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1. The Ganymede Laser Altimeter (GALA) for the Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (JUICE): Mission, science, and instrumentation of its receiver modules

Author

Enya, Keigo, Kobayashi, Masanori, Kimura, Jun, Araki, Hiroshi, Namiki, Noriyuki, Noda, Hirotomo, Kashima, Shingo, Oshigami, Shoko, Ishibashi, Ko, Yamawaki, T., Tohara, Kazuyuki, Saito, Yoshifumi, Ozaki, Masanobu, Mizuno, Takahide, Kamata, Shunichi, Matsumoto, Koji, Sasaki, Sho, Kuramoto, Kiyoshi, Sato, Yuki, Yokozawa, Takeshi, Numata, Tsutomu, Mizumoto, Satoko, Mizuno, Hiroyuki, Nagamine, Kenta, Sawamura, Akihiko, Tanimoto, Kazuo, Imai, Hisato, Nakagawa, Hiroyuki, Kirino, Okiharu, Green, David, Fujii, Masayuki, Iwamura, Satoru, Fujishiro, Naofumi, Matsumoto, Yoshiaki, Lingenauber, Kay, Kallenbach, Reinald, Althaus, Christian, Behnke, Thomas, Binger, Jan, Daurskikh, Anna, Eisenmenger, Henri, Heer, Ulrich, Hüttig, Christian, Lara, Luisa M., Lichopoj, Alexander, Lötzke, Horst-Georg, Lüdicke, Fabian, Michaelis, Harald, Pablo Rodriguez Garcia, Juan, Rösner, Kerstin, Stark, Alexander, Steinbrügge, Gregor, Thabaut, Pascal, Thomas, Nicolas, Del Togno, Simone, Wahl, Daniel, Wendler, Belinda, Wickhusen, Kai, Willner, Konrad, Hussmann, Hauke, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), European Commission, National Natural Science Foundation of China, and Chinese Academy of Sciences

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, Finite element method, Binary asteroids, 520 Astronomy, GPU, Aerospace Engineering, Laser Altimeter, Astronomy and Astrophysics, CUDA, Full 2-body, 620 Engineering, Receiver, Geophysics, Space and Planetary Science, Ganymede, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, JUICE
Abstract

Full list of authors: Enya, Keigo; Kobayashi, Masanori; Kimura, Jun; Araki, Hiroshi; Namiki, Noriyuki; Noda, Hirotomo; Kashima, Shingo; Oshigami, Shoko; Ishibashi, Ko; Yamawaki, T.; Tohara, Kazuyuki; Saito, Yoshifumi; Ozaki, Masanobu; Mizuno, Takahide; Kamata, Shunichi; Matsumoto, Koji; Sasaki, Sho; Kuramoto, Kiyoshi; Sato, Yuki; Yokozawa, Takeshi; Numata, Tsutomu; Mizumoto, Satoko; Mizuno, Hiroyuki; Nagamine, Kenta; Sawamura, Akihiko; Tanimoto, Kazuo; Imai, Hisato; Nakagawa, Hiroyuki; Kirino, Okiharu; Green, David; Fujii, Masayuki; Iwamura, Satoru; Fujishiro, Naofumi; Matsumoto, Yoshiaki; Lingenauber, Kay; Kallenbach, Reinald; Althaus, Christian; Behnke, Thomas; Binger, Jan; Daurskikh, Anna; Eisenmenger, Henri; Heer, Ulrich; Hüttig, Christian; Lara, Luisa M.; Lichopoj, Alexander; Lötzke, Horst-Georg; Lüdicke, Fabian; Michaelis, Harald; Pablo Rodriguez Garcia, Juan; Rösner, Kerstin; Stark, Alexander; Steinbrügge, Gregor; Thabaut, Pascal; Thomas, Nicolas; del Togno, Simone; Wahl, Daniel; Wendler, Belinda; Wickhusen, Kai; Willner, Konrad; Hussmann, Hauke.--This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc-nd/4.0/)., The Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (JUICE) is a science mission led by the European Space Agency, being developed for launch in 2023. The Ganymede Laser Altimeter (GALA) is an instrument onboard JUICE, whose main scientific goals are to understand ice tectonics based on topographic data, the subsurface structure by measuring tidal response, and small-scale roughness and albedo of the surface. In addition, from the perspective of astrobiology, it is imperative to study the subsurface ocean scientifically. The development of GALA has proceeded through an international collaboration between Germany (the lead), Japan, Switzerland, and Spain. Within this framework, the Japanese team (GALA-J) is responsible for developing three receiver modules: the Backend Optics (BEO), the Focal Plane Assembly (FPA), and the Analog Electronics Module (AEM). Like the German team, GALA-J also developed software to simulate the performance of the entire GALA system (performance model). In July 2020, the Proto-Flight Models of BEO, FPA, and AEM were delivered from Japan to Germany. This paper presents an overview of JUICE/GALA and its scientific objectives and describes the instrumentation, mainly focusing on Japan's contribution. © 2021 COSPAR., NSO/Kitt Peak data (synoptic maps of He I Å intensity) used here are produced cooperatively by NSF/NOAO, NASA/GSFC, and NOAA/SEL. Sunspot number (version 2) comes from the Sunspot Index and Long-term Solar Observations at Royal Observatory of Belgium, Brussels. All used data are courtesy to be downloaded from their web sites. The authors would like to express their deep thanks to the staffs of these web sites. This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (11973085, 11903077, 11803086, and 11633008), the Yunnan Ten-Thousand Talents Plan (the Yunling-Scholar Project), the national project for large scale scientific facilities (2019YFA0405001), and the Chinese Academy of Sciences., With funding from the Spanish government through the Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence accreditation SEV-2017-0709.

