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Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a worldwide challenge to the well‐being of animals and humans. The emergence of AMR is largely attributed to the improper utilization and overuse of antimicrobials. In order to combat this issue and promote responsible antimicrobial use (AMU), it is imperative for veterinary professionals and graduating students to possess extensive knowledge, maintain positive attitudes, and adhere to good practices regarding AMU and AMR. Objective: To assess the knowledge, attitude and practices (KAPs) of veterinary professionals and senior animal health students' towards veterinary AMU and AMR. Methods: A cross‐sectional study design was conducted on purposefully selected 200 participants (60 of them were veterinary professionals from the districts and towns, and the remaining 140 were senior animal health university students). A self‐administered, structured questionnaire was used to collect the necessary data, and descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data. Results: The study revealed that, overall, study participants' KAP were not satisfactory. From veterinary professionals, about 56.7% of respondents scored average knowledge, whereas 66.7% and 61.66% of them had negative attitudes and poor practices, respectively, on AMU and AMR. The study found that 56% of the participants' think the previous knowledge they acquired regarding AMU and AMR was not sufficient, and the internet was used as a source of drug information by the majority of participants. The majority (72%) of them were not taking special training on AMU and AMR. Regarding senior animal health students, this study indicated that 52% and 69.2% of the respondents had poor knowledge and a negative attitude, respectively, towards AMU and AMR. Conclusion: Overall, veterinary professionals in the central Gondar zone have average knowledge, a negative attitude and poor practices. Poor knowledge and a negative attitude were also observed among senior animal health students towards AMU and AMR. Therefore, to fill the observed gaps, activities that enhance the skills of veterinary professionals and students should be implemented. Ingreted measures with animicrobial stewardship program and Nationwide studies are highly suggested to evaluate the overall status of veterinary professionals towards AMU and AMR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Background Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a worldwide challenge to the well‐being of animals and humans. The emergence of AMR is largely attributed to the improper utilization and overuse of antimicrobials. In order to combat this issue and promote responsible antimicrobial use (AMU), it is imperative for veterinary professionals and graduating students to possess extensive knowledge, maintain positive attitudes, and adhere to good practices regarding AMU and AMR. Objective To assess the knowledge, attitude and practices (KAPs) of veterinary professionals and senior animal health students’ towards veterinary AMU and AMR. Methods A cross‐sectional study design was conducted on purposefully selected 200 participants (60 of them were veterinary professionals from the districts and towns, and the remaining 140 were senior animal health university students). A self‐administered, structured questionnaire was used to collect the necessary data, and descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data. Results The study revealed that, overall, study participants’ KAP were not satisfactory. From veterinary professionals, about 56.7% of respondents scored average knowledge, whereas 66.7% and 61.66% of them had negative attitudes and poor practices, respectively, on AMU and AMR. The study found that 56% of the participants’ think the previous knowledge they acquired regarding AMU and AMR was not sufficient, and the internet was used as a source of drug information by the majority of participants. The majority (72%) of them were not taking special training on AMU and AMR. Regarding senior animal health students, this study indicated that 52% and 69.2% of the respondents had poor knowledge and a negative attitude, respectively, towards AMU and AMR. Conclusion Overall, veterinary professionals in the central Gondar zone have average knowledge, a negative attitude and poor practices. Poor knowledge and a negative attitude were also observed among senior animal health students towards AMU and AMR. Therefore, to fill the observed gaps, activities that enhance the skills of veterinary professionals and students should be implemented. Ingreted measures with animicrobial stewardship program and Nationwide studies are highly suggested to evaluate the overall status of veterinary professionals towards AMU and AMR.

An open label prospective interventional study was conducted on asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients to assess the influence of pharmacist provided education on inhaler usage technique and its impact on therapeutic outcomes in patients with Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The study was approved by the institutional ethics committee and conducted in the pulmonology department of Kamineni Institute of Medical Sciences, Narketpalli, Telangana. Written informed consent was obtained from the recruited study patients. A suitably designed data collection form was designed to capture disease and lab details i.e. forced expiratory volume in the 1st second. A newly constructed and validated knowledge, attitude and practices questionnaire was administered to assess the knowledge about the disease and its management. An inhaler checklist was applied to every patient to assess the inhaler usage technique and provided suitable guidance to use the inhaler effectively and assessed the impact of education on the patient's therapeutic outcomes. Among the 20 patients, 11 (55 %) were females and 9 (45 %) were males. The mean age of the study patients was 54±3 y. A significant improvement in knowledge, attitude and practices scores was observed in the post-counselling stage (p<0.001) and inhaler usage technique (p<0.001) among the patient after providing the counselling. Correct education about disease and inhaler usage techniques had shown an improvement in patient's therapeutic outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dengue is one of the health problems in Myanmar. Thus, health promotion in schools is considered a key approach for reducing risk-taking behaviours related to dengue. Objectives: The study aimed to evaluate a dengue training programme for high school students to measure changes in knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) towards dengue; evaluate the effectiveness of the programme in improving prevention and control practices among families and determining changes in larval indices in their dwelling places. Methodology: The dengue school training programme was conducted for Grades 9 and 10 students in Yangon. In total, 300 students in the intervention school received training and were compared with 300 students as control. KAP was assessed using a self-administered questionnaire, whereas larval and control practice surveys were conducted at the homes of both groups 3 months before and after the programme. Results: The KAP scores of the intervention group increased after the programme. Moreover, the programme improved prevention and control practices and decreased the larval indices in the intervention group. Students from the same group with high scores in knowledge and self-reported practices were less likely to exhibit Aedes larval positivity in their residential areas. Conclusion: This study demonstrated the impact of the dengue training programme on the KAP of students and short-term family larval control practices, which influenced household larval indices.

