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1. Diagnostic mirrors for ITER: A material choice and the impact of erosion and deposition on their performance

Author

Litnovsky, A., Wienhold, P., Philipps, V., Sergienko, G., Schmitz, O., Kirschner, A., Kreter, A., Droste, S., Samm, U., Mertens, P., Donne, A. H., Rudakov, D., Allen, S., Bolvin, R., McLean, A., Stangeby, P., West, W., Wong, C., Lipa, M., Schunke, B., De Temmerman, G., Pitts, R., Costley, A., Voitsenya, V., Vukolov, K., Oelhafen, P., Rubel, M., and Romanyuk, A.

Subjects
JET, ITER
Abstract

Metal mirrors will be implemented in about half of the ITER diagnostics. Mirrors in ITER will have to withstand radiation loads, erosion by charge-exchange neutrals, deposition of impurities, particle implantation and neutron irradiation. It is believed that the optical properties of diagnostic mirrors will be primarily influenced by erosion and deposition. A solution is needed for optimal performance of mirrors in ITER throughout the entire lifetime of the machine. A multi-machine research on diagnostic mirrors is currently underway in fusion facilities at several institutions and laboratories worldwide. Among others, dedicated investigations of ITER-candidate mirror materials are ongoing in Tore-Supra, TEXTOR, DIII-D, TCV, T-10 and JET. Laboratory studies are underway at IPP Kharkov (Ukraine), Kurchatov Institute (Russia) and the University of Basel (Switzerland). An overview of current research on diagnostic mirrors along with an outlook on future investigations is the subject of this paper. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Published
2007

2. Status of the Negative Ion Based Heating and Diagnostic Neutral Beams for ITER.

Author

Schunke, B., Bora, D., Hemsworth, R., and Tanga, A.

Subjects
*ANIONS, *NEUTRAL beams, *CHARGE transfer, *SPECTRUM analysis, *COLLISIONS (Nuclear physics), *PHYSICS research
Abstract

The current baseline of ITER foresees 2 Heating Neutral Beam (HNB’s) systems based on negative ion technology, each accelerating to 1 MeV 40 A of D- and capable of delivering 16.5 MW of D0 to the ITER plasma, with a 3rd HNB injector foreseen as an upgrade option [1]. In addition a dedicated Diagnostic Neutral Beam (DNB) accelerating 60 A of H- to 100 keV will inject ≈15 A equivalent of H0 for charge exchange recombination spectroscopy and other diagnostics. Recently the RF driven negative ion source developed by IPP Garching has replaced the filamented ion source as the reference ITER design. The RF source developed at IPP, which is approximately a quarter scale of the source needed for ITER, is expected to have reduced caesium consumption compared to the filamented arc driven ion source. The RF driven source has demonstrated adequate accelerated D- and H- current densities as well as long-pulse operation [2, 3]. It is foreseen that the HNB’s and the DNB will use the same negative ion source. Experiments with a half ITER-size ion source are on-going at IPP and the operation of a full-scale ion source will be demonstrated, at full power and pulse length, in the dedicated Ion Source Test Bed (ISTF), which will be part of the Neutral Beam Test Facility (NBTF), in Padua, Italy. This facility will carry out the necessary R&D for the HNB’s for ITER and demonstrate operation of the full-scale HNB beamline. An overview of the current status of the neutral beam (NB) systems and the chosen configuration will be given and the ongoing integration effort into the ITER plant will be highlighted. It will be demonstrated how installation and maintenance logistics have influenced the design, notably the top access scheme facilitating access for maintenance and installation. The impact of the ITER Design Review and recent design change requests (DCRs) will be briefly discussed, including start-up and commissioning issues. The low current hydrogen phase now envisaged for start-up imposed specific requirements for operating the HNB’s at full beam power. It has been decided to address the shinethrough issue by installing wall armour protection, which increases the operational space in all scenarios. Other NB related issues identified by the Design Review process will be discussed and the possible changes to the ITER baseline indicated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2009
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3. Latest JET results in deuterium and deuterium-tritium plasmas

