurista sävelkulun vaihteluista tai poikkeavan tasaisesta sävelkulusta. Epätyypillisyyden vaikutelmaa voivat korostaa mm. morfosyntaktiset ongelmat (kuten esimerkiksi väärät sijamuodot tai katkonaiset lauserakenteet), epäselvät sanat tai veltto artikulointi. Nariseva ääni, joka oli tavallinen piirre puhenäytteissä, ei sen sijaan kiinnittänyt arvioijien huomiota. Autismikirjon poikien puheen arveltiin usein olevan ei-syntyperäisen suomen puhujan tuottamaa, vaikka kaikki informantit olivat syntyperäisiä, yksikielisiä suomen puhujia. Arvioijien oli myös usein vaikeaa ymmärtää, mitä autismikirjon henkilöt sanoivat puhenäytteissä. Tutkimuksen tulokset kasvattavat tietoisuutta prosodisista erityispiirteistä suomenkielisillä autismikirjon varhaisnuorilla., This study explores the perceived atypicality of the prosody of persons with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The data consist of speech samples produced by 11- to 13-year-old Finnish- speaking boys with ASD (n = 5), and by age- and gender-matched controls (n = 6). The speech samples have been collected from spontaneous speech. A perception test was administered to 50 neurotypical university students ( n = 50). The results show that neurotypical adults find the prosody of preadolescent boys with ASD more atypical than the prosody of age- and gender-matched controls. According to the acoustic analyses and the written answers of the raters, the perceptions of atypicality may be generated by sing-song-like or bouncing pitch, disconnected speech rhythm, large pitch excursions or flatness of pitch. The impression of atypicality is further emphasized if there are occurrences of morpho-syntactic problems (such as wrong case endings and disconnected syntactic structures), if some words are unintelligible and if articulation is lethargic, for example. A creaky voice, which was common in the speech samples, did not attract the attention of the raters. The speech of the informants with ASD was frequently thought to have been produced by a non-native speaker of Finnish, although all the informants were monolingual speakers of the language. The raters also found it difficu to understand what the informants with ASD were saying in the speech samples. The results of this study have clinical implications in terms of increasing awareness of prosodic deficiencie among Finnish-speaking preadolescents with ASD.

Cette étude porte sur l’intonation des énoncés interrogatifs dans la parole des apprenants finnophones du français. Le corpus consiste en des enregistrements où 15 apprenants finnophones du français et un groupe de contrôle de 5 locuteurs natifs du français lisent un extrait d’un dialogue tiré de la pièce de théâtre En attendant Godot (Beckett, 1952). Les résultats montrent qu’aussi bien les apprenants finnophones que les locuteurs natifs du français produisent une montée intonative à la fin des questions totales d’information. En ce qui concerne les questions partielles, les résultats sont plus divergents : le plus souvent, les apprenants finnophones produisent aussi une montée intonative à la fin d’une question partielle, tandis que dans la parole des locuteurs natifs, l’intonation descendante et plate sont nettement plus fréquentes. Comme l’intonation montante n’a pas de fonction interrogative établie en finnois, cette étude apporte des preuves supplémentaires du fait que tous les traits prosodiques de la parole des locuteurs L2 ne peuvent pas être expliqués par la transmission directe de la L1. La fréquence des contours montants dans la parole des apprenants finnophones est probablement liée au fait que l’importance de monter l’intonation à la fin des énoncés interrogatifs est soulignée dans l’enseignement du FLE. Cette étude porte sur l’intonation des énoncés interrogatifs dans la parole des apprenants finnophones du français. Le corpus consiste en des enregistrements où 15 apprenants finnophones du français et un groupe de contrôle de 5 locuteurs natifs du français lisent un extrait d’un dialogue tiré de la pièce de théâtre En attendant Godot (Beckett, 1952). Les résultats montrent qu’aussi bien les apprenants finnophones que les locuteurs natifs du français produisent une montée intonative à la fin des questions totales d’information. En ce qui concerne les questions partielles, les résultats sont plus divergents : le plus souvent, les apprenants finnophones produisent aussi une montée intonative à la fin d’une question partielle, tandis que dans la parole des locuteurs natifs, l’intonation descendante et plate sont nettement plus fréquentes. Comme l’intonation montante n’a pas de fonction interrogative établie en finnois, cette étude apporte des preuves supplémentaires du fait que tous les traits prosodiques de la parole des locuteurs L2 ne peuvent pas être expliqués par la transmission directe de la L1. La fréquence des contours montants dans la parole des apprenants finnophones est probablement liée au fait que l’importance de monter l’intonation à la fin des énoncés interrogatifs est soulignée dans l’enseignement du FLE.