Background: During the COVID-19 pandemic, Anganwadi workers (AWWs) were repositioned for community support, community surveillance, community awareness on infection prevention and mitigating stigma/discrimination entailing infection, going door to door. The job entailed good knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) with regard to infection prevention and control (IPC). Aims: To assess the KAP of AWW with regard to IPC in context of COVID-19 in Lucknow district. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted using Google form between 30 June and 28 July 2020. AWWs were recruited from Lucknow district irrespective of their training status; data analysis was done on 137 participants. The mean KAP score was calculated and student t-test was applied. Chi-square test was performed between categorical variables and KAP. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression was applied between independent and dependent variables. Results: The mean score of knowledge was 7.22 ± 2.64, attitude was 4.34 ± 1.14 and practice was 4.44 ± 1.11. There was a significant difference between good and poor score for KAP. Participants with older age, good knowledge and attitude scores were more likely to have good practices. Conclusion: AWWs had good attitude and practices, but lacked adequate knowledge on IPC measures. Ensuring training for AWW on IPC is important.

Background: The novel corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) presented as an emergent threat to global health. It was necessary to identify level of public awareness on disease prevention to mitigate the pandemic. Until then, no vaccine or effective drug were available for the control, prevention, and treatment of COVID-19. Preventive measures were the only way out. Objectives: a) To study knowledge of people regarding COVID-19. b) To study attitude of people towards lockdown. c) To assess practices of people in taking preventive measures for COVID-19. Method: A cross sectional study was carried out among general population. Sample size was calculated using the formula 4pq/l2 where, p= proportion of people having knowledge regarding COVID-19 THAT IS 50%. Minimum calculated sample size was 205. Data was collected using pre- tested, structured questionnaire through online portal. Study was approved by Institutional Ethics committee. Results: The present study included a total of 249 subjects in which subjects’ age varies from 18-65+ years. Maximum number of subjects held a graduate degree 214 (86%). More than 80% study subjects were aware about contagious nature of COVID- 19, practice of social distancing, usage of sanitizer and vaccination. 66.7% subjects were using N95 marks and more than 60% were vaccinated. 69% opined that strict lockdown should be enforced. Conclusion: Present study had some shortfall in knowledge among subjects regarding some aspects of COVID-19. Therefore, there was an obligation for awareness that can be directed via health education and training programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: During the COVID-19 pandemic, Anganwadi workers (AWWs) were repositioned for community support, community surveillance, community awareness on infection prevention and mitigating stigma/discrimination entailing infection, going door to door. The job entailed good knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) with regard to infection prevention and control (IPC). Aims: To assess the KAP of AWW with regard to IPC in context of COVID-19 in Lucknow district. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted using Google form between 30 June and 28 July 2020. AWWs were recruited from Lucknow district irrespective of their training status; data analysis was done on 137 participants. The mean KAP score was calculated and student t-test was applied. Chi-square test was performed between categorical variables and KAP. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression was applied between independent and dependent variables. Results: The mean score of knowledge was 7.22 ± 2.64, attitude was 4.34 ± 1.14 and practice was 4.44 ± 1.11. There was a significant difference between good and poor score for KAP. Participants with older age, good knowledge and attitude scores were more likely to have good practices. Conclusion: AWWs had good attitude and practices, but lacked adequate knowledge on IPC measures. Ensuring training for AWW on IPC is important. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) is a viral respiratory illness that was recently recognized in humans. Recently, the Ministry of Health in Saudi Arabia reported a substantial increase in MERS cases, primarily from the Riyadh region. The objective of the present study was to evaluate knowledge, attitude and practices towards MERS among physicians, nurses, pharmacist and technicians individually. Methods: A cross sectional study conducted at King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia among individual healthcare workers. The survey questionnaire was self-administrated and consisted of five sections: Demographic; Source of MERS information; Knowledge; Attitude; and Practice of healthcare workers towards MERS. Results: A total of 391 participants of which physicians (162; 41.4%), pharmacists (18; 4.6%), nurses (130; 33.3%) and technicians (81; 20.7%) were included with a response rate of 95.71%. The majority of the participants were female (53.70%) and mostly in the nurse’s category (40.5%). The participants reported the highest main source of information was seminars and workshops (n = 191; 48%) followed by social media (n = 179; 45%). The overall score indicates good knowledge among physicians (95.7%), pharmacists (88.9%), nurses (86.2%) and technicians (91.4%) and showed statistically significant (p = 0.039). The study showed a positive attitude among physicians (96.3%), pharmacist (94.4%), nurses (94.6%) and technicians (90.1%) with no statistically significant (p = 0.273). However, the majority of the participants showed average practices towards MERS. However, the least practice among participants was the use of facemask in the crowds (24.2%). The demographic characteristic’s age, gender and professions showed significantly associated with mean knowledge score. Similarly, statistical significance observed in gender and experience demographic variables with a mean attitude score. Conclusions: The study concludes that different health workers showed good knowledge and positive attitudes, but low to average practices towards MERS with low adherence to facemask practice. When comparing workers, physicians have a high degree of knowledge and attitude when compared to nurses, pharmacist and technicians.

