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Optimization and kinetic modeling of methyl ester production from non-edible tung nut oil (Vernicia fordii) and methanol using a solid acidic ionic liquid polymer as a catalyst were performed in this study. A solid acidic ionic liquid polymer was synthesized using vinyl imidazole, 1, 3-propane sulfonate, N, N- dimethyl dodecylamine, allyl bromide and toluene, characterized and used for transesterification of tung nut oil for methyl esters synthesis. The optimum reaction conditions resulted in highest methyl ester yield of 91% were a tung-nut- oil -to-methanol molar ratio of 1:1.5, solid acidic ionic liquid polymer catalyst loading of 160 wt % based on the oil, reaction time of 6 h, agitation speed of 400 rpm and reaction temperature of 65 °C. Further kinetic studies performed at different temperatures revealed that the conversion of tung nut oil to methyl ester follows the first order reaction. Methyl esters were purified using an ion exchange resin and then analyzed by GC-MS. The activation energy (Ea) was calculated as 72.81 kJ mol−1. The properties of methyl esters such as kinematic viscosity at 40 °C, density at 25 °C, cloud point and pour point were also determined. Methyl esters met the quality standard defined under ASTM. Image 1 • The novel solid acidic ionic liquid polymer has been synthesized and characterized. • The solid acidic ionic liquid polymer showed high capacity in methyl esters production. • Maximum yield of methyl esters (91%) at 65 °C for 6 h with 400 rpm. • The process can generate biodiesel of high purity that meets the quality demands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Todevelop a greener process for reclaiming phenolic compoundsfrom low temperature coal tar, extractive performance of twelve extractants,including mono-, di-, and triethanol amines (MEA, DEA, TEA), six protonatedionic liquids (ILs) thereof with formate (FA) or acetate (Ac) anion,choline chloride, and two polyols (glycol, glycerol), were studiedat varying conditions, along with the back extractability of phenolsby ether. The extraction performance is MEA > DEA > TEA ≈ILs> glycol > glycerol, while the back extraction performance ofetheris just the opposite. The coexistent toluene in oil and temperatureshow a little influence on the extraction performance of alcoholicamines and their corresponding ILs. The extraction performance ofextractants is consistent with their complexability with phenol, i.e.ethanol amines > ether > ILs > polyols, as manifested bythe red shiftof the UV spectrum of phenol in the above solvents. [HMEA]FA is themost promising extractant for its overall extraction performance,cheapness, and other favorable physical attributes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fixing the greenhouse gas CO2 through epoxide helps to mitigate worldwide ecological troubles. The applications of metal‐free and solvent‐free catalysts remain a challenge for CO2 catalytic conversion. In this work, an array of quaternary ammonium salts derived from polyethyleneimine with hydroxyl groups ([PEI‐GDMAB‐Cn]Br) were constructed by the reaction of branched PEI with a molecular weight of 10000 and glycidyl alkyl dimethylammonium bromide. A range of experiments were designed to demonstrate that [PEI‐GDMAB‐Cn]Br can be considered as a valid metal‐free and solvent‐free homogeneous catalyst for the CO2‐epoxide cycloaddition reaction. Among of [PEI‐GDMAB‐Cn]Br, [PEI‐GDMAB‐C18]Br catalyzed the model reaction of CO2 and epichlorohydrin under optimized reaction conditions (T=80 °C, 1.0 atm CO2, catalyst 1 mol%, ECH 15 mmol, 16 h) and the conversion achieved at 97.5 %. Moreover, the catalyst exhibited stable reusability and broad substrate applicability, which was used in the following cycle succinctly, because of self‐separated properties by temperature control. The [PEI‐GDMAB‐C18]Br catalyzed reaction process was detected as a pseudo‐first‐order reaction after kinetic studies and an Ea was calculated to be 50.65 kJ/mol. A combinatorial catalytic mechanism of hydrogen bonding and bromide ions is suggested to explain the remarkable catalytic performance of this bifunctional catalyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of carbon sphere supported with adjustable alkyl length substitutes polymeric ionic liquids bearing hydroxylamino-anchored functional groups by covalent connection were