Autismikirjon häiriö on aivojen neurobiologinen kehityshäiriö, jota luonnehtivat mm. sosiaalisen vuorovaikutuksen ongelmat, aistiyliherkkyydet sekä rajoittuneet kiinnostuksen kohteet (APA, 2013). Autismikirjon henkilöillä puheen prosodiaan liittyy usein epätyypillisiä piirteitä. Tässä artikkelissa tarkastellaan autismikirjon poikien puheen lausumanloppuista nousevaa intonaatiota ja sen käyttöä kysymys- ja kerrontavuoroissa spontaanissa vuorovaikutuksessa. Aihe on tärkeä, koska vaikka autismikirjoon liittyviä prosodisia piirteitä onkin jo tutkittu melko paljon, spontaania puheaineistoa, joka mahdollistaisi autismikirjon henkilöiden intonaation käytön havainnoimisen, ei ole aiemmin juurikaan tutkittu. Tutkimuksen aineistona käytetään autenttisia ryhmäkuntoutuskeskusteluja, joissa 11–13-vuotiaat autismikirjon pojat (n = 7) keskustelevat kuntouttajiensa kanssa. Tutkimuksessa käytetään fonetiikan ja keskustelunanalyysin menetelmiä. Tutkimuksen tulokset viittaavat siihen, että autismikirjon pojat osaavat käyttää nousevaa loppuintonaatiota vuorovaikutuskeinona sekä tuottaa että tulkita oikein päättyvyyttä ilmaisevia prosodisia piirteitä spontaanissa vuorovaikutuksessa. He osaavat myös käyttää prosodisia piirteitä korostuskeinoina, kutsua intonaation loppunousun avulla reaktioita muilta osallistujilta sekä ilmaista vastaanottajan huomioonottamista. Autismikirjon pojat vaikuttaisivat siis pystyvän käyttämään hyväkseen intonaatiota vuorovaikutuksellisena resurssina, vaikka vastavuoroinen vuorovaikutus on yleisesti ottaen autismikirjon henkilöille vaikeaa (APA, 2013)., Autism spectrum disorder is a neurobiological developmental disorder, characterized e.g. by problems of social interaction, over-sensitivity to sensory stimuli as well as restricted interests (APA, 2013). People a icted with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) o en have deviant prosodic features in their speech. is article focuses on the utterance- nal rising pitch and its use in questions and narrative turns in the spontaneous interaction of boys with ASD. e topic is important because even if autistic persons’ prosodic features have already been studied rather extensively, spontaneous interaction, which allows observing the use of intonation by persons with ASD, has to date been studied very little. e data originate from authentic group therapy sessions where 11–13-year-old boys a icted with ASD talk with their therapists. Methods of phonetics and conversation analysis are used in the study. e results of the study suggest that boys with ASD are able to use utterance- nal rising pitch as an interactional resource as well as to produce and interpret correctly prosodic features that indicate nality in spontaneous interaction. ey are also able to emphasize words with the help of prosodic features, call for other participants’ reactions and indicate that they take other participants into account with the help of utterance- nal pitch rises. us, boys with ASD seem to be able to use intonation as an interactional resource, even though reciprocal interaction is generally speaking di cult for people a icted with autism (APA, 2013).