Aim of study: To assess knowledge, attitude and practice of health care professionals working in Abha primary health care (PHC) centers regarding standard precautions of infection control. Subjects and Methods: This cross sectional study included 212 health care professionals in Abha PHC centers. An electronic questionnaire was constructed by the researchers and was used for data collection. It consisted of five parts, i.e., socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge questions about infection control and standard precautions, statements about attitude of participants, practice of health care providers regarding infection control and perceived obstacles against adequate application of standard precautions. Results: Most participants were physicians with Bachelor degree (68.9%, and 45.3%, respectively), while 51.9% had an experience less than five years in PHC. About two thirds of PHC centers (60.8%) had a special and separate room for medical waste. Only 55.7% attended training programs on infection control and 72.6% viewed a memo about coronavirus. About one third of participants (31.6%) had poor knowledge about infection control, 88.2% had positive attitude toward infection control policy and procedures, while 49.5% had poor practice level. There were no significant differences in participants' knowledge or attitude according to their socio-demographic characteristics, while their practices were significantly better among those who got a training program about infection control and those who had an experience

Context: India generates around 3 million tonnes of medical wastes every year, an amount that is expected to grow at 8% annually. Improper handling of biomedical waste (BMW) can result in the spread of infections such as HIV-acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus in addition to being a burden on the environment. Segregation being the most important step in BMW management (BMWM) necessitates that people working in the health-care system are aware of its rules and regulations. Therefore, it is important to understand and explore any lacunae in knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding BMWM. Aim: The aim of this study is to develop an insight into the knowledge, attitude and practices of medical students regarding BMWM. Settings and Design: An institutional-based cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach was conducted. Subjects and Methods: A structured questionnaire prepared according to the knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) model. Statistical Analysis Used: Data were analysed by the IBM SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences), v20.0 software. Results: The participants' knowledge on BMWM was scored on a scale of 0--50. Thirty-six per cent of them scored in the range of 20--30, while 30.9% scored between 30 and 40. Three-fourths of them believed that it was important to be aware of BMW generation, hazards and legislation. About 87.09% opined that soft skills regarding BMWM should be a part of the curriculum for health-care students. About 76% of the respondents claimed to follow colour coding while discarding BMW. About 41.3% of the participants responded that they would report anyone found breaking the rules of BMWM. Conclusions: The study revealed that there is still a significant lack in the KAP of health-care students regarding BMWM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice regarding breastfeeding among the mothers having children below 1 year. The objectives of the study are to assess the level of knowledge, attitude and practices regarding breastfeeding in mothers having children 1 year, to find out the relationship between knowledge attitude and practices with selected demographic data/variables and to determine correlation between knowledge, attitude and practices. Quantitative research approach and descriptive research design were used. Convenient sampling technique was used to select the 60 subjects. Permission of data collection was taken from head of the department of paediatrics, GMCH Sec-32 Chandigarh. The data was analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results of the studies were presented in the form of figures and tables. The study findings revealed that 83.33% mothers had average knowledge regarding breastfeeding, 13.3% mothers had good knowledge and 3.3% mothers had poor knowledge. The study also shows that 88.3 % mothers had positive attitude and 11.7% mothers had negative attitude regarding breastfeeding. The practices were adequate in 91.7% mothers and 8.3% had inadequate practices of breastfeeding. Among all socio-demographic variables, only occupation and parity has significant relationship with attitude score. Only type of family has significant relationship with practice score. The findings revealed non-significant correlation (r=0.058, p=0.636) between knowledge and attitude, statistically significant positive correlation (r=0.290, p=0.038) between knowledge and practices, non-significant correlation (r=0.110, p=0.396) between attitude and practices. This project was carried out by students of final year of B.Sc.(N) Ashish, Ashu, Balraj, Dency, Gaganjot, Harsimran at GMCH-32. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Tobacco use has become an epidemic of modern times. Its use is widespread among young adults and those from lower socioeconomic classes. Objective: The objective is to assess knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) and motivation to quit tobacco habits in relation to age and educational status among male tobacco users visiting a Government Dental College Hospital, India. Materials and Methods: This was a questionnaire survey conducted among 199 male adult smokers visiting the Department of Public Health Dentistry in a Government Dental College in India. Quota sampling was used for recruiting the required number of study participants. Information on KAP related to smoking habits was collected using a predesigned structured questionnaire by two trained and calibrated dentists. Knowledge, attitude toward quitting and their self-confidence toward quitting was compared in relation to age and educational status using Chi-square test. Results: A higher percentage of younger adults aged 18–24 years were interested in quitting the habit (100%) compared to those aged 45–64 years (85.2%). Similarly, a higher percentage of young adults have tried quitting the habit (76.9%) compared to their older counterparts (64.8%) (P < 0.05). Knowledge on ill effects of smoking increased with increasing educational attainment (P < 0.001). People with higher educational attainment had observed the warning sign on packaging (73.7%) compared to those with less than primary education (25.9%) and they also reported that the presence of such warning sign motivated them to think about quitting (54.8% vs. 0%) (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Knowledge, positive attitude toward quitting and self-confidence to quit were higher among younger adults and those with secondary education compared to their elder counterparts and those with less than primary education.

