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Traditionally, factions and seniority determined who became President of the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) and, thus, Japan's Prime Minister. Since the electoral reform of 1994, however, some scholars have argued that the role of factions has declined, and this has led to ongoing debates over the extent to which factions and other factors have helped determine who will become the leader of Japan's LDP. Using data from the 2021 LDP Presidential election, we find that it is not policy but factional affiliations that matter for LDP members in selecting their leader. In addition to this finding, we disaggregate faction and show that the influence of this political institution in LDP Presidential elections varies across different factions. We also find that electorally weaker LDP incumbents are more likely to support a candidate who is more popular among Japanese voters in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Relaciones Internacionales (1699-3950) is the property of Autonomous University of Madrid, Spain, International Relations Studies Group (GERI) Law Faculty and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Relaciones Internacionales (1699-3950) is the property of Autonomous University of Madrid, Spain, International Relations Studies Group (GERI) Law Faculty and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Relaciones Internacionales (1699-3950) is the property of Autonomous University of Madrid, Spain, International Relations Studies Group (GERI) Law Faculty and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Despite the pervasive social constructivist turn, regardless of some exceptions, discussions of race, racialization and racism continue to focus on the relatively essentialist White/non-White binary. In this article, I move from the White/non-White binary to consider the dynamics and practices of racialization, racism and racial conflicts in Japan where there are no phenotypical distinctions between the dominant and the main racialized minority groups – the Burakumin, the Ainu, the Okinawans, the Zainichi Koreans and the Chinese. The main argument made in this article is that in Japan, class and power inequalities generated by colonialism, the division of labour, adoption and the deployment of the dominant Western 19th-century discourse of 'scientific racism' contributed to 'racial formations', 'racial projects' and the construction of the racialized boundaries that fuelled and continue to compete over material and non-material resources. A historical sociology of the permanent dialectic between class and race in Japan is offered in this article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Laboratorio is the property of Universidad Diego Portales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Interventions Économiques is the property of Association d'Economie Politique and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studii de Ştiintă şi Cultură is the property of Studii de Stiinta si Cultura and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Japan has been a country of interest and curiosity in our country since ancient times, and various articles have been written about it, both in literary works and in media. While the first information about Japan appeared in the 11th century, the first news was made in the 19th century. In the first news published in the newspaper Ceride-i Havadis, general information about Japan was given. After this news, articles on Japan started to be written not only in newspapers but also in magazines. During the Republican Era, news about Japan continued to be conveyed to the readers. News about the political situation of Japan, which was the superior power in the Far East, was heavily written in the newspapers. This study is focused on Japan in the context of Hakimiyet-i Milliye, one of the most important newspapers of the Republican Era. The years from 1929 to 1934 were chosen as the time period. It was tried to examine which news items on Japan were covered in the specified date range. As a result of the study, it has been seen that even the smallest detail about Japan was conveyed to the readers in the newspaper. It has been concluded that the newspaper's pages titled "Latest News", "Latest News from Outside" and "Curious Pages" have a high concentration of short news on Japan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dany Laferrière has demonstrated a continuous engagement with Japan, beginning with the novel Éroshima in 1987 and continuing to his most recent publication in 2021, Sur la route avec Bashō. The aim of this article is to understand what role Japan plays within Laferrière's writing and how it helps us understand the complex network of sex, power, and race in his work. Between the cosmopolitanism of the network of nation-states and the despair of identity politics, I situate Laferrière's use of Japan as a fantasy that empowers the writer beyond the impasse of a white-black racial imaginary. Reading Laferrière this way allows us to understand how his writing uses the fantasy of the Orient, often to the detriment of Asian women. As such it contributes to comparative work between Asian and French literatures, debates in Francophonie, and critical understandings of race in the Francophone sphere of the Americas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explains the role of political parties in influencing a