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A novel zwitterionic polymer ionic liquid functionalized magnetic nanospheres, shortly as Fe 3 O 4 @PCL-PILs, is synthesized by grafting ionic liquid VimCOOHBr onto polymer ε-caprolactone (PCL) modified magnetic nanospheres via esterification and surface-initiated free radical polymerization. This established synthesis strategy offers the obtained magnetic nanospheres with well-defined core-corona structure, compact grafting layer, favorable zwitterionic and negative-charged surface, and high magnetic susceptibility. The as-prepared Fe 3 O 4 @PCL-PILs nanospheres exhibit typical "zwitterionic hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (ZIC-HILIC)" behaviors toward protein binding, and selectively adsorption of glycoprotein is achieved. The adsorption capacity of the magnetic nanospheres toward Immunoglobulin G is high up to 1136.4 mg g -1 , and the captured Immunoglobulin G could be efficiently recovered by using 0.5% NH 3 H 2 O (v/v) as stripping reagent, providing a recovery of 80.5%. Fe 3 O 4 @PCL-PILs nanospheres are then employed as sorbent for the selective isolation of Immunoglobulin G from human whole blood, obtaining high-purity Immunoglobulin G as demonstrated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis assays.

In the practice of in vivo imaging with carbon nanodots (CNDs) as probe, the volume of CNDs solution introduced into living body should be kept at minimum, and a higher concentration is needed to ensure sufficient quantity of the probe for obtaining bright image. Therefore, the improvement on biocompatibility of the CNDs is among the most important and critical issues. We report herein the improvement on the biocompatibility of CNDs with modification by ionic liquid. Amide group functionalization of carbon nanodots is first conducted through microwave irradiation, followed by coupling the ionic liquid 1-carboxymethyl-3-methyl imidazolium bromide on the surface of the Amide-CNDs via covalent conjunction to produce the modified carbon nanodots (IL-CNDs). This modification process significantly improved the biocompatibility of CNDs, as demonstrated by cell imaging at a higher concentration of CNDs. Both Amide-CNDs and IL-CNDs exhibit abundant surface functional groups, resulting in tunable fluorescent emission feature and potential applications in two-color cell imaging., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

It is of great importance to develop novel and sensitive sensing materials for the detection of proteins and microorganisms to fulfill the demand of disease diagnosis. As the selectivity and sensitivity of sensing systems are highly dependent on the receptor, the fluorescent sensor array with imidazolium ionic liquids (ILs) and ionic liquid-quantum dots conjugates as semiselective receptors is developed for protein/bacteria differential sensing or discrimination. The IL sensing system formed by 1,3-dibutylimidazolium chloride (BBimCl), 1,3-diethylimidazolium bromine (EEimBr), 1,3-dibutylimidazolium bromine (BBimBr), 1,3-dihexylimidazolium bromine (HHimBr), and 1,3-dioctylimidazolium bromine (OOimBr) and the IL@QDs/QDs sensing system formed by CdTe, BBimCl@CdTe, EEimBr@CdTe, BBimBr@CdTe, and HHimBr@CdTe are tested, by transferring the interaction binding difference between receptors and proteins to the fluorescent response pattern. The IL sensing system is applied to the identification of 48 samples (8 proteins at 500 nM) with an accuracy of 91.7%. For the IL@QDs/QDs sensing system, 8 proteins are completely distinguished with 100% accuracy at a very low concentration level of 10 nM. Remarkably, 36 training cases (6 strains of bacteria from 3 different species) are discriminated with 100% (OD600 of 0.1).

With respect to the conventional imidazolium ionic liquids which generally create very weak fluorescence with quantum yields at extremely low levels of 0.005-0.02, a symmetrical hydrophilic ionic liquid 1,3-butylimidazolium chloride (BBimCl) was found to be highly fluorescent with λ(em) at 388 nm when excited at λ(ex) < 340 nm. The very high quantum yield of BBimCl in aqueous medium, derived to be 0.523 when excited at 315 nm, was attributed to its symmetrical plane conjugating structure. In the presence of hemoglobin, the fluorescence of BBimCl could be significantly quenched, resulting from the coordinating interaction between the iron atom in the heme group of hemoglobin and the cationic imidazolium moiety. This feature of the present hydrophilic ionic liquid makes it a promising fluorescence probe candidate for the sensitive sensing of hemoglobin. A linear regression was observed within 3 × 10(-7) to 5 × 10(-6) mol L(-1) for hemoglobin, and a detection limit of 7.3 × 10(-8) mol L(-1) was derived.