Aim of study: To assess knowledge, attitude and practice of health care professionals working in Abha primary health care (PHC) centers regarding standard precautions of infection control. Subjects and Methods: This cross sectional study included 212 health care professionals in Abha PHC centers. An electronic questionnaire was constructed by the researchers and was used for data collection. It consisted of five parts, i.e., socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge questions about infection control and standard precautions, statements about attitude of participants, practice of health care providers regarding infection control and perceived obstacles against adequate application of standard precautions. Results: Most participants were physicians with Bachelor degree (68.9%, and 45.3%, respectively), while 51.9% had an experience less than five years in PHC. About two thirds of PHC centers (60.8%) had a special and separate room for medical waste. Only 55.7% attended training programs on infection control and 72.6% viewed a memo about coronavirus. About one third of participants (31.6%) had poor knowledge about infection control, 88.2% had positive attitude toward infection control policy and procedures, while 49.5% had poor practice level. There were no significant differences in participants' knowledge or attitude according to their socio-demographic characteristics, while their practices were significantly better among those who got a training program about infection control and those who had an experience <5 years in primary care (p = 0.040, and P = 0.032, respectively). Conclusions: Health professionals have suboptimal knowledge and practice levels regarding standard precautions of infection control, while most of them have positive attitude. Therefore, it is recommended to enforce their training and to increase the supervision in PHC settings regarding infection control policy and procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Young Child Feeding Practices (IYCF) includes breast feedind and complementary feeding. Proper feeding practices are essential for proper nutrition, growth, development and survival of infant and young children.Maternal knowledge and feeding attitude has been shown to be a stronger predictor of breast feeding initiation and complementary feeding practice. Objectives: To evaluate the knowledge, attitude and practices of mothers regarding infant and young child feeding. Material and Methods: This cross sectional study was done in Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka from June 2017 to November 2017.A total number of 218 mothers having children between 0-23 months were included.Modified Iowa Infant Feeding Attitude Scale (IIFAS) and 5 point Likert scale was applied to assess maternal attitude towards infant and young children feeding. The relationship between infant feeding knowledge, attitude and practices and socio-demographic variables was tested by using Chi-square test. Relationship among mothers knowledge, attitude and practices regarding IYCF was showed by Spearman's correlation. Results: The study result showed that, 83.5% mothers had good knowledge about IYCF but only half of them had good practice. Almost everyone (99.1%) agreed that breast milk is best for new born baby. Most of the mother (94%) knew that exclusive breast feeding should be given for six months but only half of them (51.1%) practiced EBF.Though 72.5 % mothers had positive attitude towards breast feeding but about two third (63.6%) of them gave formula milk within 6 completed months. About two third of mothers (60.2%) used bottle for feeding their child. Most of the mother (94%) had knowledge about complementary feeding but only 55.7% mother provide complementary feeding accurately with atleast four different types of food. This study showed that educational background has significant relationship with KAP of mothers regarding IYCF. Conclusion: The study concluded that, majority of the mothers had good knowledge and a positive attitude towards breastfeeding and complementary feeding but they did not practice this properly.There is a strong association between mother's educational background and KAP (Knowledge, attitude & practice) regarding IYCF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) is a viral respiratory illness that was recently recognized in humans. Recently, the Ministry of Health in Saudi Arabia reported a substantial increase in MERS cases, primarily from the Riyadh region. The objective of the present study was to evaluate knowledge, attitude and practices towards MERS among physicians, nurses, pharmacist and technicians individually. A cross sectional study conducted at King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia among individual healthcare workers. The survey questionnaire was self-administrated and consisted of five sections: Demographic; Source of MERS information; Knowledge; Attitude; and Practice of healthcare workers towards MERS. A total of 391 participants of which physicians (162; 41.4%), pharmacists (18; 4.6%), nurses (130; 33.3%) and technicians (81; 20.7%) were included with a response rate of 95.71%. The majority of the participants were female (53.70%) and mostly in the nurse's category (40.5%). The participants reported the highest main source of information was seminars and workshops (n = 191; 48%) followed by social media (n = 179; 45%). The overall score indicates good knowledge among physicians (95.7%), pharmacists (88.9%), nurses (86.2%) and technicians (91.4%) and showed statistically significant (p = 0.039). The study showed a positive attitude among physicians (96.3%), pharmacist (94.4%), nurses (94.6%) and technicians (90.1%) with no statistically significant (p = 0.273). However, the majority of the participants showed average practices towards MERS. However, the least practice among participants was the use of facemask in the crowds (24.2%). The demographic characteristic's age, gender and professions showed significantly associated with mean knowledge score. Similarly, statistical significance observed in gender and experience demographic variables with a mean attitude score. The study concludes that different health workers showed good knowledge and positive attitudes, but low to average practices towards MERS with low adherence to facemask practice. When comparing workers, physicians have a high degree of knowledge and attitude when compared to nurses, pharmacist and technicians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A novel coronavirus strain, SARS-CoV-2, was identified in December 2019, causing a disease known as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). WHO declared the COVID-19 emergency as a pandemic in March 2020. Following nationwide lockdowns, it becomes pertinent that the self-quarantined medical students are able to dispense necessary knowledge regarding appropriate prevention practices related to the disease to their respective families and communities, therefore playing a positive role in sharing the economic load of the health system already overburdened by the increasing number of COVID-19 patients. This study aims to investigate the knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of undergraduate medical students of the Twin Cities of Pakistan toward COVID-19, with regards to their observance of precautionary measures against the disease. Methods: Online data in this descriptive cross-sectional study was collected through self-developed questionnaires from 267 undergraduate medical students of twin cities, by convenient sampling. Results: High level of knowledge (72.7%) regarding Covid-19 infection among undergraduate medical students was consistent with their practices (70.8%) but not with their satisfactory attitude (p<0.01). Being female than male and students of private medical colleges showed more satisfactory attitude (p<0.05) and knowledge (p<0.01) towards Covid-19 infection respectively, while practices were more among the students of public sector medical college (p<0.05). Conclusion: The Knowledge of the students was satisfactory and consistent with their practices but not with their Satisfactory attitude, indicating a need to improve upon the prevailing attitude regarding infectious diseases such as Covid-19 and their prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is one of the common, slow progressive disorder the respiratory system, considered an important cause of morbidity and mortality across the globe. Although being a chronic