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Gait analysis is recognized as a useful assessment tool in the field of human movement research. However, doubts remain on its real effectiveness as a clinical tool, i.e. on its capability to change the diagnostic-therapeutic practice. In particular, the conditions in which evidence of a favorable cost-benefit ratio is found and the methodology for properly conducting and interpreting the exam are not identified clearly. To provide guidelines for the use of Gait Analysis in the context of rehabilitation medicine, SIAMOC (the Italian Society of Clinical Movement Analysis) promoted a National Consensus Conference which was held in Bologna on September 14th, 2013. The resulting recommendations were the result of a three-stage process entailing i) the preparation of working documents on specific open issues, ii) the holding of the consensus meeting, and iii) the drafting of consensus statements by an external Jury. The statements were formulated based on scientific evidence or experts' opinion, when the quality/quantity of the relevant literature was deemed insufficient. The aim of this work is to disseminate the consensus statements. These are divided into 13 questions grouped in three areas of interest: 1) General requirements and management, 2) Methodological and instrumental issues, and 3) Scientific evidence and clinical appropriateness. SIAMOC hopes that this document will contribute to improve clinical practice and help promoting further research in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a morphometric and structural-geomorphological approach to identifying morphotectonic features across an area underlain by lithologies that do not easily record tectonic deformations but are widely affected by seismic activity. The middle Biferno River Valley (Central Italy) was chosen as a study area. It was investigated through analyses performed from the drainage basin scale (Biferno River) to the local scale (Ponte Liscione Dam). This methodological approach was applied to investigate the impact of morphotectonic processes in the study area, providing a geomorphology-based contribution to landscape evolution. The aim of the work was to discriminate the main morphotectonic elements acting in the complex tectonic framework of the study area by means of a combination of morphometric, morphotectonic, and structural-geomorphological analyses. The resulting data allowed us to identify three main systems of tectonic elements (F1, F2, and F3), which are attributable to compressive and extensional kinematics, as already reported in previous thematic studies. The tectonic setting reflects the geodynamic framework of the Periadriatic region, as highlighted by the distribution of seismogenic sources and the historical to recent seismicity. Finally, the present work could act as a valuable scientific tool for any geomorphological studies aimed at better defining the impact of morphotectonic processes in similar tectonically active regions hosting important and strategic artificial dams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper the seismic assessment of rocking masonry walls is evaluated through the displacement-based approach. In particular, a case study is selected to analyse the rocking failure mechanism of the façade of an ancient masonry church, damaged during the 2016–17 Central Italy seismic sequence. For this purpose, a non-linear kinematic analysis is developed to define the load factor at the activation of the failure mechanism and its evolution until collapse, at large displacements. An advanced macro-block model is adopted to take into account the stabilising contribution of frictional resistances exerted by the interlocked walls. The seismic input is described through acceleration-displacement response spectra (ADRS), provided both by seismic codes and selected real accelerograms, and the seismic analysis is addressed according to the capacity spectrum method (CSM), in the form incorporated into the latest Commentary to the Italian Technical Standard for Construction (CNTC19). The capacity is compared with the seismic demand through safety indexes, in terms of both forces and displacements, and the relevant influence of the frictional resistances on increasing the capacity is discussed. Incremental static analysis (ISA) curves are presented as another approach useful to highlight the relation between the peak ground acceleration (PGA) and the displacement demand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Ancona landslide is a complex, deep-seated landslide displaying composite rotational-translational kinematisms and affecting a large urban area in the Ancona municipality on the Adriatic coast of central Italy. The landslide was reactivated with a large and destructive event on 13 December 1982 following a long period of precipitation and has remained active since. This paper focuses on the estimation of the landslide kinematics (more specifically, the horizontal and vertical components of average yearly velocity) for subsequent estimation of risk for a set of 39 buildings as presented in a companion paper. The study relies both on the processing of inclinometer and radar interferometer monitoring data through statistical procedures. Triggering factors are not investigated. Outputs from the two sets of monitoring data are compared quantitatively and qualitatively. The inherent limitations in available data are discussed. The validity of the quantitative results in the context of the risk estimation effort is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper illustrates the quantitative estimation of specific risk (i.e., the product of hazard and vulnerability) for 39 buildings located upon the Ancona landslide based on the characterization of landslide kinematics presented in a companion paper. Hazard is quantified based on intensity, intended as the damaging potential of the kinetic and/or geometric attributes of the landslide, and is expressed in terms of expected exceedance of preset cumulative displacement thresholds for a set of five reference time intervals, ranging from 1 to 100 years. The estimation of hazard relies sequentially on (1) Monte Carlo simulation of displacement series, with sampling distributions of average yearly displacement defined on the basis of the statistical processing of inclinometer and radar interferometer data; and (2) the subsequent spatialization of displacement using radial basis interpolation as described in the companion paper. The vulnerability of the set of buildings relies on a quantitative model in which vulnerability is a function of landslide intensity and the resilience of the buildings. Resilience is a function of a set of indicators including structural type, age, and foundation type and is temporally variable due to the progressive structural degradation. Hazard, vulnerability, and specific risk are estimated for the set of five aforementioned reference time intervals. The magnitude and temporal dependence of hazard, vulnerability, and specific risk are assessed critically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The geometric and kinematic characterization of landslides affecting urban areas is a challenging goal that is routinely pursued via geological/geomorphological method and monitoring of ground displacements achieved by geotechnical and, more recently, advanced differential interferometric synthetic aperture radar (A-DInSAR) data. Although the integration of all the above-mentioned methods should be planned a priori to be more effective, datasets resulting from the independent use of these different methods are commonly available, thus making crucial the need for their standardized a posteriori integration. In this regard, the present paper aims to provide a contribution by introducing a procedure that, taking into account the specific limits of geological/geomorphological analyses and deep/surface ground displacement monitoring via geotechnical and A-DInSAR data, allows the a posteriori integration of the results by exploiting their complementarity for landslide characterization. The approach was tested in the urban area of Lungro village (Calabria region, southern Italy), which is characterized by complex geological/geomorphological settings, widespread landslides and peculiar urban fabric. In spite of the different level of information preliminarily available for each landslide as result of the independent use of the three methods, the implementation of the proposed procedure allowed a better understanding and typifying of the geometry and kinematics of 50 landslides. This provided part of the essential background for geotechnical landslide models to be used for slope stability analysis within landslide risk mitigation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The field of additive manufacturing, particularly 3D printing, has ushered in a significant transformation in the realm of joint arthritis treatment through prosthetic surgery. This innovative technology allows for the creation of bespoke prosthetic devices that are tailored to meet the specific needs of individual patients. These devices are constructed using high-performance materials, including