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BACKGROUND End-stage renal disease is a major issue in the management of patients undergoing lung transplantation. Combined kidney-lung transplantation (CKLT) and kidney after lung transplantation (KALT) are the 2 preferred solutions to manage this situation. To evaluate these strategies, we describe kidney and lung graft outcomes and patient survival in patients managed with CKLT and KALT. MATERIAL AND METHODS We conducted a retrospective single-center cohort study. Patients who underwent a CKLT or a KALT were included in this study. Retrospective extraction of data from medical records was performed. RESULTS Seventeen patients underwent CKLT and 9 underwent KALT. Most of the patients had cystic fibrosis and presented renal failure related to anti-calcineurin toxicity. The 30-day and 1-year survival of CKLT recipients were both 75.6%. No patients with KALT died during the follow-up. Kidney graft prognosis was almost exclusively influenced by patient survival in relation to postoperative lung transplant complications. The rate of severe surgical complications was close to 60% for CKLT compared with 30% for KALT. The kidney graft function (estimated kidney graft function) did not differ according to the transplantation strategy. CONCLUSIONS KALT is a safe option, with postoperative morbidity and renal graft function identical to those of kidney transplantation in non-lung-transplanted patients. The results of CKLT depend mainly on the morbidity associated with lung transplantation but remain an attractive option for patients with respiratory failure associated with end-stage renal disease. The choice of transplant strategy must also take into account the most ethical and efficient allocation of kidney grafts.

Objective: To analyze de novo graft carcinoma characteristics from our updated national multicentric retrospective cohort., Methods: Thirty-two transplant centers have retrospectively completed the database. This database concerns all kidney graft tumors including urothelial, and others type but excludes renal lymphomas over 31 years., Results: One hundred and fifty twokidney graft carcinomas were diagnosed in functional grafts. Among them 130 tumors were Renal Cell Carcinomas. The calculated incidence was 0.18%. Median age of the allograft at diagnosis was 45.4 years old. The median time between transplantation and diagnosis was 147.1 months. 60 tumors were papillary carcinomas and 64 were clear cell carcinomas. Median tumor size was 25 mm. 18, 64, 21 and 1 tumors were respectively Fuhrman grade 1, 2, 3 and 4. Nephron sparing surgery (NSS) was performed on 68 (52.3%) recipients. Ablative therapy was performed in 23 cases (17.7%). Specific survival rate was 96.8%., Conclusion: This study confirmed that renal graft carcinomas are a different entity: with a younger age of diagnosis; a lower stage at diagnosis; a higher incidence of papillary subtypes., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: This national multicentre retrospective cohort study aimed to assess the long-term outcomes of dual kidney transplantation (DKT) and compare them with those obtained from single kidney transplantation (SKT)., Methods: Our first analysis concerned all first transplants performed between May 2002 and December 2014, from marginal donors, defined as brain death donors older than 65 years, with an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) lower than 90 mL/min/1.73 m2. The second analysis was restricted to transplants adequately allocated according to the French DKT program based on donor eGFR: DKT for eGFR between 30 and 60, SKT for eGFR between 60 and 90 mL/min/1.73 m2. Recipients younger than 65 years or with a panel-reactive antibody percentage ≥25% were excluded., Results: The first analysis included 461 DKT and 1131 SKT. DKT donors were significantly older (77.6 versus 74 years), had a more frequent history of hypertension and a lower eGFR (55.1 versus 63.6 mL/min/1.73 m2). While primary nonfunction and delayed graft function did not differ between SKT and DKT, 1-year eGFR was lower in SKT recipients (39 versus 49 mL/min/1.73 m2, P < 0.001). Graft survival was significantly better in DKT, even after adjustment for recipient and donor risk factors. Nevertheless, patient survival did not differ between these groups. The second analysis included 293 DKT and 687 SKT adequately allocated with donor eGFR and displayed similar results but with a smaller benefit in terms of graft survival., Conclusions: In a context of organ shortage, DKT is a good option for optimizing the use of kidneys from very expanded criteria donors., (© The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the ERA.)