Published
2021
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2. Performance Model Simulation of Ganymede Laser Altimeter (GALA) for the JUICE Mission.

Author

Hiroshi ARAKI, Ko ISHIBASHI, Noriyuki NAMIKI, Hirotomo NODA, Masanori KOBAYASHI, Keigo ENYA, Masanobu OZAKI, Takahide MIZUNO, Yoshifumi SAITO, Kazuyuki TOUHARA, Shoko OSHIGAMI, Shingo KASHIMA, Jun KIMURA, Shingo KOBAYASHI, STEINBRUEGGE, Gregor, STARK, Alexander, ALTHAUS, Christian, Del TOGNO, Simone, LINGENAUBER, Kay, and HUSSMANN, Hauke

Subjects
AVALANCHE photodiodes, COMPUTER simulation, X-ray diffraction, RADIATION, JUPITER (Planet)
Abstract

GALA (GAnymede Laser Altimeter) is one of the payload instruments of the JUICE (JUpiter ICy moons Explorer) project to be launched in 2022 to the Jovian icy moons Ganymede, Europa, and Callisto. GALA is developed through an international collaboration between Germany, Japan, Switzerland, and Spain. With the performance model of GALA, we have sought to create the interface conditions that satisfy the science requirements on the probability of false detection (PFD) and the range accuracy. The science requirements on GALA performance can be summarized as involving the following four criteria: [1] for Europa fly-by, PFD is less than 0.2 from an altitude of 1300 km or lower, [2] under the worst observation condition for albedo and surface slope of GCO500 (Ganymede Circular Orbit whose height is 500km), the accuracy of ranging is less than 10 m and PFD is less than 0.2, [3] under the nominal observation condition of GCO500, the accuracy of ranging is less than 2 m and PFD is less than 0.1, and [4] under the best observation condition of GCO500, the accuracy of ranging is less than 1 m and PFD is less than 0.1. For the assessment, however, we had used literature data as the characteristics of the laser detector of GALA, avalanche photodiode (APD), which should be degraded due to the severe radiation environment around Jupiter. Then we carried out a more realistic model simulation of GALA by incorporating these degradation effects of APD. Characteristics of APD, such as gain, quantum efficiency, excess noise index, surface dark current, and bulk dark current, were re-evaluated through radiation tests using the data of dark and photo current of the APD irradiated with 2-MeV-electron and 50-MeV-proton beams, which are the radiation conditions assumed for JUICEGALA around Jupiter. These degraded characteristics of APD by radiation were introduced to our performance model of GALA. As a result, our performance simulation of GALA showed again that the science requirements are satisfied even after taking into account the degraded characteristics of APD. The remaining matter is the effect of noise or digitization in the Analog Electronics Module (AEM), which must be taken into account for the final specifications of GALA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2019
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