disability, COPD presents with acute exacerbations in the form of breathlessness and cough. Knowledge regarding about diagnosis of COPD, appropriate titration of Oxygen and effective management are essential to prevent mortality and morbidity due to COPD. Objective: To assess the Knowledge, Attitude and Practice level about management of Acute Exacerbation of COPD among EMS Professionals. Methodology: The study was conducted amongst 100 Emergency Medical Professionals in Pune, India. A previously tested and validated KAP questionnaire prepared by Sylvia Saade et al2 was utilized for the study. The questionnaire was administered through online mode after obtaining informed consent from the respondents. Discussion: The analysis of data shows EMS professionals are aware of the aetiology, pathophysiology and clinical features but require more training in management aspects of COPD. In terms of attitude towards COPD, broad agreement was found amongst respondents that COPD patients must quit smoking and passive smoking contributed to COPD. However, opinion amongst respondents with respect to recommendations regarding exercise was divided. In terms of Practices in COPD, broad consensus was found amongst the respondents on the usage and precautions regarding metered dose inhalers (MDI). Conclusion: The study finding point towards a healthy degree of knowledge, attitude, and practice with regards to COPD amongst EMS professionals. Although the finding do red flag areas of improvement which can be focused upon in future training session. The study is limited by number of respondents yet attempts to provide a broad view on Knowledge, attitude and Practices in COPD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Inappropriate use of antibiotics is one of the main causes of antibiotic resistance around the globe. The present study was aimed to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practices toward antibiotics and antibiotic resistance among consumers. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from April 2019 to September 2019. The participants visiting community pharmacies to buy the antibiotics were approached by data collectors. The descriptive analysis, Kruskal Wallis, and Mann-Whitney statistical tests were used for data analysis through SPSS. Results: 399 participants at three pharmacies with male (n = 352, 88.2%), age (years) group between 34 to 41(n = 138, 34.6%), uneducated (n = 128, 32.1%), and higher education (n = 76, 19.0%) level of the participants were noted. Poor to moderate knowledge were observed; participants were unaware of the risk and misuse of antibiotics at all three pharmacies. By some means, a positive attitude noted, but the storage of antibiotics at home (Median = 2, IQR = 2) was preferred to use when needed. Most of the respondents didn't follow the actual dosage regimen as prescribed (n = 266, 66.7%, p < 0.05). Conclusion: A lack of knowledge and malpractices toward antibiotics use among consumers were observed. Education and awareness of the public about antibiotic resistance is the need of the hour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background In South Africa malaria is endemic in Mpumalanga, Limpopo and the north–eastern areas of KwaZulu-Natal provinces. South Africa has set targets to eliminate malaria by 2018 and research into complementary vector control tools such as the Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) is ongoing. It is important to understand community perceptions regarding malaria transmission and control interventions to enable development of community awareness campaign messages appropriate to the needs of the community. We aimed to assess knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding malaria transmission to inform a public awareness campaign for SIT in Jozini Local Municipality, Mamfene in KwaZulu-Natal province. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional survey in three communities in Mamfene, KwaZulu-Natal during 2015. A structured field piloted questionnaire was administered to 400 randomly selected heads of households. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize data. Results Of the 400 participants interviewed, 99% had heard about malaria and correctly associated it with mosquito bites. The sources of malaria information were the local health facility (53%), radio (16%) and community meetings (7%). Approximately 63% of the participants were able to identify three or four symptoms of malaria. The majority (76%) were confident that indoor residual spraying (IRS) kills mosquitoes and prevents infection. Bed nets were used by 2% of the participants. SIT knowledge was poor (9%), however 63% of the participants were supportive of mosquito releases for research purposes. The remaining 37% raised concerns and fears, including fear of the unknown and lack of information on the SIT. Conclusion Appropriate knowledge, positive attitude and acceptable treatment-seeking behaviour for malaria were demonstrated by members of the community. Community involvement will be crucial in achieving success of the SIT and future studies should further investigate concerns raised by the community. The existing communication channels used by the malaria control program can be used; however additional channels should be investigated.

Introduction: Menstruation is a phenomenon unique to females. In India, limited access to products of sanitary hygiene and lack of safe sanitary facilities could increase the likelihood of resorting to unhygienic practices to manage menstruation. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from April 2013 to April 2014 by interviewing 452 adolescent school girls using a semi-structured, pretested questionnaire. There were 6 schools and 1 PUC college in the study area. Data were analyzed using Epi Info 3.5.3. Objectives: The objectives of this study were (1) to study the knowledge and attitude toward menstruation among adolescent school girls, (2) to study the practices of menstrual hygiene among adolescent school girls, (3) to enumerate the common menstrual morbidities among girls, and (4) to elicit their health-seeking behavior regarding menstrual health. Results: The mean age and standard deviation of girls included in the study were 13.05 years and 0.09472. Only 37.39% girls knew that infection would occur if they do not clean their vagina regularly during menstruation. Only 34.1% girls had the right perception about menstruation as a normal physiological process. Majority of girls used sanitary pads during menstruation. 35.32% of girls said that they were scared when they first attained menarche. Only 11.08% girls said that they had no restrictions during menstruation. Conclusion: The school girls had less than satisfactory knowledge, but good practices regarding menstrual health among those who had attained menarche. Religion, mother's education, and socioeconomic status were factors determining knowledge, attitude, and practices of menstrual health among adolescent school girls.

Introduction: Maternal knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) toward management and prevention of diarrhea in children

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major cause of ill health and with the raise in incidence of drug resistance TB control efforts have now become even more challenging Which has led to a greater concern towards TB infection control (IC). Institutional settings, and also the health care facilities, have been identified to be at very high risk of TB transmission2. Studies conducted in low and middle income countries have reported high nosocomial transmission of TB among health care workers. The study was conducted to determine the level of knowledge, attitude and practices of HCWs towards the TB infection control. Methods: A hospital based, cross-sectional study was conducted in Mc gann hospital attached to Shimoga institute of medical sciences, Shivamogga. A total of 210 nursing staff, lab technicians and others were assessed for knowledge, attitude, and practices on TB infection control using a structured, self administered questionnaire. The data were then analyzed using SPSS software. Results: In this study it was found that the level of knowledge on TB infection control was good among more than half of the respondents. Conclusion: The knowledge, attitude and practice regarding TB infection control was not satisfactory. So there is a need for development and implementation of TB infection control plan in all centers providing TB care.