Objective: To propose surgical recommendations for urothelial carcinoma management in kidney transplant recipients and candidates., Method: A review of the literature (Medline) following a systematic approcah was conducted by the CTAFU regarding the epidemiology, screening, diagnosis and treatment of urothelial carcinoma in kidney transplant recipients and candidates for renal transplantation. References were assessed according to a predefined process to propose recommendations with levels of evidence., Results: Urothelial carcinomas occur in the renal transplant recipient population with a 3-fold increased incidence as compared with general population. While major risk factors for urothelial carcinomas are similar to those in the general population, aristolochic acid nephropathy and BK virus infection are more frequent risk factors in renal transplant recipients. As compared with general population, NMIBC in the renal transplant recipients are associated with earlier and higher recurrence rate. The safety and efficacy of adjuvant intravesical therapies have been reported in retrospective series. Treatment for localized MIBC in renal transplant recipients is based on radical cystectomy. In the candidate for a kidney transplant with a history of urothelial tumor, it is imperative to perform follow-up cystoscopies according to the recommended frequency, depending on the risk of recurrence and progression of NMIBC and to maintain this follow-up at least every six months up to transplantation whatever the level of risk of recurrence and progression. Based on current data, the present recommendations propose guidelines for waiting period before active wait-listing renal transplant candidates with a history of urothelial carcinoma., Conclusion: The french recommendations from CTAFU should contribute to improve the management of urothelial carcinoma in renal transplant patients and renal transplant candidates by integrating both oncologic objectives and access to transplantation., (Copyright © 2020. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.)

Background: Aortic stiffness assessed by carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (CF-PWV) is a predictor of mortality in several populations. However, little is known in kidney transplant recipients. Our objectives were to evaluate the ability of CF-PWV measured 3 months following transplantation to predict mortality, graft loss and its potential links to measured Glomerular Filtration Rate (mGFR) or kidney graft microvasculature parameters., Methods: The study is based on a monocentric retrospective cohort including 220 adult kidney graft recipients evaluated three months after transplantation. CF-PWV measures, clinical, laboratory and histological data performed at 3 (M3) and 12 months (M12) following transplantation were retrospectively collected. The two primary endpoints were all-cause mortality and occurrence of end stage renal disease (ESRD) defined by initiation of dialysis., Results: After a median follow up of 5.5 years [1.9; 8.8], death and graft loss occurred in 10 and 12 patients respectively. M3 CF-PWV was an independent mortality risk factor (HR = 1.29 [1.03; 1.61]; p = 0.03), despite no aortic stiffness variation during the first year of transplantation. Of notice, M3 CF-PWV was not associated with M12 mGFR or ESRD outcome. Graft microcirculation assessed by Banff vascular fibrous intimal thickening score (cv) worsened between M3 and M12 (p = 0.01), but no link was found with CF-PWV, mGFR or ESRD outcome. Surprisingly, acute rejections at M3 were associated after adjustment with mortality (p = 0.03) but not ESRD., Conclusion: Aortic stiffness measured 3 months after kidney transplantation is a strong predictor of mortality with no obvious influence on kidney graft microvasculature or graft loss.

Purpose: Urolithiasis is rare among renal transplant recipients and its management has not been clearly defined., Methods: This multicentre retrospective study was organised by the Comité de Transplantation de l'Association Française d'Urologie (French Urology Association transplantation committee). Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS 19 software., Results: Ninety-five patients were included in this study. Renal transplant urolithiasis was an incidental finding in 55% of cases, mostly on a routine follow-up ultrasound examination. One half of symptomatic stones were due to urinary tract infection and the other half were due to an episode of acute renal failure. The initial management following diagnosis of urolithiasis was double J stenting (27%), nephrostomy tube placement (21%), or watchful waiting (52%). Definitive management consisted of: watchful waiting (48%), extracorporeal lithotripsy (13%), rigid or flexible ureteroscopy (26%), percutaneous nephrolithotomy (11%) and surgical pyelotomy (2%). All transplants remained functional following treatment of the stone. The main limitation is the retrospective design., Conclusions: The incidence of lithiasis could be higher in kidney transplanted patients due to a possible anatomical or metabolical abnormalities. The therapeutic management of renal transplant urolithiasis appears to be comparable to that of native kidney urolithiasis.