Porous nano-titanium dioxide (TiO(2)) particles with anatase framework were prepared by using an effective template of hydrophobic ionic liquid, i.e., N, N-bis [2-methylbutyl] imidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([PPim][PF(6)]). The nano-TiO(2) particles were characterized with TEM and BET, resulting in the distribution of the pore diameters centering at 7.3 nm and 26.2 nm, attributed to the template effect of the ionic liquid and the aggregation of the TiO(2) particles, respectively. A much improved surface area of 68.31 m(2) g(-1) and a pore volume of 0.2814 cm(3) g(-1) were obtained with respect to 15.16 m(2) g(-1) and 0.0402 cm(3) g(-1) achieved by the non-templated nano-TiO(2) counterpart. The porous nano-TiO(2) particles were used as adsorbent for selective adsorption and isolation of cytochrome c (cyt-c) at certain conditions. An adsorption efficiency of 87% was achieved for 150 microg ml(-1) cyt-c in 1.0 ml of sample solution at pH 9.0 by using 2.0 mg of the nano-TiO(2) particles, in comparison to 30% obtained by the non-templated nano-TiO(2). In addition, an adsorption capacity of 112.6 microg mg(-1) was derived for the porous nano-TiO(2) with respect to 25.1 microg mg(-1) for the normal ones. The absorbed cyt-c could be readily recovered by stripping with a 0.1 mol l(-1) Na(3)PO(4) solution, giving rise to a recovery of ca. 90%. The porous nano-TiO(2) particles have been used for the isolation of cyt-c from human whole blood, achieving satisfactory results by assay with SDS-PAGE.

Hydrophilic ionic liquid-polyvinyl chloride (PVC) hybrids were prepared by immobilizing N-methylimidazole (N-mim) to PVC chains in toluene. The NmimCl-PVC hybrids were characterized by FT-IR, (1)H NMR, surface charge analysis and elemental analysis. The immobilization ratio, i.e., the percentage of chloride on PVC chain reacting with N-mim to form the hybrid, varies from 4.3% to 15.1% by increasing the N-mim/PVC molar ratio. The most distinct feature of the hybrid is its excellent selectivity for adsorbing basic proteins by effective suppression of the non-specific protein adsorption by pure PVC, and a higher immobilization ratio facilitates better selectivity. In Tris-HCl buffer, 100 microg mL(-1) of basic proteins, i.e., lysozyme (Lys), cytochrome c (cyt-c) and hemoglobin (Hb), were favorably adsorbed with efficiencies of 97%, 98% and 94% by the hybrid with an immobilization ratio of 15.1%, while the adsorption of acidic proteins, i.e., bovine albumin serum (BSA), transferring (Trf) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) were negligible. The retained Lys, cyt-c and Hb could be readily recovered by elution with phosphate buffer, carbonate buffer and SDS solution with efficiencies of 89%, 87% and 84%, respectively. Another feature of the hybrid is the significant improvement of the biocompatibility characterized by the maintenance of the activity of hemoglobin after adsorption and elution process. The practical usefulness of the hybrid was demonstrated by selective isolation of hemoglobin from human whole blood., ((c) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Ionic liquid was for the first time employed for selective isolation of heme-protein species. Direct extraction of hemoglobin into ionic liquid without using any concomitant reagent or extractant was carried out. Hemoglobin at the level of 100 ng microL(-1) could readily be quantitatively extracted into ionic liquid (IL) 1-butyl-3-trimethylsilylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (BtmsimPF(6)) in the absence of any co-existing extractants/additives at pH 7, at the same time; however, the other protein species do not interfere and remain in the aqueous phase. A back extraction efficiency of ca. 80% for 20 ng microL(-1) hemoglobin in ionic liquid phase was achieved with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) solution as stripping reagent. (57)Fe Mossbauer spectra and circular dichroism (CD) spectra indicated that the penta-coordinated ferrous atom in hemoglobin provide a vacant or free coordinating position, which could be occupied by the cationic Btmsim(+) moiety. The interaction/coordination reaction between the iron atom in the heme group of hemoglobin and the cationic ionic liquid moiety furnishes the driving force for facilitating fast transfer of hemoglobin into BtmsimPF(6). The present system was applied for selective isolation of heme-protein, i.e., hemoglobin from human whole blood without any pretreatment, giving rise to satisfactory results.