titanium and cobalt-chrome alloys. Nevertheless, the routine physical activities of patients, such as walking, sitting, and running, can induce wear and tear on the materials comprising these prosthetic devices, subsequently diminishing their functionality and durability. In response to this challenge, this research has endeavored to leverage novel techniques. The primary focus of this study lies in the development of an algorithm designed to optimize hip replacement procedures via the mechanical design of the prosthesis. This optimization process exploits the capabilities of machine learning algorithms, multi-body dynamics, and finite element method (FEM) simulations. The paramount innovation in this methodology is the capacity to design a prosthetic system that intricately adapts to the distinctive characteristics of each patient (weight, height, gait cycle). The primary objective of this research is to enhance the performance and longevity of prosthetic devices by improving their fatigue strength. The evaluation of load distribution on the prosthetic device, facilitated by FEM simulations, anticipates a substantial augmentation in the useful life of the prosthetic system. This research holds promise as a notable advancement in prosthetic technology, offering a more efficacious treatment option for patients suffering from joint arthritis. The aim of this research is to make meaningful contributions to the enhancement of patient quality of life and the long-term performance of prosthetic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The alpine village of Lamosano, Belluno, Italy, located near a wide and active landslide, has been seriously threatened by ground instabilities since 1960. In this paper, the results obtained by two different remote-monitoring techniques, synthetic aperature radar interferometry and three-dimensional laser-scanner imaging, planned for Lamosano hazard assessment, are presented. Both techniques compare images taken at different times to map and classify changes that occurred on the imaged scenario. The radar and laser data are gathered at the same dates with about ten-month temporal separation. The displacements measured separately by each of the two techniques highlight a similar sliding motion on the Lamosano village area, providing a good validation to each other and contributing to the definition of the village instability hazard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the main results of the GB-InSAR (ground based interferometric synthetic aperture radar) monitoring of the Capriglio landslide (Northern Apennines, Emilia Romagna Region, Italy), activated on 6 April 2013. The landslide, triggered by prolonged rainfall, is constituted by two main adjacent enlarging bodies with a roto-translational kinematics. They activated in sequence and subsequently joined into a large earth flow, channelizing downstream of the Bardea Creek, for a total length of about 3600 m. The displacement rate of this combined mass was quite high, so that the landslide toe evolved with velocities of several tens of meters per day (with peaks of 70-80 m/day) in the first month, and of several meters per day (with peaks of 13-14 m/day) from early May to mid-July 2013. In the crown area, the landslide completely destroyed a 450 m sector of provincial roadway S.P. 101, and its retrogression tendency exposed the villages of Capriglio and Pianestolla, located in the upper watershed area of the Bardea Creek, to great danger. Furthermore, the advancing toe seriously threatened the Antria bridge, representing the "Massese" provincial roadway S.P. 665R transect over the Bardea Creek, the only strategic roadway left able to connect the above-mentioned villages. With the final aim of supporting local authorities in the hazard assessment and risk management during the emergency phase, on 4 May 2013 aerial optical surveys were conducted to accurately map the landslide extension and evolution. Moreover, a GB-InSAR monitoring campaign was started in order to assess displacements of the whole landslide area. The versatility and flexibility of the GB-InSAR sensors allowed acquiring data with two different configurations, designed and set up to continuously retrieve information on the landslide movement rates (both in its upper slow-moving sectors and in its fast-moving toe). The first acquisition mode revealed that the Capriglio and Pianestolla villages were affected by minor displacements (at an order of magnitude of a few millimeters per month). The second acquisition mode allowed to acquire data every 28 seconds, reaching very high temporal resolution values by applying the GB-InSAR technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY In this paper, we propose a new model of the crustal structure and seismotectonics for central Sicily (southern Italy) through the analysis of the depth distribution and kinematics of the instrumental seismicity, occurring during the period from 1983 to 2010, and its comparison with individual geological structures that may be active in the area. The analysed data set consists of 392 earthquakes with local magnitudes ranging from 1.0 to 4.7. We defined a new, detailed 1-D velocity model to relocate the earthquakes that occurred in central Sicily, and we calculated a Moho depth of 37 km and a mean VP/ VS ratio of 1.73. The relocated seismic events are clustered mainly in the area north of Caltanissetta (e.g. Mainland Sicily) and in the northeastern sector (Madonie Mountains) of the study area; only minor and greatly dispersed seismicity is located in the western sector, near Belice, and along the southern coast, between Gela and Sciacca. The relocated hypocentral distribution depicts a bimodal pattern: 50 per cent of the events occur within the upper crust at depths less than ∼16 km, 40 per cent of the events occur within the middle and depth crust, at depths between 16 and 32 km, and the remaining 10 per cent occur at subcrustal depths. The energy release pattern shows a similar depth distribution. On the basis of the kinematic analysis of 38 newly computed focal plane solutions, two major geographically distinct seismotectonic domains are distinguished: the Madonie Mountain domain, with prevalent extensional and extensional-oblique kinematics associated with upper crust Late Pliocene-Quaternary faulting, and the Mainland Sicily domain, with prevalent compressional and compressional-oblique kinematics associated with thrust faulting, at mid to deep crust depth, along the north-dipping Sicilian Basal Thrust (SBT). The stress inversion of the Mainland Sicily focal solutions integrated with neighbouring mechanisms available in the literature highlights a regional homogeneous compressional tensor, with a subhorizontal NNW-SSE-striking σ1 axis. In addition, on the basis of geodetic data, the Mainland Sicily domain may be attributed to the SSE-ward thrusting of the Mainland Sicily block along the SBT plane. Seismogenic shearing along the SBT at mid-crustal depths was responsible for the unexpected Belice 1968 earthquake ( Mw 6.1), with evident implications in terms of hazard assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY In this paper, we investigate ground-motion variability due to different faulting approximations and crustal-model parametrizations in the Messina Straits area (Southern Italy). Considering three 1-D velocity models proposed for this region and a total of 72 different source realizations, we compute broad-band (0-10 Hz) synthetics for Mw 7.0 events using a fault plane geometry recently proposed. We explore source complexity in terms of classic kinematic (constant rise-time and rupture speed) and pseudo-dynamic models (variable rise-time and rupture speed). Heterogeneous slip distributions are generated using a Von Karman autocorrelation function. Rise-time variability is related to slip, whereas rupture speed variations are connected to static stress drop. Boxcar, triangle and modified Yoffe are the adopted source time functions. We find that ground-motion variability associated to differences in crustal models is constant and becomes important at intermediate and long periods. On the other hand, source-induced ground-motion variability is negligible at long periods and strong at intermediate-short periods. Using our source-modelling approach and the three different 1-D structural models, we investigate shaking levels for the 1908 Mw 7.1 Messina earthquake adopting a recently proposed model for fault geometry and final slip. Our simulations suggest that peak levels in Messina and Reggio Calabria must have reached 0.6-0.7 g during this earthquake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY In this paper we investigate nature and properties of narrow-band, transient seismic signals observed by a temporary array deployed in the Val Tiberina area (central Apennines, Italy). These signals are characterized by spindle-shaped, harmonic waveforms with no clear S-wave arrivals. The first portion of the seismograms exhibits a main frequency peak centred at 4.5 Hz, while the spectrum of the slowly decaying coda is peaked at about 2 Hz. Events discrimination is performed using a matched-filtering technique, resulting in a set of 2466 detections spanning the 