The present study deals with the phonetic description of sentence topics in Italian tourist guides’ speech. Topical coherence characterizes the communicative strategies that human experts adopt when delivering contents to the visitors of cultural sites. Topical progression, which ensures temporal, spatial, and referential continuity, is frequently expressed by sentence topics as well. The relevant literature generally supports the idea of a topic accent and a rising-falling (or “hat”) contour is described as the most frequent for the unmarked topic in Italian utterance structures, but other realizations are also possible. The hypothesis that we want to test in this work is whether this variability is due to specific factors. Hence, we investigate phonetic realization of sentence topics as a function of syntactic features -structure, function and weight- and textual-pragmatic features -discourse role considering ±aboutness, ±contrastiveness, ±givenness-. Specifically, tonal events, i.e., accents and boundaries, phonetic phrasing, and disfluency phenomena were investigated. Results show that both syntactic and pragmatic factors play a role in the phonetic realization of topics, though they act at different levels. In particular, disfluencies are found to be affected by syntactic weight and givenness, while tonal events seem to depend mainly on the discourse role., El presente estudio se plantea un análisis fonético de los tópicos oracionales en italiano, examinando habla de guías turísticos. La coherencia temática caracteriza las estrategias comunicativas que adoptan los expertos humanos al transmitir contenidos a los visitantes de los sitios culturales. La progresión temática, que garantiza la continuidad temporal, espacial y referencial, se expresa también con frecuencia mediante tópicos oracionales. Por lo tanto, el corpus examinado ofrece la posibilidad de analizar la realización de estas entidades. La bibliografía pertinente apoya, en general, la idea de un acento de tópico e indica un contorno ascendente-descendente como el más frecuente para el tópico no marcado, aunque resultan posibles otras realizaciones. La hipótesis que queremos comprobar en este trabajo es si la variabilidad encontrada en la bibliografía se debe a factores sintácticos y pragmáticos específicos. Por lo tanto, investigamos la realización fonética de los tópicos oracionales en función de características sintácticas -estructura, función y “peso”- y de factores textuales y pragmáticos -rol discursivo considerando los siguientes rasgos: ±aboutness, ±contrastiveness, ±givenness-. En concreto, se investigaron los eventos tonales, es decir, los acentos y las fronteras, el fraseo prosódico y los fenómenos de disfluencia. Los resultados muestran que tanto los factores sintácticos como los pragmáticos desempeñan un papel en la realización fonética de los tópicos oracionales, aunque actúan a diferentes niveles. En particular, las disfluencias se ven afectadas por el peso sintáctico y el estatuto informativo, mientras que los eventos tonales parecen depender principalmente del rol discursivo.

Koodinvaihdolla tarkoitetaan kielen tai kielimuodon vaihtumista toiseksi samassa puhetilanteessa tai tekstissä. Koodinvaihtoja on tutkittu paljon, mutta niiden prosodisten piirteiden käsittely on jäänyt lähinnä maininnan tasolle. Tämä artikkeli tarkastelee lähemmin koodinvaihtojen prosodiaa. Tavoitteena on koodinvaihtoja sisältävää keskusteluaineistoa analysoimalla valottaa prosodian osuutta koodinvaihtojen merkitysten tulkinnassa. Tutkimuksen aineistona on puolen tunnin puhelinkeskustelu, jossa Suomessa syntynyt mutta pitkään Kanadassa asunut rouva keskustelee Suomessa asuvan siskonpoikansa kanssa. Aineistossa on yhteensä 73 koodinvaihtoesiintymää, joissa keskustelun kieli vaihtuu hetkellisesti suomesta englantiin. Menetelmällisesti tutkimus nojautuu keskustelunanalyysiin. Tutkimuksen tulokset osoittavat, että useimmiten koodinvaihtoihin liittyy sävelkorkeuden ja intensiteetin nousu. Tyypillisiä koodinvaihtotapauksia, joissa sävelkorkeus ja intensiteetti nousevat, ovat lainasanat ja referointi. Lainasanojen tapauksessa nousun avulla ohjataan vastaanottajan huomiota ja haetaan hänen reaktiotaan sanoihin, jotka ovat olennaisia vuoron sisällön tai kertomuksen kannalta, mutta joiden tunnistamisessa saattaisi olla ongelmia. Referoinnissa sen sijaan prosodiset muutokset auttavat luomaan “toisen äänen”. Tällöin sävelkorkeuden ja intensiteetin nousemiseen voi liittyä myös värittynyt äänenlaatu. Molemmissa tapauksissa prosodinen kohosteisuus koodinvaihdon kohdalla kutsuu vastaanottajaa terästämään huomiotaan kyseisten sanojen tai ilmausten kohdalla. Nousevan sävelkorkeuden lisäksi aineistossa esiintyi myös vähäisemmässä määrin koodinvaihtoilmausten lausumista ympäristöä matalammalta sävelkorkeudelta ja hiljaisemmalla äänellä. Tällöin koodinvaihdot ovat tyypillisesti vuorovaikutusta jäsentäviä ilmauksia pikemminkin kuin kertomuksen kannalta olennaisia sisältösanoja, ja lisäksi enemmän puhujalle itselle kuin vastaanottajalle suunnattua puhetta. Prosodian vaihtelulla voidaan siis säädellä tarvittavaa vastaanottajuuden astetta ja merkitä käytössä olevien kielten suhdetta toisiinsa. Code-switching occurs when a speaker alternates between two or more languages or language varieties in the same conversation or text. Code-switching as a phenomenon has been investigated fairly extensively, but prosodic features that characterise many of the switches have not gained much attention in previous studies. This article examines the prosody of code-switching instances in more detail. By analysing naturally-occurring conversational data, we will shed light on the role that prosody plays in the interpretation of code-switching instances. The data consist of a 30-minute-long telephone conversation. In the conversation, a lady who was born in Finland but who has lived in Canada for a long time talks with her nephew who lives in Finland. The data include 73 occurrences of code-switching in which the language of the conversation changes momentarily from Finnish to English. The method of our study is Conversation Analysis. The results of the study show that most often the instances of code-switching are produced with raised levels of pitch and intensity. The speakers use higher pitch and intensity typically when uttering loanwords or reported speech. As for loanwords, the prosodic marking invites the recipient to pay attention to the word that carries the rise in order to seek for the recipient’s recognition or reaction to words whose recognition might possibly be problematic. In the case of reported speech, in turn, prosodic features help to create “another voice”. In addition to the changes of pitch and intensity, the quality of voice can be marked in reported speech. In both these cases the prosodic marking carried by the code-switching invites the recipient to pay attention to the words or expressions in question. In addition to raised pitch and intensity, the data included also some occurrences where code-switchings were marked with lowered levels of pitch and intensity. In these cases code-switchings typically consist of expressions that structure the interaction rather than constitute important content words from the point of view of the ongoing narration. They are also more directed towards the speaker herself than towards the recipient. Thus, prosodic changes can be used to regulate the degree of recipiency and to indicate the relationship between the languages that are being used.