Author

Adams, J. M., Ageladarakis, P., Arshad, S. A., Alper, B., Altmann, H., Andrew, P., Bailey, D., Bainbridge, N., Balet, B., Baranov, Y., Barker, P., Barnsley, R., Baronian, M., Bartlett, D. V., Bell, A. C., Bertolini, E., Bhatnagar, V., Bickley, A. J., Bindslev, H., Blackler, K., Bond, D., Bonicelli, T., Borba, D., Brandon, M., Breger, P., Brelen, H., Brennan, P., Brewerton, W. J., Browne, M. L., Budd, T., Burt, A., Businaro, T., Buzio, M., Caldwell-Nichols, C., Campling, D., Card, P., Challis, C. D., Chankin, A. V., Chiron, D., Christiansen, J., Chuilon, P., Ciric, D., Claesen, R., Clarke, H. E., Clement, S., Coad, J. P., Coffey, I., Conroy, S., Conway, G., Cooper, S., Cordey, J. G., Corrigan, G., Cottrell, G., Cox, M., Cox, S. J., Cusack, R., Davies, N., Davies, S. J., Davis, J. J., de Benedetti, M., de Esch, H., de Haas, J., Deksnis, E., Deliyanakis, N., Dines, A., Dmitrenko, S. L., Dobbing, J., Dolgetta, N., Dorling, S. E., Dorr, J., Doyle, P. G., Duquenoy, H., Edwards, A. M., Edwards, A. W., Egedal, J., Ehrenberg, J., Ekedahl, A., Elevant, T., Ellis, J., Endler, M., Erents, S. K., Ericsson, S., Esposito, B., Eriksson, L. G., Falter, H., Farthing, J. W., Fasoli, A., Fichtmuller, M., Fischer, B., Fishpool, G., Fullard, K., Gadeberg, M., Galbiati, L., Giannella, R., Gibson, A., Gill, R. D., Godden, D., Gondhalekar, A., Goodall, D., Gormezano, C., Gowers, C., Guenther, K., Guo, H., Haigh, A., Haist, B., Hancock, C. J., Harbour, P. J., Hawkes, N. C., Hawkes, N. P., Hemmerich, J. L., Hender, T., Hoekzema, J., Horton, L., How, J., Howman, A., Huart, M., Hughes, T. P., Hurd, F., Huysmans, G., Ingesson, C., Ingram, B., Irving, M., Jacquinot, J., Jaeckel, H., Jaeger, J. F., Jarvis, O. N., Jensen, F., Johnson, M., Jones, E. M., Jones, T. T. C., Junger, J. F., Junique, F., Kaye, A., Keen, B. E., Keilhacker, M., Kerner, W., Kidd, N. G., Knipe, S., Konig, R., Krom, J. G., Kupschus, P., Lasser, R., Last, J. R., Lauro-Taroni, L., Lawson, K., Lennholm, M., Lingertat, J., Lomas, P. J., Loughlin, M., Lovegrove, T., Lowry, C., Maas, A. C., Macklin, B., Maggi, C. F., Mantsinen, M., Marchese, V., Marcus, F., Mart, J., Martin, D., Matthews, G., McBryan, H., McCracken, G., McCullen, P. A., Meigs, A., Middleton, R., Miele, P., Milani, F., Mills, J., Mohanti, R., Monk, R., Morgan, P., Murphy, G., Nave, F., Newbert, G., Nielsen, P., Noll, P., Obert, W., O'Brien, D., Oord, E., Ostrom, R., Ottaviani, M., Papastergiou, S., Parail, V. V., Parkinson, R., Parsons, W., Patel, B., Paynter, A., Perevezentsev, A., Peacock, A., Peacock, N., Pearce, R. J. H., Perry, C., Pick, M. A., Plancoulaine, J., Pogutse, O., Prentice, R., Puppin, S., Radford, G., Reichle, R., Riccardo, V., Righi, E., Rimini, F., Rolfe, A., Roquemore, L., Ross, R. T., Rossi, A., Rossi, L., Sadler, G., Saibene, G., Salisbury, M., Santagiustina, A., Sartori, F., Saunders, R., Schild, P., Schmid, M., Schmidt, V., Schokker, B., Schunke, B., Scibile, L., Scott, S. M., Sharapov, S., Sibley, A., Simonini, R., Sips, A. C. C., Smeulders, P., Smith, P., Smith, R., Soldner, F., Spence, J., Springmann, E., Stagg, R., Stamp, M., Stangeby, P., Start, D. F., Stork, D., Stott, P. E., Strachen, P., Stubberfield, P., Summers, D., Svensson, L., Svensson, P., Tabasso, A., Tabellini, M., Tait, J., Tanga, A., Taroni, A., Terella, C., Thomas, P. R., Thomsen, K., Traneus, E., Tubbing, B., Twyman, P., Ul'Haq, Y., Vadgama, A., van Belle, P., van der Linden, R., Vlases, G. C., von Hellermann, M., Wade, T., Walton, R., Ward, D., Watkins, M. L., Watkins, N., Watson, M. J., Wheatley, M., Wilson, D., Winkel, T., Young, D., Young, I. D., Yu, Q., Zastrow, K. D., Zhang, W., Zornig, N., and Zwingmann, W.

Subjects
Physics::Plasma Physics, JET, ITER
Abstract

All major JET systems have been fully commissioned for D-T and the DTE1 series of experiments has started with the D-T fuel mixture and operating conditions foreseen for ITER. In the area of ITER physics, significant results have been produced in both D-D and D-T. In D-D, the LH threshold power database has been extended, the bounds on edge-electron temperature and density in ELMy H-modes have been defined and the advantages of Types I and III ELMy discharges have been compared. In D-T plasmas, the isotope effect on H-mode threshold power and transport has been determined so that a more accurate assessment can be made of the ignition margin and heating requirements for ITER. Trace tritium experiments have provided first particle transport measurements and an assessment of the ITER reference ion-cyclotron resonance-frequency heating scenarios has been started, In the area of fusion performance, record D-D neutron yields have been obtained by controlling the plasma and current profiles in hot ion ELM-free H-modes and optimized shear modes. In D-T, internal transport barriers have been readily established in optimized shear discharges and Alfven eigenmodes have been observed.