2010 January-March time interval. From a plane-wave-fitting procedure, we estimate the kinematic properties of signals pertaining to a cluster of similar events. The repetition of measurements over a large number of precisely aligned seismograms allows for obtaining a robust statistics of horizontal slownesses and propagation azimuths associated with the early portion of the waveforms. The P-wave arrival exhibits horizontal slownesses around 0.1 s km−1, thus suggesting waves impinging at the array almost vertically. Separately, we use traveltimes measured at a sparse network to derive independent constraints on epicentral location. Ray parameters and azimuths are calibrated using slowness measurements from a local, well-located earthquake. After this correction, the joint solution from traveltime inversion and array analysis indicates a source region spanning the 1-3 km depth interval. Considerations related to the source depth and energy, and the occurrence rate which is not related to the daily and weekly working cycles, play against a surface, artificial source. Instead, the close resemblance of these signals to those commonly observed in volcanic environments suggest a source mechanism related to the resonance of a fluid-filled fracture, likely associated with instabilities in the flux of pressurized CO2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The dynamic response of piles to seismic loading is explored by means of an extensive parametric study based on a properly calibrated Beam-on-Dynamic-Winkler-Foundation (BDWF) model. The investigated problem consists of a single vertical cylindrical pile, modelled as an Euler–Bernoulli beam, embedded in a subsoil consisting of two homogeneous viscoelastic layers of sharply different stiffness resting on a rigid stratum. The system is subjected to vertically propagating seismic S waves, in the form of a transient motion imposed on rock outcrop. Several accelerograms recorded in Italy are employed as input motions in the numerical analyses. The paper highlights the severity of kinematic pile bending in the vicinity of the interface separating the two soil layers. In addition to factors already investigated such as layer stiffness contrast, relative soil–pile stiffness, interface depth and intensity of ground excitation, the paper focuses on additional important factors, notably soil material damping, stiffness of Winkler springs and frequency content of earthquake excitation. Existing predictive equations for assessing kinematic pile bending at soil layer interfaces are revisited and new regression analyses are performed. A synthesis of findings in terms of a set of simple equations is provided. The use of these equations is discussed through examples. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In this paper, we present the seismological data recorded during the deployment of a dense three-component seismic network installed a few hours after the 2003 Mw 5.3 Monghidoro earthquake, in northern Apennines. The main shock focal solutions derived from polarities distribution and body wave modelling of regional broadband data show a NE–SW striking reverse mechanism. Accurate relative locations of aftershocks and the inversion of focal mechanisms show that earthquakes occurred on a NW-dipping backthrust within the Adria lithosphere under a NW-trending horizontal compression. The observed compression is a secondary process possibly explained by differential motion within the Adriatic lithosphere. Fault geometry and kinematics is controlled by pre-existing structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we investigate the border between the Sannio and Irpinia seismogenic regions, a sector of the southern Apennine chain considered among the most active seismic areas of the Italian peninsula, to shed further light on its complex seismotectonic setting. We integrated recent seismicity with literature data. A detailed analysis of the seismicity that occurred in the 2013–2016 time interval was performed. The events were relocated, after manual re-picking, using different approaches. To retrieve information about the stress field active in the area, inversion of Fault Plane Solutions was also carried out. Hypocentral distribution of the relocated events (M L ≤ 3.5), whose depth is included between 5 and 25 km with the deepest ones located in the NW sector of the study area, shows a different pattern between the northern sector and the southern one. The computed Fault Plane Solutions can be grouped in three depth ranges: < 12 km, dominated by normal dip-slip kinematics; 12–18 km, characterized by normal dip-slip and strike-slip kinematics; > 18 km, dominated by strike-slip kinematics. Stress field inversion across the whole area shows that we are dealing with an heterogeneous set of data, apparently governed by distinct stress fields. We built an upper crustal model profile through integration of geological data, well logs and seismic tomographic profiles. Our results suggest the co-existence of different tectonic styles at distinct crustal depths: the upper crust seems to be affected mostly by normal faulting, whereas strike-slip faulting prevails in the intermediate and lower crust. We infer about the existence of a transitional volume, located between 12 and 18 km depth, between the Sannio and Irpinia regions, acting as a vertical transfer zone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports the results of a field-based structural investigation of a well-exposed paleo-accretionary prism, which experienced complex deformation in a low-grade metamorphic setting. Field analyses focused on the description of structural fabrics, with the main emphasis upon parameters like the orientation, style and kinematics of foliations, folds and shear zones. We address the research to the south-westernmost part of the Alpine chain, the Ligurian Alps, where, despite their origin as turbidite sequences deposited into the closing Alpine Tethys Ocean, the Helminthoid Flysch Nappes are presently distributed in the outer part of the chain, above the foreland. The new dataset highlights different deformation patterns related to the different spatial distribution of the flysch units. This regional-scale partitioning of strain is hence associated with progressive deformation within a two-stage geodynamic evolution. Correlations among the different orogenic domains allow the proposal of a kinematic model that describes the motion of the Helminthoid Flysch from the inner to the outer part of the orogen, encompassing the shift from subduction- to collision-related Alpine geodynamic phases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes a new motion analysis protocol for race-walking. The protocol has been tested under laboratory conditions on a real athlete of the Italian national race-walking team. The experimental setup included a motion capture system and a force platform to record both kinematic and dynamic aspects of the athletic action. Thus, any infringement of the rules can be detected, based on the measure of knee flexion-extension and the loss of ground contact. The biomechanical efficiency can be determined from the joint angles and the temporal components of gait. The results of experiments show that the protocol can be a valuable tool to assist athletes and trainers in improving race-walking technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The stability of high rock slopes is largely controlled by the location and orientation of geological features, such as faults, folds, joints, and bedding planes, which can induce structurally controlled slope instability. Under certain conditions, slope kinematics may vary with time, as propagation of existing fractures due to brittle failure may allow development of fully persistent release surfaces. In this paper, the progressive accumulation of brittle damage that occurred prior to and during the 2014 San Leo landslide (northern Italy) is investigated using a synthetic rock mass (SRM) approach. Mapping of brittle fractures, rock bridge failures, and major structures is undertaken using terrestrial laser scanning, photogrammetry, and high-resolution photography. Numerical analyses are conducted to investigate the role of intact rock fracturing on the evolution of kinematic freedom using the two-dimensional Finite-discrete element method (FDEM) code Elfen, and the three-dimensional lattice-spring scheme code Slope Model. Numerical analyses show that the gradual erosion of clay-rich material below the base of the plateau drives the brittle propagation of fractures within the rock mass, until a fully persistent, subvertical rupture surface form, causing toppling of fault-bounded rock columns. This study clearly highlights the potential role of intact rock fracturing on the slope kinematics, and the interaction between intact rock strength, structural geology, and slope morphology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present QUIN, a "QUaternary fault strain INdicators database", designed to integrate and unify published and unpublished local-scale geological information and derive strain parameters for structural and seismotectonic analyses. It provides data on 3339 Fault Striation Pairs (FSP; fault