Introduction: Urinary fistula and ureteral stenosis occur respectively in 2-5% and 2-7.5% after kidney transplantation. The aim of the study was to do an overview about the complex management of these complications., Material and Methods: A bibliographical research in French and English language was carried out. Debates on the topic held within a meeting organized by the transplantation Committee of the French association of urology (CTAFU) have incremented the work., Results: Within the different causes of stenosis and fistula after kidney transplantation, ischemic diseases of the complex blood supply of the ureter are usually involved. The diagnosis is not always easy to establish. It is based on clinical assessment, blood and urinary biochemical exams, ultrasonography and CT-scan. Pyelography or retrograde ureteropyelography are essential in the management. Definitive treatment is surgical: uretero-vesical reimplatation, uretero-uretral anastomosis, pyelo-ureteral anastomosis., Conclusion: Urologic complications of the kidney transplantation usually do not affect the transplant survival if treated accurately and on time. The surgical management remains complex., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Unlabelled: What's known on the subject? and What does the study add? Patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) have an increased risk of developing RCC in their native kidneys. The prevalence of RCC is 3-4% in cases of ESRD in dialyzed and/or transplanted patients, which corresponds to a rate 100-times higher than that in the general population. This is the first study, to our knowledge, comparing the characteristics of kidney cancer in the ESRD population according to their dialysis or transplantation status at the time of diagnosis. The differences in stage and survival we observed may be due to differences in surveillance strategies between transplanted and not transplanted patients, nevertheless, the differences in pathological subtypes suggest they could also be due to differences in the tumorigenesis process., Objective: • To compare clinical, pathological and outcome features of renal cell carcinomas (RCCs) arising in patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) with or without renal transplantation., Patients and Methods: • In all, 24 French University Departments of Urology and Kidney Transplantation participated in this retrospective study comparing RCCs arising in patients with CRF according to their dialysis or transplantation status at the time of diagnosis. • Information about age, sex, symptoms, duration of CRF, mode and duration of dialysis, renal transplantation, tumour staging and grading, histological subtype and outcome were recorded in a unique database. • Qualitative and quantitative variables were compared by using chi-square and Student statistical analysis. Survival was assessed by Kaplan-Meier and Cox methods., Results: • Data on 303 RCC cases diagnosed between 1985 and 2009 were identified in 206 men (76.3%) and 64 women (23.7%). • Transplanted and not transplanted patients accounted for 213 (70.3%) and 90 cases (29.7%), respectively. • In transplant recipients, RCC was diagnosed at a younger age [mean (sd) 53 (11) vs 61 (14) years, P < 0.001), the mean tumour size was smaller [3.4 (2.3) vs 4.2 (3.1) cm, P= 0.02), pT1a stage (75 vs 60%, P= 0.009) and papillary histological subtype (44 vs 22%, P < 0.001) were more frequent than in their dialysis-only counterparts. • Nodal (1 vs 6%, P= 0.03) and distant metastases rates (0 vs 5%, P < 0.001) were significantly increased in patients who had not had a transplant. However, Fürhman grading, symptoms, tumour multifocality or bilaterality, presence of acquired cystic kidney disease, were not significantly different between the groups. • Estimated 5-year survival rates were 97% and 77% for transplanted and not transplanted patients, respectively (P < 0.001). In univariate analysis, presence of symptoms (P= 0.008), poor performance status (P= 0.04), large tumour size, advanced TNM stage (P < 0.001), high Führman grade (P= 0.005) and absence of transplantation (P < 0.001) were all adverse prognostic factors. In multivariate analysis, only T stage remained an independent predictor for cancer-related death (P < 0.001)., Conclusion: • RCC arising in native kidneys of transplant patients seems to exhibit many favourable clinical, pathological and outcome features compared with those diagnosed in dialysis-only patients. Further research is needed to determine whether it is due to particular molecular pathways or to biases in relation to mode of diagnosis., (© 2012 BJU INTERNATIONAL.)

De novo tumors in renal allografts are rare and their prevalence is underestimated. We therefore analyzed renal cell carcinomas arising in renal allografts through a retrospective French renal transplant cohort. We performed a retrospective, multicentric survey by sending questionnaires to all French kidney transplantation centers. All graft tumors diagnosed after transplantation were considered as de novo tumors. Thirty-two centers participated in this study. Seventy-nine tumors were identified among 41 806 recipients (Incidence 0.19%). Patients were 54 men and 25 women with a mean age of 47 years old at the time of diagnosis. Mean tumor size was 27.8 mm. Seventy-four (93.6%), 53 (67%) and 44 tumors (55.6%) were organ confined (T1-2), low grade (G1-2) and papillary carcinomas, respectively. Four patients died of renal cell carcinomas (5%). The mean time lapse between transplantation and RCC diagnosis was 131.7 months. Thirty-five patients underwent conservative surgery by partial nephrectomy (n = 35, 44.3%) or radiofrequency (n = 5; 6.3%). The estimated 5 years cancer specific survival rate was 94%. Most of these tumors were small and incidental. Most tumors were papillary carcinoma, low stage and low grade carcinomas. Conservative treatment has been preferred each time it was feasible in order to avoid a return to dialysis., (© Copyright 2012 The American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons.)