Background: Breastfeeding is a critical first step on a child’s path to a healthy future. Despite its benefits, breastfeeding is no longer a norm in many communities. Inadequate support and lack of information by healthcare professionals were risk factors affecting breastfeeding failure. Although many studies identified knowledge and attitudes towards breastfeeding among mothers, little is known about knowledge and attitudes towards breastfeeding among medical and nursing students in Egypt. Aim: This study is aiming to assess knowledge, attitude and anticipated practices of medical and nursing female students at Al-Azhar University to provide breastfeeding support. Participants and methods: A cross sectional study, conducted at Al-Azhar University in Cairo during the academic year (2018-2019) on a sample of 440 female students from faculty of medicine and faculty of nursing. Results: Regarding knowledge, the finding of the study revealed very good level of knowledge (mean percent score of knowledge was 75.23%±7.37) and most of studied groups had neutral attitude (78.4%). Mean score of anticipated practices among them was 63.97±6.64 indicating average level. Conclusion and recommendation: This study reflects very good level of knowledge, neutral attitude and average anticipated practices level among undergraduate female students in medical and nursing faculties at Al-Azhar University. So, it is crucial to focus on students’ education and training as a fundamental aspect in improving future health care providers’ knowledge, skills and experience needed in clinical practice. This will affect students’ attitudes towards breastfeeding and will reflect on their anticipated practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Tobacco use has become an epidemic of modern times. Its use is widespread among young adults and those from lower socioeconomic classes. Objective: The objective is to assess knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) and motivation to quit tobacco habits in relation to age and educational status among male tobacco users visiting a Government Dental College Hospital, India. Materials and Methods: This was a questionnaire survey conducted among 199 male adult smokers visiting the Department of Public Health Dentistry in a Government Dental College in India. Quota sampling was used for recruiting the required number of study participants. Information on KAP related to smoking habits was collected using a predesigned structured questionnaire by two trained and calibrated dentists. Knowledge, attitude toward quitting and their self-confidence toward quitting was compared in relation to age and educational status using Chi-square test. Results: A higher percentage of younger adults aged 18–24 years were interested in quitting the habit (100%) compared to those aged 45–64 years (85.2%). Similarly, a higher percentage of young adults have tried quitting the habit (76.9%) compared to their older counterparts (64.8%) (P < 0.05). Knowledge on ill effects of smoking increased with increasing educational attainment (P < 0.001). People with higher educational attainment had observed the warning sign on packaging (73.7%) compared to those with less than primary education (25.9%) and they also reported that the presence of such warning sign motivated them to think about quitting (54.8% vs. 0%) (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Knowledge, positive attitude toward quitting and self-confidence to quit were higher among younger adults and those with secondary education compared to their elder counterparts and those with less than primary education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Telepharmacy has emerged as a crucial component of healthcare worldwide during Covid-19 pandemic, yet there is scarce literature on the acceptability of telepharmacy services in Malaysia. This study aimed to evaluate the public's knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) towards telepharmacy services in Malaysia during the Covid-19 pandemic. Methods: This cross-sectional survey included 385 participants in Malaysia who responded via an online structured, self-administered questionnaire. The authors utilised a convenience sampling methodology. The questionnaire consisted of four sections: Section A was comprised of socio-demographic profiles, while Section B, C, and D assessed respondents' knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards telepharmacy services respectively. The statistical analyses were performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Results: The results showed that respondents possessed moderate knowledge, a positive attitude, and poor practices concerning telepharmacy services during the Covid-19 pandemic. The mean knowledge score was 3.02±1.640, while the mean attitude score, out of a maximum possible score of 30, was 25.46±3.404. The mean practice score was 2.75±0.655. A significant association was found between gender (p=0.045), level of education (p=0.004), district of residence (p<0.001), occupation (p=0.013), and the total score of practice towards telepharmacy services. This study also found a significant relationship between respondents' knowledge and attitude, knowledge and practice, and attitude and practice towards telepharmacy services during Covid-19. Conclusions: Telepharmacy services have been observed to have a direct correlation with a positive attitude and effective practice among the public in Malaysia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inappropriate complementary feeding is an important challenge to proper child nutrition in post‐conflict rural areas in many sub‐Saharan African countries. While in protected areas during conflict situation and soon after during recovery, communities normally receive nutrition education as part of capacity building to improve knowledge, attitude, and practices to enable them manage maternal and child nutrition issues during the post‐conflict development phase. It is largely unknown whether capacity in nutrition provided is maintained and adequately applied in the post‐conflict development situation. Using Acholi sub‐region of Uganda, an area that experienced violent armed conflict for 20 years (mid‐80s–early 2000), as a case study, we examined the status of nutritional knowledge, attitude, and practices associated with complementary feeding among caregivers of 6‐ to 23‐month‐old children in a post‐conflict development phase following return to normalcy nearly 10 years post‐conflict emergency situation. The results showed that a high proportion of caregivers had good knowledge (88%) and attitude (90.1%) toward complementary feeding. However, only a half (50%) of them practiced correct nutrition behavior. Education status of the household head and sex of the child significantly predicted caregiver knowledge on complementary feeding (p ≤ 0.05). Education status of the household head also predicted caregiver attitude toward complementary feeding (p ≤ 0.05). Poverty, food insecurity, and maternal ill health were the major factors that hindered caregivers from practicing good complementary feeding behavior. These results demonstrate that nutrition education on complementary feeding provided to the community during conflict emergency and recovery situation is largely retained in terms of knowledge and attitude but poorly translated into good child feeding practices due to poverty, food insecurity, and maternal ill health. Maternal health, food security, and poverty reduction should be prioritized if adequate complementary feeding is to be achieved among conflict‐affected communities in the post‐conflict development phase. The study examined the status of nutritional knowledge, attitude, and practices associated with complementary feeding among caregivers of 6‐ to 23‐month‐old children in a post‐conflict development setting following return to normalcy nearly 10 years of post‐conflict emergency using Acholi sub‐region of Uganda as a case study. The results demonstrated that nutrition education on complementary feeding provided to the community during conflict emergency and recovery situation is largely retained in terms of knowledge and attitude but poorly translated into good child feeding practices due to poverty, food insecurity, and maternal ill health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Most congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is not