plane and slickenline), distributed within 455 survey sites. These are exposed along the intra-Apennine Quaternary extensional faults of Central Italy. The area covers an extent of ~550 km in a NW-SE direction. We give information on FSP location, attitude and kinematics, and deformation axes. We also provide an original shapefile of the faults hosting the FSP. A large amount of homogeneously distributed Quaternary fault/slip data help to clarify and implement the contemporary geometric and kinematic deformation pattern of Central Italy that appears scattered and incomplete whenever exclusively derived from earthquake data. The high-density of structural data can help investigate stress pattern heterogeneities at local scales, with relevance for new generations of hazard assessment evaluation and a better understanding of rupture propagation and related barriers. Measurement(s) active geological fault Technology Type(s) geological tools Sample Characteristic - Environment Quaternary faults • Apennines Sample Characteristic - Location Italy • Northern Apennines • Central Apennines • Tuscan-Emilian Apennines • apennines [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improving the knowledge of seismogenic faults requires the integration of geological, seismological, and geophysical information. Among several analyses, the definition of earthquake focal mechanisms plays an essential role in providing information about the geometry of individual faults and the stress regime acting in a region. Fault plane solutions can be retrieved by several techniques operating in specific magnitude ranges, both in the time and frequency domain and using different data. For earthquakes of low magnitude, the limited number of available data and their uncertainties can compromise the stability of fault plane solutions. In this work, we propose a useful methodology to evaluate how well a seismic network, used to monitor natural and/or induced micro-seismicity, estimates focal mechanisms as a function of magnitude, location, and kinematics of seismic source and consequently their reliability in defining seismotectonic models. To study the consistency of focal mechanism solutions, we use a Bayesian approach that jointly inverts the P / S long-period spectral-level ratios and the P polarities to infer the fault plane solutions. We applied this methodology, by computing synthetic data, to the local seismic network operating in the Campania–Lucania Apennines (southern Italy) aimed to monitor the complex normal fault system activated during the Ms 6.9, 1980 earthquake. We demonstrate that the method we propose is effective and can be adapted for other case studies with a double purpose. It can be a valid tool to design or to test the performance of local seismic networks, and more generally it can be used to assign an absolute uncertainty to focal mechanism solutions fundamental for seismotectonic studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper deals with the effects of pre-existing fractures on the development of damage zones related to meter and decameter strike-slip faults, which affected Late Oligocene-Early Miocene sandstone in the Calcione area, southern Tuscany (Italy). Strike-slip faults dissected rock masses locally affected by pervasive, pre-existing fractures related to previous deformational events. Two different domains were identified: rock masses affected and unaffected (or relatively unaffected) by pre-existing fractures. Strike-slip faults affecting the two domains made it possible to compare the different configurations of fracture patterns related to isolated or interacting fault segments. New data is provided on scaling relations between: i) fault length and the length of related fractures; ii) mean step length and width for overstepping fault segments; iii) angular values at the intersection of the fault plane and related fractures. Scaling relations obeyed a positive power law for faults dissecting sandstone unaffected by pre-existing fractures. On the contrary, no scaling relations were recognized for faults dissecting sandstone affected by pre-existing fractures. The development of strike-slip faults on rock masses affected by pre-existing fractures can simulate splays apparently related to faulting. Three main points were categorized for detecting deceptive cases. There is a real chance of a deceptive fracture pattern if: i) the angular values at the intersection of the fault and its fractures (mode I opening fracture) exceed 50° in the wall damage zone; ii) the scaling relation between fault length and maximum fracture length does not fit a power law; iii) fractures acted as shear fractures. The resulting framework provides additional data for understanding the development and architecture of strike-slip faults. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In this paper a new kinematic and dynamic model on the Recent and active contractional deformation of the Catania region, eastern Sicily, is discussed. The study area represents one of the most seismically active region of the Mediterranean, located at the intersection between the front of the Sicily collision belt and the seismogenic Siculo-Calabrian Rift-Zone. The analysed contractional tectonics form an active triangle zone that originated from the tectonic inversion of a Lower-Middle Pleistocene extensional basin, which was located at the northern edge of the African foreland. The triangle zone consists of two antithetic ENE–WSW oriented thrust-ramps that show evidence of motion during the Holocene and bound a folded belt that involves alluvial deposits as young as 40ka. These contractional structures represent the final product of the positive tectonic inversion of extensional features located, in the Hyblean Plateau in SE Sicily, along the flank of the active rift zone. The Late Quaternary motions along the inverted structures was accommodated to the west by a major N–S oriented left-lateral fault zone, which separates the active contractional domains from the adjacent sectors of the African margin. As a whole, the Late Quaternary contractional tectonics of SE Sicily have been related to a NW-verging crustal stacking, related to a Mantle intrusion beneath the Hyblean Plateau that developed as effect of the rift-flank deformation. The crustal lineaments, which compose the new kinematic model, represents potentially active seismogenic sources that might be considered in the frame of the seismotectonic picture of the Catania region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper describes the geometrical structure and the main kinematic features of an ancient and active landslide which develops in structurally complex formations of the Southern Apennines (Italy): a scaly clayey formation in the medium and lower part of the slope, and a stratified marly–calcareous rock formation in the upper part. The landslide 3D geometry was reconstructed by using topographic data, stratigraphies from continuous coring boreholes and inclinometer data. The analysis of the kinematic features was based on the measurement of deep and superficial displacements. Laboratory tests were carried out to evaluate shear strength parameters. It was found that in each investigated transversal section of the landslide channel the displacements can be considered uniform, and that the decrease of the displacement rates, from upslope to downslope, mostly depends on the increase in the areas of transversal sections, the “soil discharge” variations being slight. Stability analyses confirmed that shear strength close to the residual value is available on the slip surface. The large difference between residual strength and peak strength of the landslide material is consistent with the displacement uniformity. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In this paper we present and discuss an improved picture of the seismicity distribution of the Umbria–Marche–Abruzzi Apennines as obtained through the integration of the national and the regional seismic networks operating from 2002 to 2006. During this period, both the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) National Seismic Network and the regional networks have been greatly improved. We compare the results of the integrated catalogue obtained in this study with the Catalogue of the Italian Seismicity between 1981 and 2001 [Castello, B., Selvaggi, G., Chiarabba, C., Amato, A., 2006. CSI Catalogo della sismicità italiana 1981–2002, versione 1.1. INGV-CNT, Roma.http://legacy.ingv.it/CSI )], confirming the basic known features of the seismic activity in the region, but also evidencing some original and interesting results. In particular, the new data set allows us to better define the geometry and kinematics of the crustal seismicity, which is confined to the upper 20 km and shows a clear general deepening from west to east. In the crust, we find additional evidence of extensional seismicity below the central portion of the belt and thrust/reverse faulting mechanisms at the outer fronts of the Apennines. Looking at the seismicity along the belt, it is also possible to observe aseismic regions, which could be due to either locked or creeping portions of the Apenninic fault system. At greater depth, the west-dipping seismicity distribution down to about 70 km confirms the hypothesis of a slab of Adriatic lithosphere subducted below the Apennines, but also suggests that there are strong lateral heterogeneities and possibly tears in the slab. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The seismic analysis of a large monument subjected to strong earthquakes is the object of the present paper. As a case study, the response of the “Maniace Castle” of Syracuse has been investigated by a multi-level approach which adopts traditional finite element modelling as well as a specific mechanistic computational model for the final non-linear seismic analyses. At first, the linear behaviour of the monument was studied by means of two 3D FE models in order to understand the global response of the building, its points of weakness, and the kinematics of the corresponding collapse mechanisms. Then, these results were used to calibrate a mechanistic 2D plane rigid body and spring model, RBSM, specifically formulated with the aim of approximating the macroscopic behaviour of masonry walls with reduced degrees of freedom, and taking into account the influence of the masonry texture and energy dissipation capacity of the material. Given the uncertainties and the variability of the material characteristics, an extensive parametric non-linear static analysis and the dynamic analyses, with artificial and natural accelerograms, were made in accord with the EC8 seismic code, and compared together. These results were then used to formulate and verify a simple proposal for the restoration design. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) technique provides an effective way to measure fabrics and, in the process, interpret the kinematics of actively deforming orogens. We collected rock fabric data of alluvial fan sediments surrounding the Sierra Nevada massif, Spain, and a broader range of Cenozoic sediments and rocks across the Northern Apennine foreland, Italy, to explore the deformation fabrics that contribute to the ongoing discussions of orogenic kinematics. The Sierra Nevada is a regional massif in the hinterland of the Betic Cordillera. We recovered nearly identical kinematics regardless of specimen magnetic mineralogy, structural position, crustal depth, or time. The principal elongation axes are NE–SW in agreement with mineral lineations, regional GPS geodesy, and seismicity results. The axes trends are consistent with the convergence history of the Africa–Eurasia plate boundary. In Italy, we measured AMS fabrics of specimens collected along a NE–SW corridor spanning the transition from crustal shortening to extension in the Northern Apennines. Samples have AMS fabrics compatible only with shortening in the Apennine wedge and have locked in penetrative contractional fabrics, even for those samples that were translated into the actively extending domain. In both regions, we found that specimens have a low degree of anisotropy and oblate susceptibility ellipsoids that are consistent with tectonic deformation superposed on compaction fabrics. Collectively, these studies demonstrate the novel ways that AMS can be combined with structural, seismic, and GPS geodetic data to resolve orogenic kinematics in space and time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Slope stability is influenced by a number of factors that modify the resisting/acting force ratio control landslide initiation and movement velocity. Among these, artificial vibrations have been identified as an important degrading factor for soil strength, but it is not fully clear if they can trigger or modulate movements of clay landslides. To contribute to a better understanding of the potential effect of vibrations on landslide movement, also in terms of boundary conditions, we analyzed monitoring data acquired at the toe of the Pietrafitta landslide in southern Italy. This landslide adjoins the SS87 national road that suffered periodic closure due to landslide activity and in April 2016 operates daytime only for risk mitigation purpose. This condition promoted a better identification of a potential cause-effect relation between traffic vibration and landslide movement. Results from data analysis and landslide modeling suggest that in condition of incipient movement, artificial vibrations, also of limited amplitude, are able to directly initiate clay landslide movement that due to the viscous nature of the involved material exhibit a specific displacement pattern that is not consistent with a sliding block model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To investigate the effects of an uphill marathon (43 km, 3063-m elevation gain) on running mechanics and neuromus-cular fatigue in lower-limb muscles. Methods: Maximal mechanical power of lower limbs (MMP), temporal tensiomyographic (TMG) parameters, and muscle-belly displacement (Dm) were determined in the vastus lateralis muscle before and after the competition in 18 runners (age 42.8 ± 9.9 y, body mass 70.1 ± 7.3 kg, maximal oxygen uptake 55.5 ± 7.5 mL ⋅ kg-1 ⋅ min-1). Contact (tc) and aerial (ta) times, step frequency (f), and running velocity (v) were measured at 3, 14, and 30 km and after the finish line (POST). Peak vertical ground-reaction force (Fmax), vertical displacement of the center of mass (Δz), leg-length change (ΔL), and vertical (kvert) and leg (kleg) stiffness were calculated. Results: MMP was inversely related with race time (r = -.56, P = .016), tc (r = -.61, P = .008), and Δz (r = -.57, P = .012) and directly related with Fmax (r = .59, P = .010), ta (r = .48, P = .040), and kvert (r = .51, P = .027). In the fastest subgroup (n = 9) the following parameters were lower in POST (P < .05) than at km 3: ta (-14.1% ± 17.8%), Fmax (-6.2% ± 6.4%), kvert (-17.5% ± 17.2%), and kleg (-11.4% ± 10.9%). The slowest subgroup (n = 9) showed changes (P < .05) at km 30 and POST in Fmax (-5.5% ± 4.9% and -5.3% ± 4.1%), ta (-20.5% ± 16.2% and -21.5% ± 14.4%), tc (5.5% ± 7.5% and 3.2% ± 5.2%), kvert (-14.0% ± 12.8% and-11.8% ± 10.0%), and kleg (-8.9% ± 11.5% and-11.9% ± 12%). TMG temporal parameters decreased in all runners (-27.35% ± 18.0%, P < .001), while Dm increased (24.0% ± 35.0%, P = .005), showing lower-limb stiffness and higher muscle sensibility to the electrical stimulus. Conclusions: Greater MMP was related with smaller changes in running mechanics induced by fatigue. Thus, lower-limb power training could improve running performance in uphill marathons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We collected drone data to quantify the kinematics at extensional fractures and normal faults, integrated this information with seismological data to reconstruct the stress field, and critically compared the results with previous fieldwork to assess the best practice. As a key site, we analyzed a sector of the northeast rift of Mt Etna, an area affected by continuous ground deformation linked to gravity sliding of the volcano's eastern flank and dike injections. The studied sector is characterized also by the existence of eruptive craters and fissures and lava flows. This work shows that this rift segment is affected by a series of NNE- to NE-striking, parallel extensional fractures characterized by an opening mode along an average N105.7 ∘ vector. The stress field is characterized by a σHmin trending northwest–southeast. Normal faults strike parallel to the extensional fractures. The extensional strain obtained by cumulating the net offset at extensional fractures with the fault heave gives a stretching ratio of 1.003 in the northeastern part of the study area and 1.005 in the southwestern part. Given a maximum age of 1614 CE for the offset lavas, we obtained an extension rate of 1.9 cm yr -1 for the last 406 years. This value is consistent with the slip along the Pernicana Fault system, confirming that the NE rift structures accommodate the sliding of the eastern flank of the volcano. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The morphological changes of unstable areas can be identified using different methodologies that allow repeated surveys over time. The integration between the data obtained from different remote sensing and ground-based techniques, characterized by different coverage, resolution, and precision, allows to describe the kinematic motion of landslides with high accuracy and details. The aim of this work is to monitor the displacements of the Patigno landslide, a deep-seated gravitational slope deformation located in the Northern Apennines (Zeri, Massa Carrara, Italy), using archival aerial photogrammetry (1975–2010), continuous GNSS observations (2004–2018), and multi-temporal InSAR data (2015–2019). The results obtained adopting the different techniques were cross-validated and integrated in order to better explain the kinematics of the landslides: the GNSS data analysis shows horizontal movements of about 43 mm/yr in the S-E direction and vertical deformations of 6.5 mm/yr, in agreement with the average displacement rates obtained from photogrammetry and InSAR processing. The analysis of multi-temporal aerial photogrammetric images allowed us to observe three sectors of the landslide body characterized by different velocities rates and planimetric directions, in agreement with the LOS InSAR displacement field. Furthermore, the correlation between the rainfall distribution and the GNSS time series shows an acceleration of the sliding movements after about 3–4 months of a strong rainfall period. This integrated approach allowed us to overcome the limitations of each technique and to provide a 44-year long monitoring of the Patigno landslide. We also show that a synergic use of ground-based and remote sensing methodologies can provide useful information for the planning of more effective landslide risk mitigation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Neogene kinematics of the Giudicarie fault (part of Periadriatic lineament, NE Italy) have been re-examined using apatite fission-track analysis. Twenty samples were collected along two geological sections; the first one crossing the Tertiary Corno Alto pluton (Adamello batholith) and the Variscan basement (Southalpine domain) adjacent to the South Giudicarie fault, the second one close to the North Giudicarie fault, in the Variscan basement of the Tonale nappe (Austroalpine system). Samples from the southern section show short tracks and ages between 14.7±1.2 Myr and 22.5±2.2 Myr along 1570 m of the profile; samples from the northern profile present long tracks and ages between 11.3±1.3 Myr and 14.7±3.4 Myr along 1225 m of the vertical profile. In the former, the presence of short tracks might indicate either a long permanence of the rocks in the apatite partial annealing zone, or a more complex thermal history; in the latter case we are dealing with rocks which experienced more rapid cooling. The two differing segments of the Giudicarie fault can be explained either as two completely independent tectonic features or, more likely, by hypothesizing a single fault active in its southern and northern parts at different times. Fission track data support a first exhumation of this single fault c. 15 Ma along the North Giudicarie, with a final exhumation towards the south, in the Adamello area, at c. 8-10 Ma (Mid Tortonian). This age fits with the so-called 'Giudicarie' phase, during which σ1 in the stress field was orientated N280-290°. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was aimed at better clarifying whether action execution impairment in autism depends mainly on disruptions either in feedforward mechanisms or in feedback-based control processes supporting motor execution. To this purpose, we analyzed prehension movement kinematics in 4- and 5-year-old children with autism and in peers with typical development. Statistical analysis showed that the kinematics of the grasp component was spared in autism, whereas early kinematics of the reach component was atypical. We discussed this evidence as suggesting impairment in the feedforward processes involved in action execution, whereas impairment in feedback-based control processes remained unclear. We proposed that certain motor abilities are available in autism, and children may use them differently as a function of motor context complexity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the combined effect of robotic-aided gait training (RAGT) and physical therapy (PT) on functional abilities and gait pattern in children and adolescents exiting acquired brain injury (ABI), through functional clinical scales and 3D-Gait Analysis (GA). Methods: A group of 23 patients with ABI underwent 20 sessions of RAGT in addition to traditional manual PT. All the patients were evaluated before and after the training by using the Gross Motor Function Measures (GMFM) and the Functional Assessment Questionnaire. Ambulant children were also evaluated through the 6 Minutes Walk Test (6MinWT) and GA. Finally, results were compared with those obtained from a control group of ABI children who underwent PT only. Results: After the training, the GMFM showed significant improvement in both dimensions 'D' (standing) and 'E' (walking). In ambulant patients the 6MinWT showed significant improvement after training and GA highlighted a significant increase in cadence, velocity and stride length. Moreover, hip kinematics on the sagittal plane revealed a statistically significant increase in range of motion (ROM) during the whole gait cycle, increased hip extension during terminal stance and increased ROM during the swing phase. Conclusions: The data suggest that the combined programme RAGT + PT induces improvements in functional activities and gait pattern in children and adolescents with ABI and demonstrated it to be an elective tool for the maintenance of the patients' full compliance throughout the rehabilitative programme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of contemporary technology is widely recognised as a key tool for enhancing competitive performance in swimming. Video analysis is traditionally used by coaches to acquire reliable biomechanical data about swimming performance; however, this approach requires a huge computational effort, thus introducing a delay in providing quantitative information. Inertial and magnetic sensors, including accelerometers, gyroscopes and magnetometers, have been recently introduced to assess the biomechanics of swimming performance. Research in this field has attracted a great deal of interest in the last decade due to the gradual improvement of the performance of sensors and the decreasing cost of miniaturised wearable devices. With the aim of describing the state of the art of current developments in this area, a systematic review of the existing methods was performed using the following databases: PubMed, ISI Web of Knowledge, IEEE Xplore, Google Scholar, Scopus and Science Direct. Twenty-seven articles published in indexed journals and conference proceedings, focusing on the biomechanical analysis of swimming by means of inertial sensors were reviewed. The articles were categorised according to sensor’s specification, anatomical sites where the sensors were attached, experimental design and applications for the analysis of swimming performance. Results indicate that inertial sensors are reliable tools for swimming biomechanical analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary.—Understanding the developmental levels of fundamental movement skills has a critical role in the improvement of motor competence in childhood. In this respect, the use of Microsoft Kinect to assess vertical jumping skill and to predict developmental levels in 9- to 12-yr.-old children was evaluated. 41 boys and girls repeated the countermovement jump test three times. Vertical jumping skill levels were categorized using observational records, while kinematic and temporal parameters were estimated using a biomechanical model based on data acquired by the Kinect. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and discriminant analysis verified that the height of the jump and the flight height predict the primary differences in jumping skill developmental levels, and the Kinect-based assessment discriminates these levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Overuse injuries are predominant in sports involving the repetition of similar movements patterns, such as in volleyball or beach volleyball, and they may represent as much a problem as do acute injuries. This review discusses the prevalence of two of the most common overuse-related injuries in volleyball: shoulder and back/spine injuries. Risk factors and the aetiology of these injuries are illustrated in order to make possible to initiate preventive programme or post-injuries solutions. Data collected from literature showed a moderately higher injury rate for overuse shoulder injuries compared to the back/spine (19.0±11.2% and 16.8±9.7%, respectively). These data could be underestimated, and future epidemiological studies should consider overuse injuries separately from the others, with new methodological approaches. In addition to age, biomechanical and anatomical features of a volleyball technique utilised in game and the amount of hours played are considered as the main risk factors for overuse upper limb injuries, both for professional and recreational athletes. Together with post-injuries solutions, great importance has to be placed on preventive programmes, such as preventive rehabilitation, stretching, adequate warm up, strength-power exercises, etc. Furthermore, it is particularly suggested that coaches and players work together in order to develop new game/training techniques that minimise stresses and range of motion of the principal anatomical structures involved, while maintaining athletes performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, there has been increasing interest in the relationship between dental occlusion and body posture both among people and in scientific literature. The aim of the present longitudinal study is to investigate the effects of an experimental occlusal interference on body posture by means of a force platform and an optoelectronic stereophotogrammetric analysis. An occlusal interference of a 0- to 2-mm-thick glass composite was prepared to disturb the intercuspal position while not creating interference during lateral or protrusive mandibular excursions. Frontal and sagittal kinematic parameters, dynamic gait