4. Progress in the ITER neutral beam test facility

Author

Piergiorgio Sonato, Hitesh Patel, A. Sottocornola, Veena Gupta, B. Raval, G. Rostagni, M. Spolaore, M. Fadone, A. Patel, Andrea Rizzolo, G. Gambetta, M. Recchia, Francesco Gnesotto, M. Brombin, Roberto Pasqualotto, M. Zaupa, J.F. Moreno, Giuseppe Marchiori, W. Kraus, P. Tinti, G. Serianni, G. Kouzmenko, Gabriele Manduchi, V. Antoni, A. Zamengo, F. Paolucci, Giuseppe Chitarin, M. Battistella, Tullio Bonicelli, C. Labate, V. Pilard, H. Decamps, C. Taliercio, Matteo Agostini, R. Piovan, G. Agarici, Mieko Kashiwagi, E. Ocello, Roberto Cavazzana, D. Boilson, Vanni Toigo, Barbara Zaniol, Marco Cavenago, F. Geli, A. De Lorenzi, M. Dremel, M. De Muri, Kazuhiro Watanabe, Nicola Pilan, Marco D’Arienzo, B. Schunke, M. Urbani, P. Jain, Namita Singh, T. Patton, A. Tonti, R. Delogu, N. Pomaro, A. Rousseau, F. Gasparini, T. Maejima, Naotaka Umeda, Ursel Fantz, H. Dhola, Marco Barbisan, C. Rotti, Lennart Svensson, M. Valente, Simone Peruzzo, G. Gomez, Elena Gaio, D. Aprile, Bernd Heinemann, Hiroyuki Tobari, Pierluigi Veltri, S. Manfrin, M. Siragusa, Muriel Simon, Luca Grando, Ujjwal Baruah, Silvia Spagnolo, F. Panin, A. Muraro, A.K. Chakraborty, A. Fiorentin, Adriano Luchetta, P. Zaccaria, G. Mico, A. Maistrello, C. Poggi, A. Masiello, M. Bigi, Diego Marcuzzi, Atsushi Kojima, S. Ochoa, P. Blatchford, Gabriele Croci, Y. Xue, A. Pimazzoni, Piero Agostinetti, E. Spada, Daniel Gutierrez, Marica Rebai, B. Chuilon, M. Dan, M. Moresco, L. Zanotto, A. Garbuglia, S. Denizeau, J. Chareyre, S. Hanke, M. Pavei, Sandro Sandri, L. Bailly-Maitre, M. Ugoletti, Emanuele Sartori, Nicolò Marconato, Giuseppe Gorini, M. Dalla Palma, J. Graceffa, M. Boldrin, S. Sasaki, Alberto Ferro, F. Fellin, S. Dal Bello, M. Tardocchi, E. Bragulat, Toigo, V, Dal Bello, S, Bigi, M, Boldrin, M, Chitarin, G, Grando, L, Luchetta, A, Marcuzzi, D, Pasqualotto, R, Pomaro, N, Serianni, G, Zaccaria, P, Zanotto, L, Agostinetti, P, Agostini, M, Antoni, V, Aprile, D, Barbisan, M, Battistella, M, Brombin, M, Cavazzana, R, Dalla Palma, M, Dan, M, Denizeau, S, De Lorenzi, A, Delogu, R, De Muri, M, Fadone, M, Fellin, F, Ferro, A, Fiorentin, A, Gaio, E, Gambetta, G, Gasparini, F, Gnesotto, F, Jain, P, Maistrello, A, Manduchi, G, Manfrin, S, Marchiori, G, Marconato, N, Moresco, M, Ocello, E, Patton, T, Pavei, M, Peruzzo, S, Pilan, N, Pimazzoni, A, Piovan, R, Poggi, C, Recchia, M, Rizzolo, A, Rostagni, G, Sartori, E, Siragusa, M, Sonato, P, Sottocornola, A, Spada, E, Spagnolo, S, Spolaore, M, Taliercio, C, Tinti, P, Ugoletti, M, Valente, M, Zamengo, A, Zaniol, B, Zaupa, M, Boilson, D, Rotti, C, Veltri, P, Chareyre, J, Decamps, H, Dremel, M, Graceffa, J, Geli, F, Schunke, B, Svensson, L, Urbani, M, Bonicelli, T, Agarici, G, Garbuglia, A, Masiello, A, Paolucci, F, Simon, M, Bailly-Maitre, L, Bragulat, E, Gomez, G, Gutierrez, D, Labate, C, Mico, G, Moreno, J, Pilard, V, Kouzmenko, G, Rousseau, A, Kashiwagi, M, Tobari, H, Watanabe, K, Maejima, T, Kojima, A, Umeda, N, Sasaki, S, Chakraborty, A, Baruah, U, Patel, H, Singh, N, Patel, A, Dhola, H, Raval, B, Gupta, V, Fantz, U, Heinemann, B, Kraus, W, Cavenago, M, Hanke, S, Ochoa, S, Blatchford, P, Chuilon, B, Xue, Y, Croci, G, Gorini, G, Muraro, A, Rebai, M, Tardocchi, M, D'Arienzo, M, Sandri, S, Tonti, A, Panin, F, Toigo, V., Dal Bello, S., Bigi, M., Boldrin, M., Chitarin, G., Grando, L., Luchetta, A., Marcuzzi, D., Pasqualotto, R., Pomaro, N., Serianni, G., Zaccaria, P., Zanotto, L., Agostinetti, P., Agostini, M., Antoni, V., Aprile, D., Barbisan, M., Battistella, M., Brombin, M., Cavazzana, R., Dalla Palma, M., Dan, M., Denizeau, S., De Lorenzi, A., Delogu, R., De Muri, M., Fadone, M., Fellin, F., Ferro, A., Fiorentin, A., Gaio, E., Gambetta, G., Gasparini, F., Gnesotto, F., Jain, P., Maistrello, A., Manduchi, G., Manfrin, S., Marchiori, G., Marconato, N., Moresco, M., Ocello, E., Patton, T., Pavei, M., Peruzzo, S., Pilan, N., Pimazzoni, A., Piovan, R., Poggi, C., Recchia, M., Rizzolo, A., Rostagni, G., Sartori, E., Siragusa, M., Sonato, P., Sottocornola, A., Spada, E., Spagnolo, S., Spolaore, M., Taliercio, C., Tinti, P., Ugoletti, M., Valente, M., Zamengo, A., Zaniol, B., Zaupa, M., Boilson, D., Rotti, C., Veltri, P., Chareyre, J., Decamps, H., Dremel, M., Graceffa, J., Geli, F., Schunke, B., Svensson, L., Urbani, M., Bonicelli, T., Agarici, G., Garbuglia, A., Masiello, A., Paolucci, F., Simon, M., Bailly-Maitre, L., Bragulat, E., Gomez, G., Gutierrez, D., Labate, C., Mico, G., Moreno, J. F., Pilard, V., Kouzmenko, G., Rousseau, A., Kashiwagi, M., Tobari, H., Watanabe, K., Maejima, T., Kojima, A., Umeda, N., Sasaki, S., Chakraborty, A., Baruah, U., Patel, H., Singh, N. P., Patel, A., Dhola, H., Raval, B., Gupta, V., Fantz, U., Heinemann, B., Kraus, W., Cavenago, M., Hanke, S., Ochoa, S., Blatchford, P., Chuilon, B., Xue, Y., Croci, G., Gorini, G., Muraro, A., Rebai, M., Tardocchi, M., D'Arienzo, M., Sandri, S., Tonti, A., and Panin, F.