democratic state's international security cooperation policy. It focuses on Japan's expanded security cooperation with Southeast Asian countries pushed by the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) under Prime Minister Shinzo Abe. The LDP as the ruling party saw Japan's expanded security cooperation with Southeast Asian countries as an effort to success Abe's "Take Back Japan" campaign and to overperform the previous Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ) administration. Moreover, Japan was able to expand its security cooperation with Southeast Asian countries because LDP and its junior coalition partner New Komeito, using its preliminary review system in foreign and security policy making, and its stable power in parliament, were able to pass security legislations allowing Japan's to have more security cooperation with Southeast Asian countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Actas de Diseño is the property of Facultad de Diseno y Comunicacion, Fundacion Universidad de Palermo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ayer: Revista de Historia Contemporánea is the property of Asociacion de Historia Contemporanea and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

À partir d'un entretien avec François Laplantine, anthropologue, professeur émérite de l'université Lumière Lyon 2, il s'agit d'explorer les principaux jalons de son parcours, de la philosophie du mal à l'anthropologie de la maladie et à l'ethnopsychiatrie, en particulier l'ethnopsychiatrie psychanalytique, puis des travaux sur le Brésil et le Japon à une centration sur la thématique de la création artistique. La méthode consiste en un entretien réalisé avec François Laplantine. Les questions concernent d'abord sa formation personnelle, puis les raisons de l'évolution des thèmes sur lesquels portent ses ouvrages et enfin sur son exploration de divers champs de la création, littérature, cinéma, théâtre et danse contemporaine. François Laplantine évoque son passage de la philosophie du mal, avec sa première thèse en philosophie sous la direction de Paul Ricœur, à l'anthropologie de la maladie, avec la rencontre de Devereux. Il décrit ses travaux sur la question des métissages, puis son passage de la psychanalyse à une initiation au Candomblé au Brésil, pratique du multiple qu'il rapproche de différentes formes du théâtre en France. Il parcourt alors l'évolution de ses écrits, à partir de ses explorations au Brésil et au Japon, vers la création artistique, notamment la littérature, la musique, la danse, le cinéma. Il évoque l'œuvre de nombreux artistes et aussi différents types de mises en scène des catastrophes, notamment des mises en scène minimalistes dans le théâtre japonais, avec le Nō, le butô. La question du langage, de l'indicible et de l'invisible, apparaît au cœur de son travail par rapport à la création. Il évoque aussi ses travaux sur l'imaginaire, le hors-champ, ainsi que sur le temps et l'espace, en lien avec la problématique de la création. François Laplantine défend l'idée qu'une mission des arts contemporains est de tenter de dire la catastrophe ; il explore les limites du langage et avance que l'une des fonctions du théâtre et plus encore de la danse contemporaine consiste dans la mise en scène du drame de l'insuffisance du langage. Le recours à la création artistique s'impose comme une nécessité, dans la tension entre dire et montrer. L'exploration de la création artistique apparaît comme une voie royale pour un anthropologue comme François Laplantine. Based on an interview with François Laplantine, anthropologist and professor emeritus at the University Lumière Lyon 2, the aim is to explore the main milestones in his career, from the philosophy of evil to the anthropology of illness and ethnopsychiatry, in particular psychoanalytic ethnopsychiatry, then from work on Brazil and Japan to a focus on the theme of artistic creation. The method consists of an interview with François Laplantine. The questions deal first with his personal background, then with the reasons for the evolution of the themes on which his works are based, and finally with his exploration of various fields of creation: literature, cinema, theatre and contemporary dance. François Laplantine describes his transition from the philosophy of evil, with his first thesis in philosophy under the supervision of Paul Ricœur, to the anthropology of illness, with his encounter with Devereux. He describes his work on the question of métissages, then his transition from psychoanalysis to an initiation into Candomblé in Brazil, a practice of the multiple that he likens to different forms of theatre in France. He then traces the evolution of his writings from his explorations in Brazil and Japan to artistic creation, particularly literature, music, dance, and film. He discusses the work of many artists, as well as different types of staging of disasters, particularly minimalist stagings in Japanese theatre, with nō and butô. The question of language, of the unspeakable and the invisible, appears central to his work in relation to creation. He also discusses his work on the imaginary and the off-screen, as well as on time and space, in relation to the issue of creation. François Laplantine defends the idea that one of the missions of contemporary arts is to attempt to express catastrophe; he explores the limits of language and argues that one of the functions of theatre, and even more so of contemporary dance, is to stage