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Being an important Islamic concept, tawakkul is a fundamental and core value in the Islamic belief system. The present research intended to investigate the role of tawakkul between religious orientation and stress. A purposive sample of (N = 350) Muslim adults aged 25 years and above (M = 31.92, SD = 8.72) was recruited for the study. Tawakkul Scale, the Urdu version of the Stress Subscale of DASS-21, and the Urdu version of the Religious Orientation Scale were used for measuring the focal constructs. Results indicated that tawakkul had a negative relationship with stress and extrinsic social religious orientation and a positive relationship with intrinsic religious orientation and extrinsic personal religious orientation. Tawakkul also mediated the relationships of intrinsic and extrinsic personal religious orientations with stress. Implications of the study and suggestions for future investigations have been discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a fundamental value in the Islamic belief system, tawakkul is defined as the belief in the sufficiency of God that involves positive efforts to achieve one's goals while accepting the outcomes unconditionally. The present research intended to develop a psychometrically sound measure of tawakkul and it comprised two studies. In study I, an initial item pool of 60 items was developed based on the content analyses of Quranic verses with the root word 'w–k–l' and the findings of two focus group discussions with psychologists, Islamic scholars, and common Muslim adults. This item pool was reviewed by a committee of experts resulting in a 40-item initial draft of the Tawakkul Scale, which was administered on a purposive sample of (N = 300) Pakistani Muslim adults. The findings of the exploratory factor analysis revealed a four-factor structure (loadings ranged from.56 to.96) of the Tawakkul Scale that cumulatively explained 76.67% variance. The factors included belief in the sufficiency of God (11 items), unconditional acceptance of God's will (6 items), efforts (4 items), and annihilation of one's own will (3 items). All factors were moderately related to each other with good values of Cronbach's alpha (α ≥.83). Study II replicated the factorial structure of the Tawakkul Scale through confirmatory factor analysis and established its construct validity in an independent sample of (N = 350) Pakistani Muslim adults. Tawakkul had a positive relationship with secure attachment to God and a negative relationship with insecure attachment to God that affirmed its construct validity. Overall, the findings indicated that the Tawakkul Scale is a psychometrically sound measure that needs to be further studied in Muslim populations across the globe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]