Given the extensive body of research in audio description – the verbal-vocal description of visual or audiovisual content for visually impaired audiences – it is striking how little attention has been paid thus far to the spoken dimension of audio description and its para-linguistic, prosodic aspects. This article complements the previous research into how audio description speech is received by the partially sighted audiences by analyzing how it is performed vocally. We study the audio description of pictorial art, and one aspect of prosody is examined in detail: pitch, and the segmentation of information in relation to it. We analyze this relation in a corpus of audio described pictorial art in Finnish by combining phonetic measurements of the pitch with discourse analysis of the information segmentation. Previous studies have already shown that a sentence-initial high pitch acts as a discourse-structuring device in interpreting. Our study shows that the same applies to audio description. In addition, our study suggests that there is a relationship between the scale in the rise of pitch and the scale of the topical transition. That is, when the topical transition is clear, the rise of pitch level between the beginnings of two consecutive spoken sentences is large. Analogically, when the topical transition is small, the change of the sentence-initial pitch level is also rather small. Given the extensive body of research in audio description – the verbal-vocal description of visual or audiovisual content for visually impaired audiences – it is striking how little attention has been paid thus far to the spoken dimension of audio description and its para-linguistic, prosodic aspects. This article complements the previous research into how audio description speech is received by the partially sighted audiences by analyzing how it is performed vocally. We study the audio description of pictorial art, and one aspect of prosody is examined in detail: pitch, and the segmentation of information in relation to it. We analyze this relation in a corpus of audio described pictorial art in Finnish by combining phonetic measurements of the pitch with discourse analysis of the information segmentation. Previous studies have already shown that a sentence-initial high pitch acts as a discourse-structuring device in interpreting. Our study shows that the same applies to audio description. In addition, our study suggests that there is a relationship between the scale in the rise of pitch and the scale of the topical transition. That is, when the topical transition is clear, the rise of pitch level between the beginnings of two consecutive spoken sentences is large. Analogically, when the topical transition is small, the change of the sentence-initial pitch level is also rather small.