measurements and superficial electromyographic (SEMG) activity of head and neck muscles were performed on 12 healthy subjects. Measurements were taken 10 days before the application of the occlusal interference, and then immediately before the application, the day after it, and at a distance of 7 and 14 days under four different exteroceptive conditions. The outcomes of this study show that an occlusal interference does not modify significantly over time static and dynamic parameters of body posture under different exteroceptive conditions. It has a minimal influence only on the frontal kinematic parameters related to mandibular position, and it induces a transient increase of the activity of masticatory muscles. In this study, the experimental occlusal interference did not significantly influence the body posture during a 14-day follow-up period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For decades, many authors have attempted to define the location, geometry and kinematics of the causative fault for the 1908 December 28, M 7.1 earthquake that struck the Messina Straits between Sicily and Calabria (southern Italy). The coseismic displacement caused a predominant downwarping of the Straits and small land uplift away from it, which were documented by levelling surveys performed 1 yr before and immediately after the earthquake. Most of the source models based on inversion of levelling data suggested that the earthquake was caused by a low angle, east-dipping blind normal fault, whose upper projection intersects the Earth surface on the Sicilian (west) side of the Messina Straits. An alternative interpretation holds that the causative fault is one of the high-angle, west-dipping faults located in southern Calabria, on the eastern side of the Straits, and may in large part coincide with the mapped Armo Fault. Here, we critically review the levelling data with the aim of defining both their usefulness and limits in modelling the seismogenic fault. We demonstrate that the levelling data alone are not capable of discriminating between the two oppositely dipping fault models, and thus their role as a keystone for modellers is untenable. However, new morphotectonic and geodetic data indicate that the Armo Fault has very recent activity and is accumulating strain. The surface observations, together with appraisal of macroseismic intensity distribution, available seismic tomography and marine geophysical evidence, lends credit to the hypothesis that the Armo and possibly the S. Eufemia faults are part of a major crustal structure that slipped during the 1908 earthquake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Terra Nova, 25, 21-29, 2013 Abstract How reliably can a seismogenic fault be identified in complex tectonic settings such as the Italian Apennines? The aftershocks of the Mw 6.3, 2009 L'Aquila earthquake developed both on the primary seismogenic fault and on a northwestern, adjacent segment. Here, the active Gorzano normal fault is exposed, and many seismogenic models are based on it. Compared with the tectonic setting, however, the 2009 aftershock sequence shows that the deep seismogenic fault does not correspond with the exposed fault plane. The latter flattens at a depth of ∼4 km, and is totally hosted within a 6-7 km-thick thrust sheet. The 2009 earthquake sequence, instead, depicts an independent fault in a deeper thrust sheet. The Gorzano fault is kinematically reactivated only at the hangingwall of the deeper fault. In complex tectonic settings, seismogenic faults can be properly characterized only through the joint analysis of many independent geological and geophysical data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY We captured post-seismic deformation close to the surface rupture of the 2009 L'Aquila earthquake ( M6.3, central Italy) using repeat terrestrial laser scan (TLS) methods. From 8 to 126 d after the earthquake, we repeatedly laser scanned four road surfaces that intersected the earthquake surface rupture. We modelled vertical near-field deformation, at millimetre-level precision, by comparing subsequent laser scan data sets to the first acquired at each site. The horizontal post-seismic deformation at each site was measured between reflectors paired across the rupture. The TLS data were supplemented by total station data from a fifth site which measured the vertical and horizontal components of post-seismic deformation between two points spanning the rupture. We find post-seismic deformation increased between 44 and 126 d at the southeastern end of the rupture, beneath which a significant gradient in coseismic slip exists within the fault zone. The location, rate of decay and spatially-localized nature of the post-seismic deformation, within tens of metres of the surface rupture suggests it is due to afterslip in the fault zone, driven by increased shear stresses at the edges of regions which slipped coseismically. We note that the magnitude of post-seismic deformation in the far field obtained from InSAR and GPS is not significantly greater than the deformations we have measured close to the rupture. We suggest that shallow, localized afterslip within the fault zone is responsible for the majority of the regional post-seismic deformation field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY We analyse the spatial distribution of the intensity data points surveyed after the Mw 6.3, 2009 L'Aquila (central Italy) earthquake, with the aim to recognize and quantify finite-fault and directivity effects. The study is based on the analysis of the residuals, evaluated with respect to attenuation-with-distance models, calibrated for L'Aquila earthquake. We apply a non-parametric approach considering both the epicentral and the rupture distance, which accounts for the finite extension of the source. Then, starting from a simplified kinematic rupture model of the L'Aquila fault, we compute four directivity predictors proposed in literature, and assess their correlation with intensity residuals. We derive a so-called Intensity Directivity Factor by the correlation between theoretical predictors and observed residuals that allows us to identify and quantify the intensity data points affected by forward and backward directivity during L'Aquila earthquake. We find that the effects are more pronounced in the forward directivity direction and increments up to 1 MCS intensity unit are expected. Moreover, the directivity predictor that accounts for radiation pattern poorly correlates with residuals. These results show that the spatial distribution of the L'Aquila macroseismic field is affected by source effects and in particular that directivity-induced amplification effects can be recognized. We show that the quasi-unilateral rupture propagation along the fault can explain the high-intensity patterns observed along specific direction at relatively large distance from the instrumental epicentre, in accordance with the seismological source models derived from the analysis of instrumental observations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to characterize the dynamic parameters of poling action during low to moderate uphill skiing in the diagonal stride technique. Twelve elite cross country skiers performed an incremental test using roller skis on a treadmill at 9 km/h at seven different grades, from 2° to 8°. The pole ground reaction force and the pole inclination were measured, and the propulsive force component and poling power were then calculated. The duration of the active poling phase remained unchanged, while the recovery time decreased with the increase in the slope. The ratio between propulsive and total poling forces (effectiveness) was approximately 60% and increased with the slope. Multiple regression estimated that approximately 80% of the variation of the poling power across slopes was explained by the increase of the poling force, the residual variation was explained by the decrease of the pole inclination, while a small contribution was provided by the increase of the poling relative to the cycle time. The higher power output required to ski at a steeper slope was partially supplied by a greater contribution of the power generated through the pole that arises not only by an increase of the force exerted but also by an increase of its effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alps and Apennines are juxtaposed within an approximately 100 km-wide area covered by the Upper Eocene to Miocene successions of the Tertiary Piedmont Basin. The Upper Eocene–Oligocene evolution of this area was characterized to the north and west by the propagation of the SE-verging Southalpine thrust-fold belt that can be traced from the Po Plain subsurface until the Torino Hill-Saluzzese area, and to the south by a high-angle, broadly E–W oriented megashear zone that led to the juxtaposition of different crustal levels and controlled the development of a mosaic of partly independent sub-basins. Since the latest Oligocene the N-verging Apenninic tectonics prevailed in the collisional system and the Tertiary Piedmont Basin evolved as a wide thrust-top basin, bounded to the north by the N-verging Monferrato arc and characterized by a tectono-sedimentary evolution recording changes