avertable; however, the adverse effects of CH are preventable with early detection and treatment. It is a common congenital endocrine disorder that affects 1 in 2000-4000 newborns globally. The true incidence in Pakistan is unknown. Data from hospital studies quote an incidence of 1 in 1600-2000. The aim of this study was to uncover existing knowledge of CH and screening for the condition and to assess the impact of health education on mothers' knowledge and attitudes towards having their newborns screened. Methods: The study was conducted from January 2012 to August 2013 at a local hospital in Karachi, Pakistan. This was a prospective, interventional cohort study implemented through a pre- and post-crosssectional knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) survey. Interviews were conducted using structured questionnaires on CH. Results: At baseline (pre-intervention survey), 400 participants consented and 355 (88.9%) completed the study. There was a significant increase in awareness among participating women following the intervention (20% to approximately 98%). Similarly, 78.9% agreed to opt for a screening test for their newborns following delivery as compared with 57.7% in the pre-intervention KAP survey (relative risk 1.38, p-value <0.0001). Conclusion: Unfortunately, the majority of mothers were unaware of CH and its implications, leading to less screening and fewer diagnoses. This study underlines the importance of education in screening programmes to create awareness and maximize uptake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Several occupations in developing countries lag behind in ensuring the safety of their workers in occupational settings. Lack of implementation of safety guidelines at workplaces can expose workers to health risks. In Pakistan, barbers are one of the un-regulated occupational groups. Low literacy, increased frequency of direct skin contact and blade/razors use can expose barbers to body fluids including blood of the customers. We conducted this study in order to determine hepatitis B virus (HBV) prevalence among barbers and their knowledge, attitude and practices in a peri-urban district of Sindh. Material and Methods: Three hundred eighty-five barbers from the Sukkur district were interviewed using a structured questionnaire. Blood samples were collected and tested for HBsAg. A scale was built to determine the proportions of responses to knowledge, attitude and practice items. Results: The prevalence of HBV among barbers was 2.1%. The barbers’ knowledge on HBV and its transmission routes was poor. The response to attitude items was good, except that only 35.1% of the participants agreed to have vaccination against HBV. The overall performance on the knowledge and practice scales was poor compared to the attitude scale on which 80% of the barbers performed well. Conclusion: The prevalence of HBV among barbers was lower compared to the available national figures for the prevalence among the general population.

Background: A teacher with adequate oral health knowledge, positive attitude toward dental health can always play an important role in health education of school children and be a role model for children, lay people and the community at large. Objective: To assess and compare the oral health knowledge among English and Telugu medium primary school teachers in Hyderabad and Ranga Reddy districts of Andhra Pradesh. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional questionnaire study was conducted among 300 primary school teachers selected from two districts of Andhra Pradesh. A combination of cluster and systematic random sampling technique was employed for the selection of study participants. The data on oral health knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) were collected by two investigators using a structured questionnaire. The data were entered onto a personal computer, and statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 20. Results: A total of 150 school teachers each from English (62 males and 88 females) and Telugu medium (62 males and 88 females) schools participated in the study. By considering the oral hygiene aid used and frequency of brushing, it was evident that the oral hygiene practices were better among English medium teachers compared to their counterparts in Telugu medium. The teachers in English medium had favorable attitudes toward dental health than teachers in Telugu medium. Conclusion: The study found English medium teachers to be having better oral hygiene practices, more frequent dental visits, and better awareness about first aid in dentistry. However, the lack of preventive attitude, lack of motivation to be role models for children in oral health maintenance, reflect that there is a tremendous need to improve the oral health KAP among schoo teachers.

Background: In South Africa malaria is endemic in Mpumalanga, Limpopo and the north-eastern areas of KwaZulu-Natal provinces. South Africa has set targets to eliminate malaria by 2018 and research into complementary vector control tools such as the Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) is ongoing. It is important to understand community perceptions regarding malaria transmission and control interventions to enable development of community awareness campaign messages appropriate to the needs of the community. We aimed to assess knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding malaria transmission to inform a public awareness campaign for SIT in Jozini Local Municipality, Mamfene in KwaZulu-Natal province.Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional survey in three communities in Mamfene, KwaZulu-Natal during 2015. A structured field piloted questionnaire was administered to 400 randomly selected heads of households. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize data.Results: Of the 400 participants interviewed, 99% had heard about malaria and correctly associated it with mosquito bites. The sources of malaria information were the local health facility (53%), radio (16%) and community meetings (7%). Approximately 63% of the participants were able to identify three or four symptoms of malaria. The majority (76%) were confident that indoor residual spraying (IRS) kills mosquitoes and prevents infection. Bed nets were used by 2% of the participants. SIT knowledge was poor (9%), however 63% of the participants were supportive of mosquito releases for research purposes. The remaining 37% raised concerns and fears, including fear of the unknown and lack of information on the SIT.Conclusion: Appropriate knowledge, positive attitude and acceptable treatment-seeking behaviour for malaria were demonstrated by members of the community. Community involvement will be crucial in achieving success of the SIT and future studies should further investigate concerns raised by the community. The existing communication channels used by the malaria control program can be used; however additional channels should be investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of healthcare providers related to occupational exposure to bloodborne pathogens were assessed in a tertiary-care hospital in Middle East. Methods: A cross-sectional study was undertaken using a self-administered questionnaire based on 3 paired (infectivity known vs. not known-suspected) case studies. Only 17 out of 230 respondents had an exposure in the 12 months prior to the survey and of these, only 2 had complied fully with the hospital's exposure reporting policy. Results: In the paired case studies, the theoretical responses of participating health professionals showed a greater preference for initiating self-directed treatment with antivirals or immunisation rather than complying with the hospital protocol, when the patient was known to be infected. The differences in practice when exposed to a patient with suspected blood pathogens compared to patient known to be infected was statistically significant (p < 0.001) in all 3 paired cases. Failure to test an infected patient's blood meant that an adequate risk assessment and appropriate secondary prevention could not be performed, and reflected the unwillingness to report the occupational exposure. Conclusion: Therefore, the study demonstrated that healthcare providers opted to treat themselves when exposed to patient with infectious disease, rather than comply with the hospital reporting and assessment protocol.