Autismikirjon häiriö on aivojen neurobiologinen kehityshäiriö, jota luonnehtivat mm. sosiaalisen vuorovaikutuksen ongelmat, aistiyliherkkyydet sekä rajoittuneet kiinnostuksen kohteet (APA, 2013). Autismikirjon henkilöillä puheen prosodiaan liittyy usein epätyypillisiä piirteitä. Tässä artikkelissa tarkastellaan autismikirjon poikien puheen lausumanloppuista nousevaa intonaatiota ja sen käyttöä kysymys- ja kerrontavuoroissa spontaanissa vuorovaikutuksessa. Aihe on tärkeä, koska vaikka autismikirjoon liittyviä prosodisia piirteitä onkin jo tutkittu aiemmin melko paljon, spontaania puheaineistoa, joka mahdollistaisi autismikirjon henkilöiden intonaation käytön havainnoimisen, ei ole aiemmin juurikaan tutkittu. Tutkimuksen aineistona käytetään autenttisia ryhmäkuntoutuskeskusteluja, joissa 11–13-vuotiaat autismikirjon pojat (n = 7) keskustelevat kuntouttajiensa kanssa. Tutkimuksessa käytetään fonetiikan ja keskustelunanalyysin menetelmiä. Tutkimuksen tulokset viittaavat siihen, että autismikirjon pojat osaavat käyttää nousevaa loppuintonaatiota vuorovaikutuskeinona sekä tuottaa että tulkita oikein päättyvyyttä ilmaisevia prosodisia piirteitä spontaanissa vuorovaikutuksessa. He osaavat myös käyttää prosodisia piirteitä korostuskeinoina, kutsua intonaation loppunousun avulla reaktioita muilta osallistujilta sekä ilmaista vastaanottajan huomioonottamista. Autismikirjon pojat vaikuttaisivat siis pystyvän käyttämään hyväkseen intonaatiota vuorovaikutuksellisena resurssina, vaikka vastavuoroinen vuorovaikutus on yleisesti ottaen autismikirjon henkilöille vaikeaa (APA, 2013). Autism spectrum disorder is a neurobiological developmental disorder, characterized e.g. by problems of social interaction, over-sensitity to sensory stimuli as well as restricted interests (APA, 2013). People afflicted with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often have deviant prosodic features in their speech. This article focuses on the utterance-final rising pitch and its use in questions and narrative turns in the spontaneous interaction of boys with ASD. The topic is important because even if autistic persons’ prosodic features have already been studied rather extensively, spontaneous interaction, which allows observing the use of intonation by persons with ASD, has been studied very little before. The data originate from authentic group therapy sessions where 11–13-year-old boys afflicted with ASD talk with their therapists. Methods of phonetics and conversation analysis are used in the study. The results of the study suggest that boys with ASD are able to use utterance-final rising pitch as an interactional resource as well as to produce and interpret correctly prosodic features that indicate finality in spontaneous interaction. They are also able to emphasize words with the help of prosodic features, call for other participants’ reactions and indicate that they take other participants into account with the help of utterance-final pitch rises. Thus, boys with ASD seem to be able to use intonation as an interactional resource, even though reciprocal interaction is generally speaking difficult for people afflicted with autism (APA, 2013).

El objetivo principal de este trabajo es dar a conocer el Atlas interactivo de la prosodia del vasco / Euskararen Atlas Prosodiko Interaktiboa (EAPI). EAPI es la primera herramienta multimedia e interactiva de la prosodia en lengua vasca. Este atlas cuenta con una base de datos compuesta principalmente por los corpus EDAK y EAS creados por el grupo de investigación EUDIA de la UPV/EHU. El atlas muestra los análisis realizados sobre la prosodia: la ubicación del acento en todas las variedades y sílabas del euskera; los modelos de entonación más significativos de las oraciones básicas, tanto del euskera estándar como de los dialectos; y abre el camino para el análisis prosódico de textos espontáneos y leídos. Con este atlas se pone el euskera a nivel internacional a la par de otras lenguas desarrolladas en el campo de la prosodia. Lan honen helburu nagusia da Euskararen Atlas Prosodiko Interaktiboa (EAPI) ezagutaraztea. EAPI euskarazko prosodiaren lehen tresna multimedia eta interaktiboa da. Atlas honetan erabiltzen diren datu-baseak EDAK eta EAS dira, UPV/EHUko EUDIA ikerketa-taldeak sortutako corpusek osatutakoak. Atlasak prosodiari buruz egindako analisiak erakusten ditu: azentuaren kokapena euskararen aldaera eta silaba guztietan; oinarrizko esaldien intonazio eredu esanguratsuenak, euskara estandarrean eta euskalkietan; eta bat-bateko testuen eta testu irakurrien azterketa prosodikoa egiteko bidea irekitzen du. Atlas honekin, prosodiari dagokionean, euskara nazioarteko beste hizkuntza batzuen parean kokatzen da. The main objective of this work is to present the Interactive Atlas of Basque Prosody / Euskararen Atlas Prosodiko Interaktiboa (EAPI). EAPI is the first multimedia and interactive tool for prosody in Basque. This atlas has a database made up mainly of the EDAK and EAS corpora created by the EUDIA research group of the UPV/EHU. The atlas shows the analyses carried out on prosody: the location of the accent in all the varieties and syllables of Basque; the most significant intonation patterns of basic sentences, both in standard Basque and in dialects; and opens the way for the prosodic analysis of spontaneous and read texts. With this atlas, Basque is placed on an international level on a par with other languages developed in the field of prosody.