Ionic liquids have attracted much attention in the analysis of a variety of species. The functional groups in ionic liquids can result in highly efficient separation and enrichment and, because of their typical lack of volatility, they are environmentally benign. We grafted imidazole cations onto the surface of chloromethyl polystyrene, denoted PS-CH-[MIM]Cl, and this modified polymer was used to selectively extract the protein hemoglobin (Hb). The prepared extractant PS-CH-[MIM]Cl, containing 2 mmol immobilized imidazole groups per gram polymer, was characterized by FT-IR, surface charge analysis, and elemental analysis. The adsorption efficiency was 91 %. The adsorption capacity of the PS-CH-[MIM]Cl for Hb was 23.6 μg mg, and 80 % of the retained Hb could be readily recovered by use of 0.5 % ( m/ v) aqueous sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) solution as eluate. The activity of the eluted Hb was approximately 90 %. The prepared imidazole-containing solid phase polymer was used for direct adsorption of Hb without use of any other solid matrix as support of the ionic liquid. The material was used in practice to isolate Hb from human whole blood. [Figure not available: see fulltext.] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Ionic liquid was for the first time employed for selective isolation of heme-protein species. Direct extraction of hemoglobin into ionic liquid without using any concomitant reagent or extractant was carried out. Hemoglobin at the level of 100ngμL−1 could readily be quantitatively extracted into ionic liquid (IL) 1-butyl-3-trimethylsilylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (BtmsimPF6) in the absence of any co-existing extractants/additives at pH 7, at the same time; however, the other protein species do not interfere and remain in the aqueous phase. A back extraction efficiency of ca. 80% for 20ngμL−1 hemoglobin in ionic liquid phase was achieved with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) solution as stripping reagent. 57Fe Mossbauer spectra and circular dichroism (CD) spectra indicated that the penta-coordinated ferrous atom in hemoglobin provide a vacant or free coordinating position, which could be occupied by the cationic Btmsim+ moiety. The interaction/coordination reaction between the iron atom in the heme group of hemoglobin and the cationic ionic liquid moiety furnishes the driving force for facilitating fast transfer of hemoglobin into BtmsimPF6. The present system was applied for selective isolation of heme-protein, i.e., hemoglobin from human whole blood without any pretreatment, giving rise to satisfactory results. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract A novel microemulsion is developed at room temperature with 30 µL of sodium alginate sulfate (SAS, 0.02 mol/L), 0.005 g bis (2-ethylhexyl) succinate sulfonate (AOT) and 270 µL of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (BmimPF 6) ionic liquid as aqueous phase, surfactant and IL phase, respectively. The SAS/AOT/BmimPF 6 microemulsion significantly improves the extraction efficiency for low density lipoprotein (LDL). 96% LDL in a 300 µL of PBS is selectively extracted into a same volume of microemulsion, with respect to those of 67%, 76% and 85% by BmimPF 6 , H 2 O/AOT/BmimPF 6 microemulsion and sodium alginate (SA)/AOT/BmimPF 6 microemulsion. LDL in the SAS/AOT/BmimPF 6 microemulsion is distributed both in BmimPF 6 via hydrophobic interaction and in the "pools" of the microemulsion via electrostatic interaction with AOT and specific interaction between LDL with SAS. 83% of LDL in the microemulsion can be readily back extracted into an aqueous phase with 0.8% (m/v) of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as stripping reagent. For practical applications, LDL in human serum is selectively extracted with the microemulsion, as demonstrated by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Graphical abstract We prepare W/IL reverse microemulsion with SAS solution, AOT and BmimPF 6 as aqueous phase, surfactant and IL phase, respectively. SAS specifically interacts with LDL by carbohydrate-protein interactions. AOT exhibits electrostatic attraction to LDL at pH 5.0. BmimPF 6 extract LDL driven by hydrophobic interaction. These make LDL selectively transfer into the microemulsion. fx1 Highlights • A novel microemulsion is developed with sodium alginate sulfate aqueous solution, surfactant AOT, ionic liquid BmimPF 6. • The SAS/AOT/BmimPF 6 microemulsion significantly improves the extraction efficiency for low density lipoprotein (LDL). • LDL in human serum is selectively extracted with the microemulsion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By taking advantage of the structural tunability of ionic liquids (ILs), a series of imidazolium ILs were employed as precursors to prepare carbon dots (IL-CDs) and as regulators to control their properties. The simultaneous formation of hydrophilic CDs (IL-HCDs) and organophilic CDs (IL-OCDs) is achieved in hydrothermal reaction system by undergoing sulfuric acid carbonization. The quantum yields (QY) of IL-OCDs are closely correlated with both the cationic and anionic moieties of the ionic liquids, i.e., longer side chains of cations in the imidazolium ILs and weakly nucleophilic anions tend to produce highly fluorescent IL-OCDs. Both IL-HCDs and IL-OCDs exhibit low cytotoxicity, and that of IL-HCDs is even lower than IL-OCDs. A drug delivery system is constructed by combining anticancer drug curcumin (Cur) with IL-OCDs via hydrophobic interaction, among which 1,3-dibutylimidazolium nitrate derived IL-OCDs exhibit highest photoluminescence. In addition, it serves as a favorable drug carrier with high drug loading efficiency and facilitates rapid penetration/transportation of Cur into the cell interior, which significantly accelerates the apoptosis of HeLa cells. This process is further visualized by cell imaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]