Introduction: Transplantation Committee of the French Association of Urology (CTAFU) conducted a review of the complication of kidney transplantation in obese recipients., Material and Methods: A bibliographic research in French and English using Medline with the keywords "obesity", "body mass index", "kidney transplantation", "graft function", "survival", "wound complications", "graft rejection" and "graft survival" was performed. We limited the review for the last fifteen years because of the change in immunosuppressive treatment area. Only studies with more than 20 obese patients were selected., Results: Wound or infectious postoperative complications and delayed graft function are more frequent in obese patients than in non-obese recipients. Similarly, transplant survival at 5 years is lower in obese patients. On the other hand, patient survival and acute rejection are the same between the two groups if recipient selection is carefully made, particularly with regard to heart complication., Conclusion: Kidney transplantation in obese patients is not an easy surgery with known complication. Obese patients will take time before transplantation to explain all the risk and a regular heart follow-up is crucial if we don't want to reduce patient survival. But obese survival is better if we proceed to kidney transplantation than if they stay on dialysis, arguing for a non-exclusion of the waiting list. So there is the need for a national study concerning obese patients on waiting list to enact future guidelines., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: To evaluate the morbidity and surgical complications of retropubic radical prostatectomy (RRP) in renal transplant recipients (RTRs) and compare these results with the observed morbidity in a control group of nontransplanted patients., Methods: We conducted a multicenter retrospective study and reviewed the charts and records of 20 RTRs who had undergone RRP for localized prostate cancer at four French renal transplant centers belonging to the Renal Transplantation Committee of the French Urological Association from April 1996 to April 2007. A total of 40 patients who had undergone RRP at the same centers, by the same surgeons, were analyzed as the case-control population., Results: The mean operating time (163 +/- 41 vs 160 +/- 66 minutes), blood loss (516 +/- 279 vs 566 +/- 449 mL), transfusion rate (20% vs 22.5%), and hospital stay (11.9 +/- 5.44 vs 9.45 +/- 2.8 days) were similar in the RTR and case-control populations. No graft loss or graft injury was reported in the RTRs, except for two ureteral injuries that were immediately repaired during RRP. No decrease in the kidney graft function was observed after RRP. The rate of medical complication (deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, urinary tract infection) was similar in both groups, except for the rate of bacterial systemic infection, which was significantly greater in the RTRs than in the controls (15% vs 2.5%, P = .01)., Conclusions: In our study, RRP was a safe procedure to treat localized prostate cancer in RTRs. RRP resulted in the same morbidity in RTRs as in the case-control population.

Background: We conducted a retrospective multi-centre study to determine the characteristics of prostate cancer in renal transplant recipients (RTR) and to analyse the relation with immunosuppressive maintenance therapies., Methods: Patients from 19 French transplant centres diagnosed with prostate cancer at least 1 year after kidney transplantation were included in this study. Data regarding demographics, kidney transplantation, prostate cancer and immunosuppressive treatment were analysed., Results: Sixty-two patients met the eligibility criteria for this study. Thirty-eight patients (61.3%) received calcineurin inhibitors (CNI) and azathioprine (AZA) with or without steroids, twenty received CNI with or without steroids (32.2%) and four received CNI and mycophenolate mofetil (6.5%). Patients with CNI and AZA immunosuppressive therapy presented more high-stage cancer (T3 and T4) when compared to patients receiving CNI alone (47.5% versus 15%, respectively, P = 0.03). A non-significant increase in lymph node invasion was found in patients receiving CNI and AZA compared to patients receiving CNI alone (21% versus 5%, P = 0.16). In the multivariate analysis, the immunosuppressive regimen with CNI and AZA was the only independent risk factor for locally advanced disease (P = 0.007)., Conclusion: Our results showed that RTR are at risk for early occurrence and for locally advanced prostate cancer, especially when they received a CNI and AZA maintenance immunosuppressive therapy.