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Materials science, Test facility, ITER, neutral beam injector, PRIMA: the ITER neutral beam test facility (NBTF), SPIDER, Nuclear engineering, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Neutral beam injector, 0103 physical sciences, 010306 general physics, Beam (structure)
Abstract

Heating neutral beam (HNB) injectors, necessary to achieve burning conditions and to control plasma instabilities in ITER, are characterized by such demanding parameters that a neutral beam test facility (NBTF) dedicated to their development and optimization is being realized in Padua (Italy) with direct contributions from the Italian government (through Consorzio RFX as the host entity) and the ITER international organization (with kind contributions from the ITER domestic agencies of Europe, Japan and India) and technical and scientific support from various European laboratories and universities. The NBTF hosts two experiments: SPIDER, devoted to ion source optimization for the required source performance, and MITICA, the full-size prototype of the ITER HNB, with an ion source identical to SPIDER. This paper gives an overview of the progress towards NBTF realization, with particular emphasis on issues discovered during this phase of activity and on solutions adopted to minimize the impact on the schedule and maintain the goals of the facilities. The realization of MITICA is well advanced; operation is expected to start in 2023 due to the long procurement time of the in-vessel mechanical components. The beam source power supplies, operating at 1 MV, are in an advanced phase of realization; all high-voltage components have been installed and the complex insulation test phase began in 2018. At the same time, construction and installation of SPIDER plant systems was successfully completed with their integration into the facility. The mechanical components of the SPIDER ion source were installed inside the vessel and connected to the plants. Integrated commissioning with the control, protection and safety systems ended positively and the first experimental phase has begun. The first results of the SPIDER experiment, with data from operational diagnostics, and the plans for the 1 MV insulation tests on the MITICA high-voltage components are presented.

Published
2019
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5. Solutions to fix the shine-through at the hypervapotrons of SPIDER beam dump.

Author

Zaupa, M., Chareyre, J., Dal Bello, S., Dalla Palma, M., Garbuglia, A., Pasqualotto, R., Patel, H., Rotti, C., Schunke, B., and Zaccaria, P.

Subjects
*FINITE volume method, *COPPER, *THERMAL shielding, *UNSTEADY flow, *MECHANICAL loads
Abstract

Abstarct The negative ion source SPIDER produces a beam power that has to be absorbed by a beam dump component made of stacked hypervapotrons. The manufacturing process produced dimension errors that have given rise to a possible shine-through issue. Finite volume models were developed to carry out transient thermal analyses aiming at validating the design of a system made of copper screens to shield the heat loads passing through the beam dump. The evaluation of the best solution was conducted by looking both at the thermal performances and the technical feasibility. The results show the capability of the system to safely withstand the heat power up to one hour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2018
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6. DNB exit scraper—Concept and engineering.

Author

Gangadharan Nair, R., Bandyopadhyay, M., Rotti, C., Ghate, M., Acharya, K., Chakraborty, A.K., Schunke, B., Chareyre, J., Graceffa, J., and Hemsworth, R.

Subjects
*PLASMA beam injection heating, *PARTICLE beam diagnostics, *ENGINEERING design, *HYDROGEN ions, *ION sources
Abstract

Abstract: The 100kV negative hydrogen ion source based Diagnostic Neutral Beam (DNB) injector is part of the Indian procurement for ITER. The DNB is designed to deliver an 18–20A hydrogen neutral beam to the ITER plasma. The exit scraper (ES) defines the profile of the beam after it leaves the calorimeter, the last Beam Line Components (BLCs) during operation. BTR 1 [1] Developed by the Russian Research Centre, Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, Russia. and PDP 1 codes are used to obtain the optimum entry and exit opening dimensions of the ES, so as to deliver the maximum power to the tokamak plasma, and to limit the power to downstream components due to beam interception, to protect front end components from the interception of re-ionized devious particles. Each horizontal heat transfer (HT) panel of ES receives a total power of 85kW for each symmetric 10mrad beam (worst case scenario) with peak power density of 1.17MW/m2. The thermo hydraulic design is carried out to withstand the heat flux due to the beam interception on the ES. The mechanical design of the ES is carried out by considering the spatial constraints in the DNB system and the remote handling (RH) system. In the present design, the copper heat transfer panels are directly bolted to the structural member. Protection shall be incorporated to ensure that there is no exposure of the bolt head. The thermo-mechanical analysis has been carried out for the normal, off-normal (accidental/worst-case) events of the ITER DNB. During normal operation, the maximum possible von Mises stress of the order of 62.4MPa can be expected on the bottom heat transfer panel, and the corresponding deflection of the structure is of the order of 0.62mm. All the stress checks were carried out with respect to the Structural Design Criteria for In-vessel Components (SDC-IC) criterion. The paper shall present the ES design highlighting its salient features. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Published
2013
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7. Energetic high-voltage breakdowns in vacuum over a large gap for ITER neutral beam accelerator.

Author

Villecroze, F., Christin, L., de Esch, H.P.L., Simonin, A., Schunke, B., Svensson, L., Hemsworth, R., and Boilson, D.

