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Ionic liquids (ILs), due to their inherent structural tunability, outstanding miscibility behavior, and excellent electrochemical properties, have attracted significant research attention in the biomedical field. As the application of ILs in biomedicine is a rapidly emerging field, there is still a need for systematic analyses and summaries to further advance their development. This review presents a comprehensive survey on the utilization of ILs in the biomedical field. It specifically emphasizes the diverse structures and properties of ILs with their relevance in various biomedical applications. Subsequently, we summarize the mechanisms of ILs as potential drug candidates, exploring their effects on various organisms ranging from cell membranes to organelles, proteins, and nucleic acids. Furthermore, the application of ILs as extractants and catalysts in pharmaceutical engineering is introduced. In addition, we thoroughly review and analyze the applications of ILs in disease diagnosis and delivery systems. By offering an extensive analysis of recent research, our objective is to inspire new ideas and pathways for the design of innovative biomedical technologies based on ILs.

According to the requirements of sustainable green development, the efficient green synthesis of fluorine chemical products is an inevitable trend. In this work, we used ionic liquids as an effective catalyst in an important fluorochemical reaction – hexafluoropropylene dimerization for the first time. The effects of ionic liquids with different spatial positions, substituents and nucleophilic anions on the catalytic performance of hexafluoropropylene dimerization were systematically studied. The results showed that the strong nucleophilic trisubstituted thiocyanate imidazole ionic liquid [C6mmim][SCN] had the highest activity under the optimum reaction conditions, the turnover frequency (TOF) was 108.36 h−1 and the selectivity was 97.96%. Compared with the traditional metal salt catalyst system, the catalytic activity of ionic liquids was double. In addition, based on the XPS analysis results and density functional theory (DFT), a possible reaction mechanism was proposed. The effective catalytic activity of ionic liquids was mainly attributed to the strong nucleophilicity of anions and the weak interaction between cations and anions. This work will successfully provide a green synthesis route for hexafluoropropylene dimerization and further promote the efficiency and greening of fluorine chemical reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In this research, the catalytic activity of a rhodium-based (Rh) catalyst with imidazolium-based ionic liquids (IBILs) as solvents for ethylene hydroformylation was studied. The structures of IBILs had an important influence on the activity and stability of the Rh catalyst. The IBILs with longer cation side chains, which were the strong steric hindrances around the Rh catalyst, were more unfavorable for the catalytic activity. The turnover frequency (TOF) of the Rh catalyst was 10627h−1 when [Bmim][BF4] was used as solvent. The activity of the Rh complexes in the ionic liquid is better than they do in toluene. We used electrospray ionization mass spectrometry to characterize the catalyst after the reaction and found that [Bmim]+ acts as a ligand of the Rh catalyst to form a new active catalytic site [Rh(CO)(PPh3)2(Bmim)(BF4)]+ through the coordination of the Rh atom with the imidazole-2-C group of [Bmim][BF4], and it was essential for the stabilization of the Rh catalyst and prevented the formation of low-active Rh clusters. In addition, the catalyst recycling test showed that the Rh catalyst could be reused with [Bmim][BF4] as solvent without obvious loss of catalytic activity. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Separation of methacrolein (MAL) is a critical technique for the production of methyl methacrylate, which is an important raw material for the preparation of acrylic resins applied in a variety of end-uses. In this work, an azeotropic distillation process and an ionic liquid (IL) green process were developed for the separation of MAL with BmimBF4. The two processes were simulated with Aspen plus. The simulated results are in good agreement with the experimental results which were attained in a pilot plant. Also the economic and green degree analysis of these two processes was investigated. When compared with the azeotropic distillation process, the IL green process exhibits economic superiority and green degree superiority. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Two new two dimensional metal organic frameworks namely {Er 2 [(C 9 N 2 O 4 H 11) 3 ·H 2 O·Br]Br·Cl} n (1) and {Yb 2 [(C 9 N 2 O 4 H 11) 3 (H 2 O) 2 ]Br·Cl 2 } n (2) were solvothemally synthesized with Brønsted ionic liquid as ligand. • The effects of the reaction conditions to the growth of 1 and 2 , such as temperature, reaction solvents, as well as the ratio of solvents were explored. • 1 and 2 display good thermal stability and hydrophilicity in this work. • The magnetic measure of 2 shows its antiferromagnetic interaction via the Yb/O-C-O/Yb pathways. Two lanthanide metal organic frameworks (MOFs) {Er 2 [(C 9 N 2 O 4 H 11) 3 (H 2 O)Br]Br·Cl} n (1) and {Yb 2 [(C 9 N 2 O 4 H 11) 3 (H 2 O) 2 ]Br·Cl 2 } n (2) were solvothermally synthesized using Brønsted acidic ionic liquid: 1,3-bis(1-dicarboxylatoethyl) imidazolium bromide ([H 2 bcei]Br) as ligand. The results of single crystal X-ray diffraction show that Er3+ and Yb3+ both possess two different seven-coordinated chemical environments in 1 and 2 , respectively. While coordinating to Er3+ and Yb3+, [bcei]‒ displays same coordination mode because of their similar ionic radius. Although Er3+ and Yb3+ display different chemical environments, they are all linked by [bcei]− via Ln−O coordination bonds affording two three-dimensional structures with Cl− or Br− in the frameworks through H-bonds and electrostatic interaction. Considering the effect of the reaction temperature, solvents and solvent volume ratio on the crystal growth, the optimized synthesis conditions of 1 and 2 were explored. The magnetic behaviors of 2 were measured in the temperature range 2–300 K, which reveals its antiferromagnetic interaction between Yb3+ions. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The ionic liquids [C n mim][BF 4 ] and [C n mim][PF 6 ] can promote radiative decomposition of water molecules. • The behavior of nanobubbles formed from water radiolysis promoted by ionic liquids was observed by liquid cell TEM. • [PF 6 -] and [BF 4 -] act on both H atoms of a water molecule simultaneously, further promoting the activation of water. Hydrogen generation by metal-free photocatalysts and electrocatalysis of H 2 O is currently deemed as one of the most innovative and challenging routes to obtain sustainable green energy. Due to the high tunability, ionic liquids are expected to be new generation catalysts for H 2 production. In this work, for the first time, the dynamic behavior of nanobubbles formed from water radiolysis promoted by ionic liquids [C n mim][BF 4 ] and [C n mim][PF 6 ] was observed by in-situ transmission electron microscopy in liquid cells at nanoscale resolution. Aided by density functional theory and molecular dynamics simulations, we attribute the primary underlying mechanism to the activation of the hydrogen atoms of the water molecule by the anions [BF 4 -] and [PF 6 -] in the ionic liquids. We conclude that our experiment will shed light on developing new ionic liquids that may further increase the yield of hydrogen production from photolytic and electrolytic water, and consequentially promises to reduce energy consumption and promote new developments in clean energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A green synthetic strategy of bio-based polycarbonate from renewable monomer ISB and DMC is developed by using eco-friendly AAILs. • The effect of AA anions on the catalytic activity of AAILs is investigated by experimental results and DFT calculations. • AAILs exhibit outstanding catalytic activity towards DMC with the selectivity of carboxymethyl intermediates greater than 99 %. • High molecular weight PIC can be obtained in a short reaction time via the synergistic dual activation catalysis of [N 1111 ][Arg]. Herein, an efficient synthetic strategy for synthesis of bio-based polycarbonate has been developed by using tetramethylammonium-based amino acid ionic liquids (AAILs) as catalysts for the melt polymerization of isosorbide (ISB) and dimethyl carbonate (DMC). These AAILs exhibited outstanding catalytic activity towards DMC, enabling the selectivity of carboxymethyl intermediates greater than 99 %. By modifying the anionic structure of AAIL catalysts, the conversion of ISB and the molecular weight of PIC could be remarkably improved. Tetramethylammonium arginine ([N 1111 ][Arg]) showed the highest catalytic activity due to its multiple active sites and high basicity. Combining experimental results and DFT calculations, a plausible reaction mechanism involved synergistic dual activation catalysis of [N 1111 ][Arg] was proposed, which indicated that DMC and ISB were simultaneously activated by forming H-bonds with [N 1111 ][Arg]. In addition to providing a green and economical strategy for preparation of PIC, this work also supplied an in-depth understanding of the structure-property-catalytic performance relationship of ILs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]