The use of mTOR inhibitors started about 30 years ago following the discovery of rapamycin, a macrolide derived from a soilborne microorganism Streptomyces hygroscopicus that exerts antibiotic, immunosuppressive and antiproliferative properties. Initially intended to be used as an antibiotic, a more detailed understanding of the mechanism of action of this class of drugs has rationalized and validated its use in the field of transplantation and oncology. Many clinical trials on mTOR inhibitors have been conducted in these two fields, in which urologists are actively involved. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the mechanism of action and clinical applications of mTOR inhibitors in renal transplantation and oncology.

The transplanted kidney can be a vector of various diseases including tumours. These tumours, arising from donor cells, can be benign or malignant renal tumours or extrarenal tumours transmitted to the recipient in the form of occult metastases in the transplant. The authors review the statistical risks, prevention and therapeutic management of these tumours transmitted during renal transplantation.

Objective: To study the prevalence, treatment and outcome of urothelial bladder tumours (UBT) in renal transplant recipients., Patients and Methods: Multicentre retrospective study performed in 2004 by questionnaire sent to members of the AFU Transplantation Committee., Result: Seven centres returned the questionnaire with a total of 32 UBTs in 21 males and 3 females with a mean age of 63.2 +/- 10.1 years, with no history of UBT. The incidence was 255 per 100,000. The median interval between transplantation and UBT was 60 months (range: 5 to 259 months). 72% of UBTs were stage pT > or = 1 and 63% were grade 3. CIS was present in 20% of cases. 25% of patients were N+. In addition to resection of the UBT, 3 patients were also treated with mitomycin C and 1 was treated with BCG. 7 patients underwent cystectomy, with a palliative objective in 42% of cases, associated with radiotherapy-chemotherapy (2/3) or chemotherapy alone (1/3). Immunosuppressive therapy was decreased in 50% of cases. Six patients (25%) died from bladder cancer, 25% relapsed with a tumour progression rate of 50%. 46% of patients were in remission of their UBT 4% died from an intercurrent cause. 76% of survivors have a Junctional graft with no alteration of serum creatinine., Conclusion: Renal transplant recipients have an increased incidence of UBT, which are more aggressive and associated with a higher mortality compared to the general population. Increased surveillance and aggressive treatment therefore appear to be justified.

The growth of living donor kidney transplantation, facilitated by revision of the French Bioethics Law of 6 August 2004, is sometimes fJced with the problem of ABO blood group incompatibility between the recipient and a potential donor. Are the risks of ABO-incompatible organ transplantation sufficiently mastered to allow satisfactory results? The authors conducted a review of ABO-incompatible transplantations in the light of the current state of knowledge on the immunological mechanisms involved and a systematic review of the international literature to define their level of proof.

Superficial urothelial tumours of the bladder are more frequent and more often at higher risk of progression and recurrence in renal transplant recipients. When conservative treatment of these tumours is indicated, BCG instillations are recommended. However, immunosuppression of renal transplant recipients constitutes a classical contraindication to BCG therapy. Some authors have nevertheless used BCG instillations in renal transplant recipients. The authors reviewed the use of BCG in renal transplant recipients by studying the effects of immunosuppression on the mechanisms of action of BCG and the various clinical experiences reported in the international literature.

Objective: Reduction of the cold ischaemia time is one of the major objectives designed to improve the quality and cost of renal transplantation. Based on the experience of other centres, we report the impact of using a renal transplantation timesheet on the cold ischaemia time in our centre., Material and Method: Since March 2004, we have used a renal transplantation timesheet with the collaboration of all personnel involved in transplantation (coordination, nephrologists, clinical pathologists). For each kidney harvested, the name of the personnel and the start and end times of their interventions were recorded. The authors report the results for the first 7 months. Cold ischaemia times and the incidence of delayed graft function were studied., Results: 47 kidneys were harvested between 01/03/2004 and 30/9/2004 in our centre and 46 transplantations were performed. The mean cold ischaemia time was 14 h 51 min, i.e. a reduction of 8 hours 58 minutes compared to that observed in 2003 (23 h 50 min) (p < 0.01). Delayed graft function (DGF) was observed in 10/46 (21.74%) recipients. This DGF rate was significantly lower than that observed in 2003 (DGF 2003 = 30%), while the mean donor serum creatinine was higher (155 +/- 177 micromol/l vs 98 +/- 71 micromol/l in 2003, p < 0.05). The longest delays were those related to availability of an operating room (n=2: 10 h and 14 h)., Conclusion: The use of a renal transplantation timesheet allowed a significant reduction of the cold ischaemia time and DGF rate. It requires the collaboration of all renal transplantation personnel and is an indicator of motivation. This timesheet allowed the correction of certain habits that can still be improved. These results should lead to an improvement of the results and cost of renal transplantation.