Subjects
*HIGH voltages, *ELECTRIC breakdown, *VACUUM, *NEUTRAL beams, *PARTICLE accelerators
Abstract

Abstract: CEA has undertaken tests to study the resilience of copper electrodes in vacuum against energetic high-voltage breakdowns using external capacitors to provide the energy. Earlier tests succeeded in dissipating a maximum of 150J in a 30mm gap, limited by the equivalent series resistance (ESR) in the external capacitors. Using new ones with an ESR that is a factor of 10 lower it was unsuccessfully tried to produce breakdowns at 200kV over the 85mm gap, despite the use of a UV flash lamp and a “field enhancement ring” (FER) that locally increased the electric field on the cathode by 50%. Consequently, the breakdowns had to be produced by raising the voltage to 300–350kV while maintaining the gap at 85mm. During these tests, single breakdowns dissipated up to 1140J in the 85mm vacuum gap. Inspection of the electrodes revealed that substantial amounts of copper appear have been evaporated from the anode and deposited on to the cathode. Also electrode deconditioning occurred. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Published
2013
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8. Design optimization of the 100kV HV bushing for ITER-DNB

Author

Shah, Sejal, Rajesh, S., Srusti, B., Bandyopadhyay, M., Rotti, C., Singh, M.J., Roopesh, G., Chakraborty, A.K., Schunke, B., Hemsworth, R., and Chareyre, J.

Subjects
*COMBINATORIAL optimization, *FUSION reactors, *PLASMA diagnostics, *NEUTRAL beams, *ELECTRIC insulators & insulation, *ELECTRIC lines, *ELECTROSTATICS, *FINITE element method
Abstract

Abstract: The 100kV bushing of the Diagnostic Neutral Beam (DNB) injector is a cylindrical feedthrough which forms the interface between the gas insulated transmission line and the torus primary vacuum and provides all necessary services to the beam source. All conventions for safety, voltage holding requirement, vacuum compatibility and the choice of materials have been addressed in the design. Finite Element Analyses (FEAs) for the electrostatic and the structural configuration is carried out to validate the design of the High Voltage Bushing (HVB). Several iterations and optimizations of the stress shields are carried out to meet electrostatic criteria, especially at the triple point (the ceramic, metal and vacuum joint), which is critical for good voltage holding. Structural analyses is carried out to assess the stress distribution in the fiber reinforced plastic insulator, the alumina insulator and the integrated HVB for different load cases like operational orientation (horizontal), normal operation and accidental case. Design is further validated for seismic conditions for Seismic Loading-2 (SL-2). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Published
2011
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9. Active beam spectroscopy for ITER

Author

von Hellermann, M.G., Barnsley, R., Biel, W., Delabie, E., Hawkes, N., Jaspers, R., Johnson, D., Klinkhamer, F., Lischtschenko, O., Marchuk, O., Schunke, B., Singh, M.J., Snijders, B., Summers, H.P., Thomas, D., Tugarinov, S., and Vasu, P.

Subjects
*NEUTRAL beams, *SPECTRUM analysis, *TOKAMAKS, *FEASIBILITY studies, *PLASMA diagnostics, *SIMULATION methods & models, *RADIATION trapping
Abstract

Abstract: Since the first feasibility studies of active beam spectroscopy on ITER in 1995 the proposed diagnostic has developed into a well advanced and mature system. Substantial progress has been achieved on the physics side including comprehensive performance studies based on an advanced predictive code, which simulates active and passive features of the expected spectral ranges. The simulation has enabled detailed specifications for an optimized instrumentation and has helped to specify suitable diagnostic neutral beam parameters. Four ITER partners share presently the task of developing a suite of ITER active beam diagnostics, which make use of the two 0.5MeV/amu 18MW heating neutral beams and a dedicated 0.1MeV/amu, 3.6MW diagnostic neutral beam. The IN ITER team is responsible for the DNB development and also for beam physics related aspects of the diagnostic. The RF will be responsible for edge CXRS system covering the outer region of the plasma (1>r/a>0.4) using an equatorial observation port, and the EU will develop the core CXRS system for the very core (0

Published
2010
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10. A substantial step forward in the realization of the ITER HNB system: The ITER NBI Test Facility

