1. Trimethylamine N-oxide impairs perfusion recovery after hindlimb ischemia.
- Author
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Chen L, Jin Y, Wang N, Yuan M, Lin T, Lu W, and Wang T
- Subjects
- Animals, Blood Circulation, Disease Models, Animal, Hindlimb metabolism, Hindlimb physiopathology, Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells, Humans, Ischemia diagnosis, Ischemia metabolism, Ischemia physiopathology, Male, Methylamines metabolism, Mice, Mice, Inbred BALB C, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Neovascularization, Physiologic, Oxidative Stress, Peripheral Arterial Disease diagnosis, Peripheral Arterial Disease metabolism, Peripheral Arterial Disease physiopathology, Prognosis, Hindlimb blood supply, Ischemia blood, Methylamines blood, Peripheral Arterial Disease blood
- Abstract
Background: The circulating level of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) has been reported to be associated with the prognosis of of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) patients. However, the effects of TMAO on neovascularization and perfusion recovery after PAD are not known., Methods: Unilateral hindlimb ischemia was generated in mice as experimental PAD model, TMAO or 3,3-dimethyl-1-butanol (DMB) were added to the drinking water for these mice. In cultured endothelial cells, TMAO was added to culture medium to assess the effects on cell viability and tube formation under simulated ischemic conditions., Results: In experimental PAD, TMAO treatment increased malondialdehyde (MDA), interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 in the ischemic muscle, impaired perfusion recovery, and decreased capillary density. On the other hand, mice fed with DMB drinking water showed lower TMAO level, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6, and higher vascular endothelial growth factor in the ischemic muscle, and better perfusion recovery after experimental PAD. In cultured endothelial cell, TMAO decreased intracellular nitric oxide, cell viability and tube formation, and increased intracellular reactive oxygen species levels., Conclusions: TMAO increases oxidative stress and inflammation, and impairs perfusion recovery and angiogenesis in experimental PAD., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest None., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2020
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