Background: The 10-year risk of developing a solid malignancy is 20% for kidney transplant recipients. The goal of the current study was to investigate the epidemiology and the diagnostic and prognostic parameters associated with de novo malignancies of the native kidney among transplant recipients at the authors' institution (Department of Urology and Renal Transplantation, Hôpital Salvator, Marseille, France)., Methods: The authors reexamined the follow-up of 933 consecutive transplant recipients at their institution between 1987 and 2003. Immunossupressive therapy was not modified in the event of malignant disease, nor was systematic radiologic monitoring of native kidneys performed. All de novo malignancies of the native kidney were included in the current analysis., Results: Among the 933 patients examined, a combined total of 12 malignancies of the native kidney were diagnosed in 11 individuals. For these 11 individuals, the average ages at transplantation and diagnosis were 42.5 and 49.1 years, respectively. Ten malignancies were discovered fortuitously, whereas two were symptomatic. Among the 10 renal echographies performed, there was 1 false-negative result. Tomodensitometry was performed in 11 cases and yielded no false-negative results. The average tumor size was 37 mm. Nephrectomy was performed in 10 cases, and biopsy was performed in 1. Among the 12 kidney malignancies encountered in the current study, there were 7 conventional cell carcinomas, 3 basophilic papillary carcinomas, and 2 chromophobic renal cell carcinomas. Half of all tumors were Furhman Grade 3 lesions, and pT1aN0M0 tumors (2003 TNM staging system) also accounted for half of all malignancies in the current cohort. Two affected transplant recipients died (one due to disease), and the remaining nine are alive without recurrence and with normal renal functioning (median follow-up, 39 months)., Conclusions: There appears to be an increased risk of malignancy of the native kidney in renal transplant recipients, with high-grade and papillary tumors being particularly common. Consequently, systematic radiologic follow-up of native kidneys must be performed for individuals who undergo kidney transplantation., ((c) 2004 American Cancer Society.)

Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess the correlations between histological examination of surgical biopsies before transplantation of good quality donor kidneys and delayed return of renal function and renal function at 1 year in order to determine whether histology could explain the various, sometimes surprising outcomes observed with these good quality transplants., Material and Method: From November 1999 to March 2002, 110 consecutive renal transplantations were performed in our centre from 79 different donors, not including any "borderline" donors. During preparation of each transplant, a surgical wedge biopsy of the mid-renal cortex was performed. Biopsies were paraffin-embedded then stained with P.A.S. (Periodic Acid Shiff). Histological examination was performed by a single pathologist and focused on the glomeruli (number, morphology), and the morphology of the interstitial space and vessels. Delayed return of transplant renal function was defined by the need for dialysis during the first week after renal transplantation. Immunosuppression and surveillance protocols were standardized and uniform. Transplant function at 1 year was evaluated by serum creatinine and creatinine clearance calculated according to Cockcroft's formula., Results: The mean number of glomeruli per biopsy was 15.0 +/- 10.8. 42 renal biopsies (39.2%). Histological examination did not reveal any vascular, interstitial or glomerular lesions. Among these 42 transplants with normal biopsies, 30 (71.4%) did not develop delayed return of renal function (vs 69% of the transplants with abnormal biopsies, p > 0.05). Mean serum creatinine at 1 year (168.5 +/- 63 micromol/l vs 166.9 +/- 40.5 micromol/l, p > 0.05) and mean creatinine clearance at 1 year (53.4 +/- 17.4 ml/min. vs 48.3 +/- 14.3 ml/min, p > 0.05) were not significantly different between the normal biopsy group and the abnormal biopsy group., Conclusion: Histological abnormalities are frequently observed in renal transplants derived from good quality donors. The biopsy result before renal transplantation from "non-borderline" donors was not significantly correlated with the risk of delayed return of transplant function or the renal function at 1 year Biopsy alone cannot constitute a reliable criterion for the selection of renal transplants from "non-borderline" donors.