Author

A. Fiorentin, Silvia Spagnolo, E. Spada, Daniel Gutierrez, B. Chuilon, Pierluigi Veltri, M. Recchia, J. Chareyre, Lennart Svensson, M. De Muri, F. Fellin, C. Rotti, R. S. Hemsworth, A. Muraro, J.F. Moreno, Gianluigi Serianni, Adriano Luchetta, A. Maistrello, Muriel Simon, G. Gambetta, Alberto Ferro, Giuseppe Chitarin, W. Kraus, Gabriele Manduchi, F. Paolucci, M. Battistella, H. Decamps, L. Zanotto, Y. Xue, C. Taliercio, E. Ocello, V. Pilard, H.P.L. de Esch, J. Graceffa, Bernd Heinemann, Marco Cavenago, M.V. Nagaraju, P. Zaccaria, S. Hanke, M. Boldrin, M. Spolaore, Diego Marcuzzi, Atsushi Kojima, M. Pavei, Sandro Sandri, P. Jain, M. Siragusa, Marco D’Arienzo, Francesco Gnesotto, M. Bigi, S. Ochoa, A.K. Chakraborty, M. Urbani, N. Pomaro, Gabriele Croci, A. Pimazzoni, Tullio Bonicelli, S. Dal Bello, C. Baltador, G. Gomez, Volker Hauer, A. Sottocornola, A. Zamengo, M. Valente, Hiroyuki Tobari, Matteo Agostini, R. Piovan, Hitesh Patel, Vanni Toigo, Andrea Rizzolo, G. Mico, B. Raval, H. Yamanaka, A. Masiello, B. Schunke, Simone Peruzzo, A. De Lorenzi, Elena Gaio, D. Aprile, E. Bragulat, Nicolò Marconato, Giuseppe Gorini, M. Kushwah, P. Blatchford, Piero Agostinetti, Marica Rebai, T. Maeshima, M. Dalla Palma, M. Moresco, Masaya Hanada, Kazuhiro Watanabe, L. Bailly-Maitre, Nicola Pilan, Emanuele Sartori, Naotaka Umeda, M. Brombin, M. Zaupa, Piergiorgio Sonato, C. Finotti, A. Patel, V. Antoni, D. Boilson, H. Dhola, M. J. Singh, Roberto Pasqualotto, Marco Barbisan, Luca Grando, G. Agarici, Mieko Kashiwagi, Barbara Zaniol, Namita Singh, Ursel Fantz, R. Delogu, G. Rostagni, Ujjwal Baruah, Toigo, V, Piovan, R, Dal Bello, S, Gaio, E, Luchetta, A, Pasqualotto, R, Zaccaria, P, Bigi, M, Chitarin, G, Marcuzzi, D, Pomaro, N, Serianni, G, Agostinetti, P, Agostini, M, Antoni, V, Aprile, D, Baltador, C, Barbisan, M, Battistella, M, Boldrin, M, Brombin, M, Dalla Palma, M, De Lorenzi, A, Delogu, R, De Muri, M, Fellin, F, Ferro, A, Finotti, C, Fiorentin, A, Gambetta, G, Gnesotto, F, Grando, L, Jain, P, Maistrello, A, Manduchi, G, Marconato, N, Moresco, M, Ocello, E, Pavei, M, Peruzzo, S, Pilan, N, Pimazzoni, A, Recchia, M, Rizzolo, A, Rostagni, G, Sartori, E, Siragusa, M, Sonato, P, Sottocornola, A, Spada, E, Spagnolo, S, Spolaore, M, Taliercio, C, Valente, M, Veltri, P, Zamengo, A, Zaniol, B, Zanotto, L, Zaupa, M, Boilson, D, Graceffa, J, Svensson, L, Schunke, B, Decamps, H, Urbani, M, Kushwah, M, Chareyre, J, Singh, M, Bonicelli, T, Agarici, G, Masiello, A, Paolucci, F, Simon, M, Bailly Maitre, L, Bragulat, E, Gomez, G, Gutierrez, D, Mico, G, Moreno, J, Pilard, V, Kashiwagi, M, Hanada, M, Tobari, H, Watanabe, K, Maeshima, T, Kojima, A, Umeda, N, Yamanaka, H, Chakraborty, A, Baruah, U, Rotti, C, Patel, H, Nagaraju, M, Singh, N, Patel, A, Dhola, H, Raval, B, Fantz, U, Heinemann, B, Kraus, W, Hanke, S, Hauer, V, Ochoa, S, Blatchford, P, Chuilon, B, Xue, Y, De Esch, H, Hemsworth, R, Croci, G, Gorini, G, Rebai, M, Muraro, A, Cavenago, M, D'Arienzo, M, and Sandri, S

Subjects
Computer science, Nuclear engineering, NBI, PRIMA, PRIMA: the ITER Neutral Beam Test Facility (NBTF), neutral beam injector, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, ITER, Heating Neutral Beam Injector (HNB), PRIMA: the ITER Neutral Beam Test Facility (NBTF), SPIDER, MITICA, law, ITER, 0103 physical sciences, NBTF, General Materials Science, Spider, 010306 general physics, Civil and Structural Engineering, Test facility, Mitica, Mechanical Engineering, neutral beam test facility, Injector, Heating Neutral Beam Injector (HNB), Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Materials Science (all), Realization (systems), Beam (structure)
Abstract

The realization of the ITER Neutral Beam Test Facility (NBTF) and the start the experimental phase are important tasks of the fusion roadmap, since the target requirements of injecting to the plasma a beam of Deuterium atoms with a power up to 16.5 MW, at 1MeV of energy and with a pulse length up to 3600s have never been reached together before. The ITER NBTF, called PRIMA (Padova Research on ITER Megavolt Accelerator), is hosted in Padova, Italy; it includes two experiments: MITICA, the full-scale prototype of the ITER injector and SPIDER, the full-size negative ion source. The realization promoted by the ITER organization is carried out with the contribution of the European Union, channeled through the Joint Undertaking for ITER (F4E), of the Consorzio RFX which hosts the Test Facility, the Japanese and the Indian ITER Domestic Agencies (JADA and INDA) and several European laboratories, such as IPP-Garching, KIT-Karlsruhe, CCFECulham, CEA-Cadarache. The early start of operation of PRIMA experiments is urgent because sufficient experimental time is necessary to face and solve the issues related to the achievement of the desired performance in time for the ITER operation, requiring NBI since the beginning. Substantial progresses have been recently achieved: the buildings construction, begun in October 2012, has been completed by the end of 2015 and the installation of some components has been started since the end of 2014. The SPIDER realization is well advanced: the installation phase is proceeding in good agreement with the general plan; it is expected to be almost completed by the end of 2016. In parallel, the commissioning of the SPIDER power supply (PS) and auxiliary plant systems is being proceeding. Tests at full power and remote control are planned, including also those addressed to reproduce the grid breakdowns and to test the relevant protections. The design of the MITICA injector components was completed in 2015their procurement is being made through a number of tenders, some of them already launched. The HV Power Supply system of the MITICA 1MV accelerator, provided by JADA, was delivered on site in December 2015. The challenging installation of these components, including the step-up transformers and the SF6 gas insulated transmission line, started soon after and will go on throughout 2016. The present phase, with the PRIMA buildings continuously filled with new components, with the installation activities progressing and with also the commissioning and testing phase starting represents a substantial step forward toward the main target. The paper will describe the main challenges the Project Team has dealt during this phase and the important feedback derived for the ITER HNB systems both from the technical and the organizational standpoints.