fabricated from copolymerization of carbon sphere with vinyl based monomeric ionic liquids, which were constructed from 1-glycidyl-3-vinylimidazolium bromide and alkyl amines. The carbon sphere hybrid polymeric ionic liquids were characterized by FT-IR, SEM–EDS, N2 adsorption/desorption isotherm, elemental analysis, 13C MAS NMR and XPS, which were candidated as heterogeneous catalysts for CO2-epoxide cycloaddition reactions to product cyclic carbonates at mild conditions without co-catalyst and metal ion. The introduced functional groups on carbon sphere could accelerate the reaction process and yields of above 90% were obtained for various cyclic carbonates under optimized conditions. Finally, kinetic experiments were also carried out to reveal reaction mechanism and the activated energy was determined as 114.9 kJ/mol. Therefore, this study provides a new approach to fabricate multifunctional heterogeneous materials for coupling reaction of CO2 under mild conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The PEI 10000 C 12 polymer ionic liquid was selected as the most efficient catalyst. • The mechanism of polymer ionic liquid catalyzed esterification/transesterification was clarified. • An emerging, efficient and green technology for ethyl ester production was developed. • Kinetics of ethyl esters has been investigated using Pistacia chinensis with polymer ionic liquid. • We examined the catalytic activity of structure and reusability of polymer ionic liquid. A novel solid acidic polymeric ionic liquid catalyst was synthesized for ethyl esters production via the esterification of oleic acid with ethanol, normally transesterification of Pistacia chinensis oil with diethyl carbonate. Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy analysis was used to characterize the products and optimize the reaction conditions to provide P. chinensis oil derived ethyl esters in 93% yield. Kinetic studies performed at different temperatures revealed that the conversion of P. chinensis oil to an ethyl ester follows first order reaction kinetics. The properties of ethyl esters were determined, found to meet the ASTM D6751-02. Results revealed that the catalyst had perfect utility after several runs without much loss in activity. The mild conditions (1:5) P. chinensis oil:diethyl carbonate molar ratio, 300 wt% PIL loading, 120 °C, 400 rpm, 6 h, recyclability of the catalyst make the proposed synthesis a sustainable method for the development of ecofriendly, cost-effective biofuels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The novel solid acidic ionic liquid polymer has been synthesized and characterized. • Methyl esters from Jatropha curcas seed oil in a solid ionic liquid polymer one step process. • The process can generate methyl esters of high purity that meets the quality demands. • Kinetic of methyl esters has been investigated using Jatropha curcas with PILs. The objective of this study was to use n -hexane containing an ionic liquid for the extraction of oil and transesterification for the production of methyl esters from Jatropha curcas oil. A solid acidic ionic liquid polymer was synthesized using vinyl imidazole, 1,3-propane sultone, N , N -dimethylhexadecyl amine, allyl bromide, toluene, and the product was characterized by NMR and used for the transesterification. The optimum reaction conditions that resulted in the highest methyl ester yield of 94% were a J. curcas oil-to-dimethyl carbonate molar ratio of 1:5, a solid acidic ionic liquid polymer catalyst loading of 260 wt%, for 6 h with 500 rpm at 80 °C. Methyl esters were purified using celite powder and then analyzed by GC–MS. The activation energy and reaction rate constant were calculated from 4.862 to15.382 kJ/mol, and 0.389 to 4.602, respectively. The methyl esters met the quality standards defined under ASTM D6751-02. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Mesoporous polymer ionic liquids for the immobilization of lipase demonstrated mesoporous properties. • Resultant systems were used as recyclable biocatalysts for ester production. • Lipase immobilization led to higher stability than that of the free enzyme. • The process can generate high-purity esters using lipase-immobilized mesoporous polymer ionic liquid. Herein, fatty acid esters were synthesized cost-effectively from various fatty acids using reusable lipase (L) immobilized with novel porous ionic polymer (PIP) (l –PIP). The functionalized mesoporous PIP was synthesized through Friedel–Crafts alkylation reaction of 1, 4-bis(bromomethyl) benzene in the presence of ferric chloride as catalyst, and lipase was completely immobilized with PIP at varied time, forming l –PIP–6 H , l –PIP–12 H , l –PIP–18 H , l –PIP–24 H , l –PIP–30 H , and l –PIP–36 H , which were applied in ester production. l –PIP–30 H was characterized using FT–IR, SEM, XPS, solid–state 13C NMR, and N 2 adsorption–desorption isotherms. The conversion of oleic acid reached 88.21 % under optimized conditions (12:1 ethanol/oleic acid molar ratio after 5 h at 45 °C with 250 wt% catalyst at 300 rpm). The stability and reusability of l –PIP–30 H were demonstrated by the sustained catalytic efficiency for at least six reaction cycles. Good catalytic activity during the esterification of various free fatty acids with ethanol was observed. This cost–efficient and effective lipase–immobilized PIP catalyst may have positive economic and environmental repercussions to inspire further academic and industrial research on biodiesel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Driven by the high energy demand and environmental concerns, biodiesel as a substitute for fossil fuels is recognized as promising renewable and clean energy. Biodiesel has gained interest around the world over the last few years because it could be used to reduce most regulated exhaust emissions. Herein, we discuss the application of catalytic transesterification by using ionic liquids (ILs) catalyst with alcohol and waste oil for the clean synthesis of biodiesel in order to reduce the emission of NO x and CO. However, the running cost of this process is still higher than that of the conventional chemical transesterification. Non-edible sources such as waste oil, non-edible vegetable oil, and waste animal oil are commonly used to produce biodiesel due to their low cost and no dependency on the food chain. This review provides an overview of the recent progresses in improving the biodiesel production process by using ILs and determining the activation energy and the properties of the finished product. In addition, the future direction in biodiesel production via ILs catalysis in the transesterification has been discussed. • We review the catalytic activity of the various catalysts. • A biodiesel yield was achieved by using the ionic liquids with diethyl carbonate. • The ionic liquid with diethyl carbonate was shown to be the most efficient procedure. • The process can generate high purity green fuel that meets the quality demands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new series of acidic, dendrimeric polyamidoamine based polymeric ionic liquids of [PAMAM 3256 C n were synthesized with a second generation polyamidoamine dendrimer, alkyl bromides and 1, 3-propane sultone via a two-step procedure. The structure of functional ionic liquids was characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The polyamidoamine -1- dodecyl [PAMAM 3256 C 12 catalyst was used for green fuel production via the transesterification of yellow grease. The influence of reaction variables on the green fuel yield was studied using this catalyst. The catalyst was effective having achieved a 93% green fuel yield from yellow grease after 6 h of reaction at 65 °C, using 306.8 mol (10 mmol) (wt % based on molar concentration of lipids) of [PAMAM 3256 C 12 catalyst, a yellow grease-to-methanol molar ratio of 1:20 with a constant agitation speed 800 rpm. The catalyst was showed excellent stability for yellow grease transesterification over four cycles. Additionally, catalysts showed excellent transesterification activity of Jatropha curcas , Ricinus communis , and Pistacia chinensis oil, with green fuel yields of 90, 91, and 92%, respectively. The properties of green fuel were met the ASTM D6751-02 standards. Results indicate that the [PAMAM 3256 C 12 catalyst system shows promising potential as a viable industrial-scale alternative. Image 1 • A high green fuel conversion of 93% along with recyclability was obtained. • We examined the catalytic activity, stability and reusability of the [PAMAM 3256 C 12 catalyst. • Characterization was performed explaining the catalyst structure, stability and activity. • The process can generate high purity green fuel that meets the quality demands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]