Este trabajo analiza la entonación en el habla de Jaén, comparando la relación entre pico tonal y acento con la relación entre pico tonal y frontera de palabra y de sintagma. También se comparan los resultados con los obtenidos con idéntico corpus y criterios para el habla de Granada (Pamies & Amorós 2005), y para el habla de Almería (Pamies, Amorós & O'Neil 2006). Se confirman las tendencias generales detectadas en trabajos anteriores acerca de la función demarcativa del pico tonal en español, al menos en el habla no espontánea. This paper analyzes Spanish intonation of the Jaén dialect, especially the relation between tonal peaks and stressed syllables, compared to the relation between tonal peaks and the word or syntagm boundaries. The results are also compared to those obtained by with identical corpus and criteria for the dialect of Granada by Pamies & Amorós (2005), and for the dialect of Almería by Pamies, Amorós & O'Neil (2006). The general tendencies detected in previous works are confirmed as for the demarcative function of tonal peaks in Spanish, at least in non-spontaneous speech

The present review is part of Ester Scarpa's speech, which deals with the role of prosody in language acquisition. The speaker conceives prosody as a privileged space for interface between linguistic levels; thus, prosodic facts are seen as linguistic resources in the language acquisition phase, stage of limited lexical-grammatical resources. Therefore, prosody is a space for the child's engagement in subjectivation, discourse and dialogue, and it is also a way of organizing linguistic forms. The speech contemplates three main topics: (i) the presentation of the first intonation systems of two children; (ii) the discussion about prosody and disfluencies; and (iii) the beginnings of intonational cohesion and narrativity. Two sets of data are presented: one referring to the use of prosody in initial narratives and the other referring to hesitation and disfluencies. A presente resenha parte da fala de Ester Scarpa, que versa sobre o papel da prosódia na aquisição da linguagem. A palestrante concebe a prosódia como um espaço privilegiado de interface entre os níveis linguísticos; dessa forma, os fatos prosódicos são vistos como recursos linguísticos na fase de aquisição da linguagem, estágio de recursos léxico-gramatical limitados. Assim, a prosódia se constitui como espaço de engajamento da criança na subjetivação, no discurso e no diálogo, e é também via de organização das formas linguísticas. A fala contempla três principais tópicos: (i) apresentação dos primeiros sistemas entoacionais de duas crianças; (ii) discussão em torno da prosódia e de disfluências; e (iii) primórdios da coesão entoacional e da narratividade. São apresentados dois conjuntos de dados: um referente ao uso da prosódia em narrativas iniciais e outro referente a hesitação e disfluências.

Neste artigo, verificou-se se as unidades básicas de entoação longas e ascendentes são componentes da entoação. Selecionaram-se 52 narrativas em língua portuguesa e se extraíram as unidades mais longas, estabelecendo uma média de 34% do total de unidades. A entoação ascendente teve média de 0,6%. O teste de aderência foi de χ2(3,841), In this article it was verified whether the long and ascending basic intonation units are components of intonation. We selected 52 narratives in Portuguese and extracted the longest units, establishing an average of 34% of the total units. The upward tone had an average of 0.6%. The adhesion test was χ2 (3.841), En este artículo, se verificó si las unidades de entonación básicas largas y crecientes son componentes de la entonación. Se seleccionaron 52 narrativas en portugués y se extrajeron las unidades más largas, estableciendo un promedio del 34% del total de unidades. La entonación ascendente promedió 0.6%. La prueba de adherencia fue χ2 (3.841)

La cortesía tiene un papel fundamental en la comunicación y la adaptación intercultural (Spencer-Oatey y Franklin 2009). Es por ello que el conocimiento y la adquisición de las estrategias de (des)cortesía es central en la integración de las diferentes comunidades inmigrantes y, por tanto, en la consecución de la cohesion social. Al mismo tiempo, ya sabemos que la prosodia afecta directamente a los juicios de cortesía en todas las lenguas en las que esta relación ha sido estudiada, incluido el español (Devís 2011; Hidalgo 2009; Albelda 2012). Sin embargo, las señales prosódicas en las que los hablantes de diferentes lenguas se apoyan para juzgar el grado de cortesía parecen no ser las mismas. Mientras los hablantes de español como L1 aparentemente se apoyan más en la entonación a la hora de juzgar la cortesía de un enunciado en español (Devís 2011), los hablantes de chino como L1 parecen apoyarse más en otros rasgos prosódicos al juzgar el grado de cortesía de un enunciado en chino. Este estudio pretende investigar si los inmigrantes chinos en España perciben la diferencia entre peticiones