Published
2017
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11. The ITER Neutral Beam Test Facility toward SPIDER operation

Author

J.F. Moreno, A. Zamengo, M. Urbani, P. Zaccaria, C. Baltador, W. Kraus, Alberto Ferro, V. Pilard, M. Spolaore, M. Bigi, H. Dhola, Ujjwal Baruah, Pierluigi Veltri, Gabriele Croci, M. J. Singh, A. Pimazzoni, G. Mico, C. Rotti, E. Spada, Piero Agostinetti, A. Muraro, Gabriele Manduchi, D. Gutierrez, L. Bailly-Maitre, M. Battistella, F. Fellin, Marica Rebai, M. Fröschle, Marco Barbisan, Emanuele Sartori, Marco Cavenago, G. Agarici, S. Dal Bello, M. Simon, V. Antoni, J. Chareyre, Luca Grando, R. Riedl, P. Jain, M. Valente, M.V. Nagaraju, Roberto Pasqualotto, Diego Marcuzzi, Gianluigi Serianni, M. Kushwah, M. Dalla Palma, M. Tardocchi, C. Wimmer, E. Bragulat, Barbara Zaniol, D. Boilson, J. Graceffa, D. Wünderlich, M. De Muri, R. S. Hemsworth, R. Delogu, L. Zanotto, M. Boldrin, Namita Singh, Ursel Fantz, M. Brombin, Matteo Agostini, M. Siragusa, R. Piovan, A. Patel, B. Raval, Riccardo Nocentini, G. Gambetta, N. Pomaro, Giuseppe Chitarin, F. Paolucci, M. Pavei, Silvia Spagnolo, Simone Peruzzo, Elena Gaio, D. Aprile, Hitesh Patel, M. Recchia, A.K. Chakraborty, Bernd Heinemann, Loic Schiesko, A. De Lorenzi, A. Masiello, A. Garbuglia, M. Zaupa, Vanni Toigo, B. Schunke, G. Gomez, Andrea Rizzolo, Nicolò Marconato, Giuseppe Gorini, H. Decamps, C. Taliercio, Nicola Pilan, Tullio Bonicelli, Adriano Luchetta, A. Maistrello, Lennart Svensson, Toigo, V, Dal Bello, S, Gaio, E, Luchetta, A, Pasqualotto, R, Zaccaria, P, Bigi, M, Chitarin, G, Marcuzzi, D, Pomaro, N, Serianni, G, Agostinetti, P, Agostini, M, Antoni, V, Aprile, D, Baltador, C, Barbisan, M, Battistella, M, Boldrin, M, Brombin, M, Dalla Palma, M, De Lorenzi, A, Delogu, R, De Muri, M, Fellin, F, Ferro, A, Gambetta, G, Grando, L, Jain, P, Maistrello, A, Manduchi, G, Marconato, N, Pavei, M, Peruzzo, S, Pilan, N, Pimazzoni, A, Piovan, R, Recchia, M, Rizzolo, A, Sartori, E, Siragusa, M, Spada, E, Spagnolo, S, Spolaore, M, Taliercio, C, Valente, M, Veltri, P, Zamengo, A, Zaniol, B, Zanotto, L, Zaupa, M, Boilson, D, Graceffa, J, Svensson, L, Schunke, B, Decamps, H, Urbani, M, Kushwah, M, Chareyre, J, Singh, M, Bonicelli, T, Agarici, G, Garbuglia, A, Masiello, A, Paolucci, F, Simon, M, Bailly maitre, L, Bragulat, E, Gomez, G, Gutierrez, D, Mico, G, Moreno, J, Pilard, V, Chakraborty, A, Baruah, U, Rotti, C, Patel, H, Nagaraju, M, Singh, N, Patel, A, Dhola, H, Raval, B, Fantz, U, Frã¶schle, M, Heinemann, B, Kraus, W, Nocentini, R, Riedl, R, Schiesko, L, Wimmer, C, Wã¼nderlich, D, Cavenago, M, Croci, G, Gorini, G, Rebai, M, Muraro, A, Tardocchi, M, and Hemsworth, R

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Spider, Test facility, Nuclear engineering, PRIMA: the ITER Neutral Beam Test Facility (NBTF), Condensed Matter Physics, ITER, heating neutral beam injector (HNB), PRIMA: the ITER Neutral Beam Test Facility (NBTF), SPIDER, 01 natural sciences, SPIDER, 010305 fluids & plasmas, heating neutral beam injector (HNB), ITER, 0103 physical sciences, 010306 general physics, Beam (structure), Nuclear and High Energy Physic
Abstract

SPIDER is one of two projects of the ITER Neutral Beam Test Facility under construction in Padova, Italy, at the Consorzio RFX premises. It will have a 100 keV beam source with a full-size prototype of the radiofrequency ion source for the ITER neutral beam injector (NBI) and also, similar to the ITER diagnostic neutral beam, it is designed to operate with a pulse length of up to 3600 s, featuring an ITER-like magnetic filter field configuration (for high extraction of negative ions) and caesium oven (for high production of negative ions) layout as well as a wide set of diagnostics. These features will allow a reproduction of the ion source operation in ITER, which cannot be done in any other existing test facility. SPIDER realization is well advanced and the first operation is expected at the beginning of 2018, with the mission of achieving the ITER heating and diagnostic NBI ion source requirements and of improving its performance in terms of reliability and availability. This paper mainly focuses on the preparation of the first SPIDER operations - integration and testing of SPIDER components, completion and implementation of diagnostics and control and formulation of operation and research plan, based on a staged strategy

Published
2017
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12. The PRIMA test facility: SPIDER and MITICA test-beds for ITER neutral beam injectors