the drama of the inadequacy of language. Recourse to artistic creation is a necessity, in the tension between telling and showing. Exploring artistic creation appears to be a royal road for an anthropologist like François Laplantine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is part of the reflection on the Japanese animated series Hakuoki Shinsegumi Kitan (Idea Factory, 2010), an adaptation of an otome video game saga with the name of Hakouki. The narrative places us in the Edo era where the protagonist, Chizuru, is forced to dress as a man and live under the rules of the members of the Shinsengumi, one of the last police forces of the Tokuwaga Shogunate period. From an interdisciplinary approach, we will analyze how the animation of this Japanese series translates and models otaku culture based on three fundamental components: emotion, history, and esthetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Associated with Japan, anime is an artistic-communicational language based on animation. While its definition is widely discussed, some authors agree that “anime may not necessarily denote animation from a specific country but rather indicates a way of positioning images and information onscreen and how viewers interact with them” (Brian Ruh). Particularly in Japan, after World War II, with the U.S. occupation and the bombing of Nagasaki and Hiroshima, a literary tendency is gestated on this traumatic scenario that relates adult failure, the destruction of the world and the survival of a group of young people impregnated with imported ideals linked to freedom and democracy, in a context in which tradition failed but did not disappear. Kill la Kill is an animated production that can be labeled in this trend: it introduces an extraterrestrial creature called Life Fiber, which has contributed to the development of humanity and now threatens to destroy it; a group of young people must fight it from different ideological fronts, except that the invader will also be an ally. This paper will analyze the thematic relations that occur in the encounter between humans and ‘life fibers’, starting from epistemological coordinates coming from posthumanist and transhumanist philosophy – Monica Cragnolini, Donna Haraway, Giorgio Agamben – and the representations constructed from the category of ‘monster’ – Julia Kristeva, Robin Wood, Jefrey Cohen –, that plurisignificant figure related to ‘the other’, characterized as different and that must be annihilated or assimilated. Who is the monster and in what way should it be confronted? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

If it can be said for certain that dramatization is intimately part of Araki Nobuyoshi's works, then how the use of this detachment from objectivity - believed to be inextricably bound up with the photography as a media - becomes a component of an aesthetic language in itself? The sprawling work Tokyo Lucky Hole shows, with a bold brightness that recalls Walker Evans' "documentary style", much more than a mere immersion in Tokyo Kabukichō's clubs and peepshows. Accordingly, the nude body - feminine, even masculine - seizes the main place of Araki's work through his models' acting. By means of three different analysis lines, we will discuss in this essay the importance of bodies position (clothed, then naked) in this unusual work, whether this position is internal or external to the image. Bodies positioning seems to convey a major meaning through their juxtaposition or repetitions, which could ultimately be understood firstly as the medium of the language of pseudo-objectivity, and secondly as the indicator of some social criticism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the relational identity perspective of critical constructivism, it is proposed that Japan's national identity (i.e., the state narrative) has been a political construction made by decision-making leaders, and has been established on selectively replicating foreign entities, with the aim of providing order and legitimation to the authorities while pursuing a distinctive nationalist narrative. In the Edo period with China, in the imperial era with the West, and in the post-war phase with the United States; It is observed that there continually exists a teacher o "civilized center" (Hua) who exerts great influence over the country, and that Japanese leaders seek to selectively replicate, while maintaining a particular notion of national identity. The great temporal extension of the research is defended, arguing the nature of the objective as well as the importance of a broad and different view other than modern State-centrism in International Relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ámbitos: Revista de Estudios de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades is the property of Asociacion de Estudios de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Humania del Sur: Revista de Estudios Latinoamericanos, Africanos y Asiáticos is the property of Humania del Sur. Estudios Latinoamericanos Africanos y Asiaticos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Humania del Sur: Revista de Estudios Latinoamericanos, Africanos y Asiáticos is the property of Humania del Sur. Estudios Latinoamericanos Africanos y Asiaticos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Humania del Sur: Revista de Estudios Latinoamericanos, Africanos y Asiáticos is the property of Humania del Sur. Estudios Latinoamericanos Africanos y