corteses y órdenes descorteses de la misma manera que los hablantes de español como L1, cuando la diferencia entre estas peticiones y órdenes se encuentra únicamente en el nivel prosódico. Para ello, 22 inmigrantes chinos y 26 hablantes de español L1 escucharon y juzgaron el nivel de cortesía de 20 pares de órdenes y peticiones producidas por 4 hablantes de español L1 de Madrid (2 hombres y 2 mujeres). Los pares de peticiones y órdenes se caracterizaban por ser iguales desde el punto de vista léxico-gramatical y por diferir únicamente en los niveles prosódico y pragmático. Los análisis estadísticos mostraron que, mientras las órdenes fueron percibidas de manera similar por los inmigrantes chinos y por los hablantes de español L1, los primeros tuvieron problemas para percibir la intención cortés en las peticiones corteses, que fueron consideradas más corteses por los hablantes de español L1 que por los inmigrantes chinos. Abstract: Politeness plays a key role in cross-cultural communication and inter-cultural adaptation (Spencer-Oatey and Franklin 2009). Therefore,knowledge about (im)politeness and the acquisition of politeness stra-tegies is central in the integration of immigrants and the achievementof social cohesion. At the same time, prosody is already known todirectly affect politeness judgements in all studied languages, inclu-ding L1 Spanish (Hidalgo 2009; Devís 2011; Albelda 2012). However,the prosodic cues on which L1 speakers rely when judging politenessseem to be different for each language. While L1 Spanish speakersseem to rely more on intonation when judging politeness (Devís2011), L1 Chinese speakers tend to rely more on other prosodic cueswhen judging politeness in Chinese (Fan and Gu 2016). This studyinvestigates whether Chinese immigrants in Spain perceive the diffe-rence between polite requests and impolite commands the same wayL1 Spanish speakers do, when the only difference between the com-mands and requests is at the prosodic level. Chinese immigrants(N = 22) and L1 Spanish speakers (N = 26) listened to and judged thedegree of politeness of 20 pairs of commands and requests produced by4 L1 Spanish speakers (2 male + 2 female) from Madrid. Pairs of com-mands and requests had the same lexico-grammatical features and onlydiffered at the prosodic and pragmatic levels. Statistical analysis revea-led that while commands were perceived very similarly by Chineseimmigrants and L1 Spanish speakers, Chinese speakers had problemsperceiving the intention in polite requests, which were rated as morepolite by Spanish native speakers than by Chinese immigrants. Sitio web de la revista (Consulta: 28-07-2021)

Presentació del vol. 16 (2020) Introduction Vol.16 (2020) Presentación del Vol. 16 (2020)

RESUMEN: El objetivo de este trabajo, enmarcado en los campos de investigación de la entonación, la dialectología y la sociolingüística, ha sido el de realizar una descripción de los patrones entonativos de la zona occidental de Cantabria, concretamente, la de un núcleo poblacional rural aislado. Para ello, se elaboró un corpus de habla semi-espontánea formado por 70 enunciados producidos por un informante procedente de Carmona (Cantabria) siguiendo la metodología para el etiquetado de los patrones entonativos del español Sp_ToBI, basada en el Modelo Métrico-Autosegmental (MMA). Tras etiquetar y analizar sistemáticamente los enunciados del corpus, los resultados mostraron que tanto el factor geográfico como el social contribuyen de manera significativa a la caracterización del habla de Carmona, lo cual se aprecia en la presencia de patrones entonativos que contrastan con los descritos para otras zonas dialectales y ámbitos poblacionales de Cantabria, concretamente, en el uso sistemático de tonos de frontera medios y en los alargamientos en la última sílaba del enunciado. Con esta investigación se pretende, por un lado, contribuir a los estudios dialectológicos y sociolingüísticos del español de Cantabria —y, en concreto, de sus patrones entonativos— y, por otro, a poner en valor una variable que ha recibido escasa atención en los estudios sobre cambio entonativo: el factor rural-urbano. Se espera que esta modesta aportación a este campo de investigación fomente el interés de los lingüistas por ahondar en la descripción de los patrones entonativos del español de Cantabria dirigiendo su atención hacia otras variedades dialectales y sociales con tal de completar el complejo mapa de las variedades lingüísticas de esta región. ABSTRACT: The main purpose of this project, framed in the fields of intonation, dialectology and sociolinguistics, has been making a description of the intonation patterns of the western zone of Cantabria, specifically, those of an isolated rural population nucleus. In order to achieve this aim, a semi-spontaneous speech corpus was elaborated, consisting of 70 sentences produced by an informant from Carmona (Cantabria) following the methodology for the labeling of intonation patterns of