Author

S. Hanke, M. Pavei, Sandro Sandri, L. Bailly-Maitre, G. Gomez, Emanuele Sartori, Diego Marcuzzi, Atsushi Kojima, A.K. Chakraborty, Vanni Toigo, T. Maejima, Kazuhiro Watanabe, Nicola Pilan, G. Mico, C. Rotti, A. Sottocornola, A. Zamengo, A. Masiello, Nicolò Marconato, Giuseppe Gorini, V. Antoni, B. Schunke, J. Chareyre, Gabriele Manduchi, G. Rostagni, P. Zaccaria, Gianluigi Serianni, Y. Xue, Alberto Ferro, M. Valente, M. De Muri, M. Bigi, R. S. Hemsworth, A. Muraro, S. Ochoa, Gabriele Croci, M. Brombin, Hiroyuki Tobari, A. Pimazzoni, M. Kushwah, Simone Peruzzo, Andrea Rizzolo, D. Boilson, Piergiorgio Sonato, M.V. Nagaraju, M. Recchia, M. Zaupa, H. Yamanaka, M. Dalla Palma, F. Fellin, Elena Gaio, D. Aprile, J.F. Moreno, L. Zanotto, M. Spolaore, Ujjwal Baruah, M. Siragusa, Bernd Heinemann, H. Decamps, C. Taliercio, A. Garbuglia, A. Fiorentin, W. Kraus, M. Battistella, Muriel Simon, Francesco Gnesotto, E. Bragulat, Matteo Agostini, E. Ocello, Silvia Spagnolo, S. Dal Bello, Marco Cavenago, E. Spada, Daniel Gutierrez, Tullio Bonicelli, P. Blatchford, B. Chuilon, A. De Lorenzi, Piero Agostinetti, J. Graceffa, P. Jain, Marica Rebai, G. Gambetta, H.P.L. de Esch, A. Tonti, M. Moresco, Namita Singh, Lennart Svensson, Ursel Fantz, M. Urbani, M. Boldrin, C. Baltador, Adriano Luchetta, A. Maistrello, Giuseppe Chitarin, R. Piovan, H. Dhola, M. J. Singh, M. Tardocchi, Roberto Pasqualotto, V. Pilard, Pierluigi Veltri, G. Agarici, Mieko Kashiwagi, Barbara Zaniol, R. Delogu, Marco Barbisan, Luca Grando, F. Paolucci, Hitesh Patel, N. Pomaro, Naotaka Umeda, Marco D’Arienzo, B. Raval, Volker Hauer, A. Patel, Masaya Hanada, Toigo, V, Piovan, R, Bello, S, Gaio, E, Luchetta, A, Pasqualotto, R, Zaccaria, P, Bigi, M, Chitarin, G, Marcuzzi, D, Pomaro, N, Serianni, G, Agostinetti, P, Agostini, M, Antoni, V, Aprile, D, Baltador, C, Barbisan, M, Battistella, M, Boldrin, M, Brombin, M, Palma, M, De Lorenzi, A, Delogu, R, De Muri, M, Fellin, F, Ferro, A, Fiorentin, A, Gambetta, G, Gnesotto, F, Grando, L, Jain, P, Maistrello, A, Manduchi, G, Marconato, N, Moresco, M, Ocello, E, Pavei, M, Peruzzo, S, Pilan, N, Pimazzoni, A, Recchia, M, Rizzolo, A, Rostagni, G, Sartori, E, Siragusa, M, Sonato, P, Sottocornola, A, Spada, E, Spagnolo, S, Spolaore, M, Taliercio, C, Valente, M, Veltri, P, Zamengo, A, Zaniol, B, Zanotto, L, Zaupa, M, Boilson, D, Graceffa, J, Svensson, L, Schunke, B, Decamps, H, Urbani, M, Kushwah, M, Chareyre, J, Singh, M, Bonicelli, T, Agarici, G, Garbuglia, A, Masiello, A, Paolucci, F, Simon, M, Bailly maitre, L, Bragulat, E, Gomez, G, Gutierrez, D, Mico, G, Moreno, J, Pilard, V, Kashiwagi, M, Hanada, M, Tobari, H, Watanabe, K, Maejima, T, Kojima, A, Umeda, N, Yamanaka, H, Chakraborty, A, Baruah, U, Rotti, C, Patel, H, Nagaraju, M, Singh, N, Patel, A, Dhola, H, Raval, B, Fantz, U, Heinemann, B, Kraus, W, Hanke, S, Hauer, V, Ochoa, S, Blatchford, P, Chuilon, B, Xue, Y, De Esch, H, Hemsworth, R, Croci, G, Gorini, G, Rebai, M, Muraro, A, Tardocchi, M, Cavenago, M, D'Arienzo, M, Sandri, S, and Tonti, A

Subjects
Nuclear engineering, General Physics and Astronomy, PRIMA, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, MITICA, Physics and Astronomy (all), Neutral beam injector, law, ITER, 0103 physical sciences, ddc:530, ITER, heating neutral beam injector, ITER neutral beam test facility, PRIMA, SPIDER, MITICA, 010306 general physics, heating neutral beam injector, Physics, Spider, Test facility, ITER neutral beam test facility, Advanced stage, Injector, SPIDER, Atomic physics, Beam (structure)
Abstract

The ITER Neutral Beam Test Facility (NBTF), called PRIMA (Padova Research on ITER Megavolt Accelerator), is hosted in Padova, Italy and includes two experiments: MITICA, the full-scale prototype of the ITER heating neutral beam injector, and SPIDER, the full-size radio frequency negative-ions source. The NBTF realization and the exploitation of SPIDER and MITICA have been recognized as necessary to make the future operation of the ITER heating neutral beam injectors efficient and reliable, fundamental to the achievement of thermonuclear-relevant plasma parameters in ITER. This paper reports on design and R&D carried out to construct PRIMA, SPIDER and MITICA, and highlights the huge progress made in just a few years, from the signature of the agreement for the NBTF realization in 2011, up to now - when the buildings and relevant infrastructures have been completed, SPIDER is entering the integrated commissioning phase and the procurements of several MITICA components are at a well advanced stage

Published
2017
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