of subsidence and shift of depocentres in relation to crustal structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The applicability of the kinematic wave (KW) approximation was investigated for unsteady flow in prismatic channels. Each of the 16 cases analyzed under steady flow conditions by Moramarco et al. (2008) was now perturbed such that synthetic discharge hydrographs varying around the steady value Q0 and characterized by different values of the wave period T and steady wave travel times, T0′, were obtained. Therefore, based on the kinematic wave number K and steady Froude number F0, a set of 224 experimental tests were carried out and the KW accuracy was investigated by routing synthetic discharge hydrographs. In this case, the dynamic wave solution DYW was also considered as a benchmark and adopting the critical-flow depth at the downstream end. The performance of KW was assessed using different accuracy measures: (a) errors in dimensionless maximum flow depth along the channel [variant_greek_epsilon]max; (b) explained variance NSQ on discharge hydrographs at the outlet section; and (c) errors in peak discharge [variant_greek_epsilon]Qp and water level [variant_greek_epsilon]hp at the downstream channel end, and errors in time to peak discharge [variant_greek_epsilon]tQp and water level [variant_greek_epsilon]thp always at the downstream end. Based on these KW accuracy measures, different scenarios for the KW applicability were found as a function of the quantities KF02 and T/T0′. It was found that the KW applicability depended on the accuracy measure of interest and different criteria were accordingly defined. Moreover, the comparison between the proposed KW applicability criteria and the existing ones shows that these latter tend to limit the KW application and, hence, they have to be used with caution. This insight was also inferred from an analysis of flood events that occurred along an equipped branch of the upper Tiber River in central Italy. Therefore, also based on the real case study, it was shown that there is not a single rule for the KW applicability but different criteria can be defined, taking care, however, that their application strictly depends on the selected accuracy measure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drainage basin-scale morphometric analysis and morphological evidence of tectonics represent helpful tools to evaluate and investigate morphoneotectonic processes in tectonically active regions. In this perspective, we applied an integrated analysis to the Abruzzo Periadriatic Area, between the Tronto and Sinello rivers (Central Italy). It involved morphometric analysis, structural geomorphological field mapping, and detailed analysis of fluvial terraces. Geomorphic indexes and markers (e.g., Irta, SL index, ksn, and knickpoints) were used in this study to detect the response of landscapes to drainage systems' unsteadiness and tectonic deformation processes, possibly induced by the ongoing activity of the buried tectonic structures. Furthermore, the investigation of morphological field evidence of tectonics, integrated with the analysis of fluvial terraces' spatial and temporal arrangement, was performed to assign relative, geomorphologically-based, age constraints of the landscape evolution. The resulting data allowed us to define domains affected by different morphostructural and morphoneotectonic processes, related to the impact and ongoing activity of the five detected families of structural elements (S1, F1, F2, F3, and F4), mainly characterized by compressive, extensional, and transtensive kinematics. Finally, this study could represent a scientific basis for integrating morphometric, fluvial, and tectonic geomorphology analysis to better define the main phases of the landscape evolution and the impact of morphoneotectonic processes on fluvial environments in uplifting piedmont areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Ferret Valley (NW Italy), anthropic activities coexist close to the Grandes Jorasses massif's glaciological complex. In the past, break-off events have caused damage to people and infrastructure. These events concerned two specific sectors: the Montitaz Lobe (Planpincieux Glacier) and the Whymper Serac (Grandes Jorasses Glacier). Since 2010, permanent and discontinuous survey campaigns have been conducted to identify potential failure precursors, investigate the glacier instability processes, and explore different monitoring approaches. Most of the existing terrestrial apparatuses that measure the surface kinematics have been adopted in the Grandes Jorasses area. The monitoring sites in this specific area are characterized by severe weather, complex geometry, logistic difficulties, and rapid processes dynamics. Such exceptional conditions highlighted the limitations and potentialities of the adopted monitoring approaches, including robotic total station (RTS), GNSS receivers, digital image correlation applied to time-lapse imagery, and terrestrial radar interferometry (TRI). We examined the measurement uncertainty of each system and their monitoring performances. We discussed their principal limitations and possible use for warning purposes. In the Grandes Jorasses area, the use of a time-lapse camera appeared to be a versatile and cost-effective solution, which, however is not suitable for warning applications, as it does not guarantee data continuity. RTS and GNSS have warning potentialities, but the target installation and maintenance in remote environments remain challenging. TRI is the most effective monitoring system for early warning purposes in such harsh conditions, as it provides near-real-time measurements. However, radar equipment is very costly and requires extreme logistic effort. In this framework, we present data integration strategies to overcome the abovementioned limits and we demonstrate that these strategies are optimal solutions to obtain data continuity and robustness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geometry of discontinuities greatly influences the kinematic behavior of slopes and landslides. Discontinuous deformation analysis (DDA) is used here to analyze two typical examples of slope failure, demonstrating that accurate representation of the geometry of the discontinuities is essential for identification of kinematically correct failure modes. Then, static stability analyses of the Vaiont, Italy, landslide of October 9, 1963 are used to show that the DDA results compare favorably with previously published limit equilibrium studies using similar geometries, and that the location and number of discontinuities have a significant effect on the predicted stability and failure velocities of the landslide. Dynamic DDA simulations of the Vaiont landslide show that the peak velocity increases up to 50% as the number of blocks increases, indicating that internal disintegration of the landslide mass results in increasing acceleration and higher peak velocity. DDA analyses simulating pore pressure rise resulting from frictional heating of the basal slide plane show that the peak velocity similarly increases up to 50% as the number of blocks increases. The magnitude of the increase in peak velocity as a result of disintegration (i.e., increasing number of blocks) suggests that as much attention should be paid to the geometry of discontinuities as is typically paid to shear strength and pore pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents information on a study which described the structural setting and tectonic evolution of the Western Monferrato domain. Discussion on the geometric relations between the main crustal units of the Alps-Apennines junction zone; Structural analysis of the sedimentary domain; Kinematic evolution of the junction.

Fold-and-thrust belts have a high variability of structural styles, whose investigation provides continuous updates of the predictive models that try to better approximate the geometries recognized in the field. The majority of studies are focused on the geometry and development of folds and thrust surfaces and the amount of displacement, taking into account the role played by the involved stratigraphic succession assumed as a layer cake. We present a case study from the external zone of the Variscan fold-and-thrust belt in SW Sardinia, where it was possible to investigate the lateral and vertical variations of the mechanical properties of the involved succession, how they related to previous folding, control thrust geometry, and kinematics. In this case, the superposition of two fold systems acted as a buttress that induced extensive back-thrusting. We found that there is a close connection between the attitude of the bedding and the geometry of back thrust surfaces, shear strength during thrust propagation, and variation in the shortening amount, depending on which part of the folds were cut across. The folding-related mechanical anisotropy also seems to have induced a ductile deformation in the footwall of back-thrusts. Although the case study considers the development of back-thrust, the relations between thrust and not-layer cake geometries could also be applied to fore-thrust development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]