Spanish Sp_ToBI, based on the Autosegmental-Metrical Model (AM). After systematically labeling and analyzing the sentences of the corpus, our results showed that both geographical and social factors contribute significantly to the characterization of Carmona's speech, as may be appreciated from the presence of differentiated intonation patterns with regard to those described for other areas and speech communities of Cantabria, specifically, in the systematic use of medium boundary tones and in the lengthening of the last syllable of the sentence. This research aims, on the one hand, to contribute to the dialectological and sociolinguistic studies on the Spanish of Cantabria —and, specifically, of its intonation patterns— and, on the other hand, to highlight the importance of a variable that has received scant attention in the studies on intonation change: the rural-urban factor. It is hoped that this modest contribution to this research field will enhance the interest of linguists to delve into the description of the intonation patterns of the Spanish of Cantabria, thus directing their attention to other dialectal and social varieties in order to complete the intricate map of the linguistic varieties of this region. Grado en Estudios Hispánicos

Politeness plays a key role in cross-cultural communication and Ínter­cultural adaptation (Spencer-Oatey and Franklin 2009). Therefore, knowledge about (im)politeness and the acquisition of politeness stra­tegies is central in the integration of immigrants and the achievement of social cohesion. At the same time, prosody is already known to directly affect politeness judgements in all studied languages, inclu­ding Ll Spanish (Hidalgo 2009; Devís 2011; Albelda 2012). However, the prosodic cues on which L 1 speakers rely when judging politeness seem to be different for each language. While Ll Spanish speakers seem to rely more on intonation when judging politeness (Devís 2011), Ll Chinese speakers tend to rely more on other prosodic cues when judging politeness in Chinese (Fan and Gu 2016). This study investigates whether Chinese immigrants in Spain perceive the diffe­rence between polite requests and impolite commands the same way Ll Spanish speakers do, when the only difference between the com­mands and requests is at the prosodic level. Chinese immigrants (N = 22) and Ll Spanish speakers (N = 26) listened to and judged the degree of politeness of 20 pairs of commands and requests produced by 4 Ll Spanish speakers (2 male + 2 female) from Madrid. Pairs of com­mands and requests had the same lexico-grammatical features and only differed at the prosodic and pragmatic levels. Statistical analysis revea­led that while commands were perceived very similarly by Chinese immigrants and Ll Spanish speakers, Chinese speakers had problems perceiving the intention in polite requests, which were rated as more polite by Spanish native speakers than by Chinese immigrants., La corteía tiene un papel fundamental en la comunicación y la adaptación intercultural (Spencer-Oatey y Franklin 2009). Es por ello que el conocimiento y la adquisición de las estrategias de (des)cortesía es central en la integración de las diferentes comunidades inmigrantes y, por tanto, en la consecución de la cohesion social. Al mismo tiem­po, ya sabemos que la prosodia afecta directamente a los juicios de cortesía en todas las lenguas en las que esta relación ha sido estudia­da, incluido el español (Devís 2011; Hidalgo 2009; Albelda 2012). Sin embargo, las señales prosódicas en las que los hablantes de dife­rentes lenguas se apoyan para juzgar el grado de cortesía parecen no ser las mismas. Mientras los hablantes de español como Ll aparen­temente se apoyan más en la entonación a la hora de juzgar la cor­tesía de un enunciado en español (Devís 2011), los hablantes de chino como Ll parecen apoyarse más en otros rasgos prosódicos al juzgar el grado de cortesía de un enunciado en chino. Este estudio pretende investigar si los inmigrantes chinos en España perciben la diferencia entre peticiones corteses y órdenes descorteses de la misma manera que los hablantes de español como Ll, cuando la diferencia entre estas peticiones y órdenes se encuentra únicamente en el nivel prosódico. Para ello, 22 inmigrantes chinos y 26 hablan­tes de español Ll escucharon y juzgaron el nivel de cortesía de 20 pares de órdenes y peticiones producidas por 4 hablantes de español Ll de Madrid (2 hombres y 2 mujeres). Los pares de peticiones y órdenes se caracterizaban por ser iguales desde el punto de vista léxico-gramatical y por diferir únicamente en los niveles prosódico y pragmático. Los análisis estadísticos mostraron que, mientras las órdenes fueron percibidas de manera similar por los inmigrantes chinos y por los hablantes de español Ll, los primeros tuvieron problemas para percibir la intención cortés en las peticiones corte­ses, que fueron consideradas más corteses por los hablantes de espa­ñol Ll que por los inmigrantes chinos.