Background Disaster management is critical, as its insight could diminish the impact of a disaster, and participation of emergency medical personnel is crucial. This study explores emergency medical personnel’s knowledge, attitude and practice towards disaster management. Methodology This study utilised a cross-sectional study design, and the data collected from 194 emergency nursing and medical personnel (staff nurses, doctors and assistant medical officers), using a questionnaire. Results Majority of the personnel had an adequate knowledge and practices, and portrayed a positive attitude towards disaster management. Amongst the sociodemographic factors studied, gender and education level were significantly associated with increased knowledge and practice scores. Working experience, involvement in disaster response and attended disaster training had a significant association with higher practice scores. None of the sociodemographic factors studied had an effect on attitude scores. Conclusion Despite the diversity of their backgrounds, respondents exhibited their adequate knowledge and practice, and had positive attitudes towards disaster management. It is substantial for emergency nursing and medical personnel, to inhibit the severity of the impacts of the disasters. Their knowledge, attitude and practice studies could assist in the implementation of programmes relevant to disaster management to ensure their preparedness to assist the affected communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The core objective of the study was to explore behavior and practices of long haul truck drivers regarding adoption of preventive methods in order to minimize the risks of HIV infection. In this connection only 200 truck drivers were interviewed those were involved in physical encounters with commercial sex workers. The study has been theoretically linked with KAP (Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices) model. The findings of the study divulged that majority of the respondents had heard about HIV/AIDS but they were not incomplete knowledge about its routes of transmission. Moreover, no significant association was explored with regard to different variables namely marital status, ethnicity and age group in the context of condom use as a preventive strategy. It was also found that overwhelming majority of research subjects were not using condoms at all as well as did not consider it as effective preventive technique. Almost one third truckers were of the view that use of condom would minimize real sensual pleasure and majority of respondents considered the use of condom as a part of family planning strategy. Another perplexing findings were unearthed that majority of respondents did not cultivate any fear about lethal consequences to be infected with HIV/AIDS. Additionally, it was divulged that even a single research subjects did not bother to get tested for HIV and STDs (Sexually transmitted diseases).Finally, it was concluded that lack of knowledge and inappropriate consumptions of media were held responsible for not adopting universal principles of safe sex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Several occupations in developing countries lag behind in ensuring the safety of their workers in occupational settings. Lack of implementation of safety guidelines at workplaces can expose workers to health risks. In Pakistan, barbers are one of the un-regulated occupational groups. Low literacy, increased frequency of direct skin contact and blade/razors use can expose barbers to body fluids including blood of the customers. We conducted this study in order to determine hepatitis B virus (HBV) prevalence among barbers and their knowledge, attitude and practices in a peri-urban district of Sindh. Material and Methods: Three hundred eighty-five barbers from the Sukkur district were interviewed using a structured questionnaire. Blood samples were collected and tested for HBsAg. A scale was built to determine the proportions of responses to knowledge, attitude and practice items. Results: The prevalence of HBV among barbers was 2.1%. The barbers' knowledge on HBV and its transmission routes was poor. The response to attitude items was good, except that only 35.1% of the participants agreed to have vaccination against HBV. The overall performance on the knowledge and practice scales was poor compared to the attitude scale on which 80% of the barbers performed well. Conclusion: The prevalence of HBV among barbers was lower compared to the available national figures for the prevalence among the general population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out to assess the influence of pharmacist provided patient counseling on patients' perception about the disease management and quality of life in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. The present study was a randomized, prospective controlled study conducted over a period of six months in two community pharmacies in Calicut, Kerala, India. A total of seventy (48 male and 22 female) type 2 diabetes mellitus patients were enrolled and randomized into test and control groups. Patients in the test group received patient counseling and patient information leaflets from the pharmacist, where as the control group patients received the counseling and patient information leaflets only at the end of the study. After the baseline, two follow-ups were made with sixty days interval between the follow-ups. During each visit patient's random capillary blood glucose was measured by using a standard Glucometer. Suitably designed and validated knowledge, attitude and practices questionnaire was administered at baseline and final follow up for both test and control group patients to assess the disease management awareness. Audit of diabetes-dependent quality of life questionnaire was administered to measure the quality of life in both control and test group patients at each follow up. At the end of the study, knowledge, attitude and practices scores found markedly improved in test group patients. Mean capillary blood glucose levels were decreased in test group (P<0.05) and an improvement in mean quality of life scores (P<0.05) was observed. Where as a reduction of quality of life score (P<0.05) and a non-significant increase of capillary blood glucose levels (P>0.05) was observed in the control group patients. The correlation between the capillary blood glucose levels and quality of life scores were also found to be highly significant in the test group (r= 0.955). The results of the study suggests that, pharmacist provided patient counseling has an impact in improving the perception about disease, diet and life style changes and in turn on glycemic control and overall quality of life in diabetic patients. Pharmacist provided patient counseling might be considered as an important element in implementing the disease management program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]