Asiaticos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract In 1986, the Japanese architect Osamu Ishiyama published the book Warau Jūtaku (Laughing House), where he humorously aimed to demonstrate that the houses he designed could be built for less than the average price of a typical house at that time. A decade prior, following the advice of his teacher Kenji Kawai, he embarked on a series of trips to the United States, which eventually led to the production of a series of houses through his company Dam Dan. Ishiyama capitalized on the price difference in building materials by industrializing an assembly process through the importation of containers from North America. These experiences in the realm of assembly laid the foundation for what Ishiyama called Akihabara kankaku (Akihabara Sensibility). Inspired by the Akihabara market, the architect envisioned the home as a self-constructed artifact made from readily available components. Resumen En 1986 el arquitecto japonés Osamu Ishiyama publicó el libro Warau Jūtaku (Casa de la risa), en el que de una forma jocosa pretendía demostrar que las viviendas que diseñaba podían construirse por debajo del precio medio de una casa típica de la época. Una década antes, aconsejado por su maestro Kenji Kawai, comenzaba un ciclo de viajes a Estados Unidos que desembocarían en la producción de una serie de viviendas con su compañía Dam Dan. Ishiyama aprovechó la diferencia de precio de los materiales de construcción para industrializar un proceso de ensamblaje a través de la importación de contenedores desde Norte América. Estas incursiones en el mundo del ensamblaje cimentaron la idea de Ishiyama en torno a lo que llamó Akihabara kankaku (Sensibilidad Akihabara). El mercado de Akihabara inspiró la idea del arquitecto, de que la vivienda debía ser un artefacto autoconstruido a partir de componentes de fácil adquisición.

The Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs officially claims that Japan had discovered Takeshima (Dokdo) since the seventeenth century, but this article argues that quite to the contrary, Isotakeshima Oboegaki, a primary source that confirms Japan's recognition of Dokdo as Korean territory, clearly corrects this claim. Isotakeshima Oboegaki's importance can be explained in three ways. First, Japan's official position regarding Dokdo wrongly conflates different uses of "Takeshima" depending on historical context and ignores that it was because of a paucity of Japanese sources confirming Japanese ownership over Takeshima (Ulleungdo) and a comparative certainty from the Korean government, forcing a reluctant Bakufu to admit the deficit in historical evidence and order that Japanese fishermen cannot trespass into Ulleungdo. Second, Isotakeshima Oboegaki was not just a document of its time but a key primary source that the Meiji government invoked as undeniable evidence to officially declare in the Dajokan Directive that neither Dokdo nor Ulleungdo were under Japanese sovereignty due to a paucity of evidence. Finally, Isotakeshima Oboegaki terminates Japan's logic regarding Dokdo because it contradicts the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs' claim of "original discovery" regarding Dokdo and Ulleungdo and corrects the mistaken notion of terra nullius. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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China's economic growth and related assertiveness are causing significant changes in the Asia Pacific strategic environment, producing policy responses from the region's major powers, and gaining linkage with 1914 Europe. This article revisits the analogy, made in 2014, between the Asia Pacific today and Europe of 1914 to theoretically explain Asia Pacific's strategic environment vis-à-vis China's rise and the responses of four Asia Pacific powers—the United States, Australia, India, and Japan. Using the notion of "security dilemma," I argue that a perceived threat of China's newfound confidence expressed in military aggressions creates distrust, fear, and uncertainty in the Asia Pacific, resembling Germany and its ambitions in the first half of twentieth century Europe. However, the similarity does not necessarily mean that the two environments and periods would produce similar outcomes because the strategic conditions are different. Asia Pacific today is more constrained in alliances than twentieth century Europe. I conclude by critiquing the balance of power to propose a power-sharing mechanism in the region to ensure peace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article sheds light on the growing, but understudied role of the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) in supporting the local production of master plans across the African continent as a tool for guiding long-term investments in urban development. To explore the multiple logics, actors and interests driving the conception, preparation and implementation of these plans, we approach urban master planning as a transcalar process, through which diverse investment, planning and governance arrangements are produced and mobilized in ways that transcend the city scale. We illuminate these dynamics by building on an analysis of the history of Japanese development cooperation and drawing on case studies of JICA master planning in Malawi, Ghana and Tanzania. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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2023 is a significant year for Argentina and for the bilateral relations with Japan. This year marks the 40th anniversary of the return to democracy in our country and the 125th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between Argentina and Japan. Having in mind this historical context, this paper's goal is to analyze Japan-Argentina bilateral relations since the coming of democracy, between 1983 and 2022. To accomplish that goal, the following 4 dimensions will be described: political-diplomatic, commercial, development cooperation and finance. Lastly, this paper will end with some reflections on the bilateral relations future prospects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The analysis of the role of traditional and emerging donors during the COVID-19 pandemic, without a doubt, allows us to assess the actions implemented during the most critical years of the massive infections of SARS CoV2, in addition to its social and economic effects. In this sense, this article seeks to explore, under an analytical-descriptive approach, the experiences of Spain and Japan, as actors of International Development Cooperation, in the face of this global health emergency. From this perspective, we proceed to identify some of the humanitarian aid initiatives and other cooperation modalities implemented at the regional and bilateral level that, undoubtedly, allow us to explain the convergences of both actors in their contribution to react to the pandemic according to their priorities and principles of their international strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The literature of electoral reform explains politicians' preferences and social forces such as working‐class power or expansions of the suffrage are the major factors that bring about a change in electoral rules. However, we argue that generational replacement and electoral issue effects lead politicians to introduce a new electoral system for their electoral survival in future. By examining Japan's surveys for pre‐ and postreform elections, we show that the entrance of new generation and salient issue concerns dissolve electoral bases of political parties and finally give rise to a change in the rules of the game for the greater electoral stability that political elites desire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article verifies three conditions in its aim to confirm the influence of Japan's experience on the introduction timing and policy model of South Korean long‐term care insurance (LTCI). First, the LTCI systems in Korea and Japan agree in terms of their core principles. Both are based on a separate social insurance system and ensure financial sustainability at the expense of service quality in response to the need to elevate expenditure. Second, the policymaking process reveals the reference relationship between the two systems. The advocacy coalition for LTCI suggested introducing an LTCI based on Japan's experience. However, their rationale was constrained due to the bounded rationality of policy learning. Finally, this article demonstrates that the rival arguments cannot completely explain the introduction of the Korean LTCI without considering the bounded learning argument. Consequently, the results of this study indicate that policy learning is critical to welfare development in latecomer welfare states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Manga has established itself as one of the world's most profitable publishing industries, becoming a major artistic movement of the 21st century whose influence has permeated other media such as film, music, video games and fashion. This article attempts to identify the existence of a general semantics in manga narrative, as well as its industrial influence. This leads us to predict the disappearance of its commercial genres due to a process of hybridization that is occurring in contemporary productions, implying the dismantling of the male hegemony rooted in it for decades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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En 1872 se produjo una controversia jurídico-diplomática entre Japón y Perú debido a que un juez japonés ordenó la liberación de los inmigrantes chinos a bordo del barco peruano María Luz. Dicha controversia supuso la primera ocasión en que se cuestionó la validez del régimen de extraterritorialidad que se había impuesto a China y Japón durante la segunda mitad del siglo XIX, en virtud del cual se eximía a los ciudadanos de un conjunto de países occidentales del alcance del Derecho y la jurisdicción de las autoridades chinas y japonesas. El desenlace de la controversia condujo, a su vez, al establecimiento de relaciones diplomáticas entre el Perú y el Imperio Qing, entablándose por primera vez relaciones bilaterales entre un país latinoamericano y China y Japón. Este artículo, a partir del examen de la controversia suscitada en torno al incidente del María Luz, analiza el cuestionamiento de los Tratados Desiguales impuestos por los Estados occidentales a China y Japón durante la segunda mitad del siglo XIX; abordando a su vez el establecimiento de relaciones diplomáticas entre estos dos países asiáticos y Perú y la inmigración china a este último país. Se presta particular atención al surgimiento de las ideas de Estado-Nación en China y Japón en el contexto del cuestionamiento de la extraterritorialidad.

Copyright of Human Review is the property of Eagora Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)