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Research on the capacity to understand others' minds has tended to focus on representations of beliefs, which are widely taken to be among the most central and basic theory of mind representations. Representations of knowledge, by contrast, have received comparatively little attention and have often been understood as depending on prior representations of belief. After all, how could one represent someone as knowing something if one does not even represent them as believing it? Drawing on a wide range of methods across cognitive science, we ask whether belief or knowledge is the more basic kind of representation. The evidence indicates that nonhuman primates attribute knowledge but not belief, that knowledge representations arise earlier in human development than belief representations, that the capacity to represent knowledge may remain intact in patient populations even when belief representation is disrupted, that knowledge (but not belief) attributions are likely automatic, and that explicit knowledge attributions are made more quickly than equivalent belief attributions. Critically, the theory of mind representations uncovered by these various methods exhibits a set of signature features clearly indicative of knowledge: they are not modality-specific, they are factive, they are not just true belief, and they allow for representations of egocentric ignorance. We argue that these signature features elucidate the primary function of knowledge representation: facilitating learning from others about the external world. This suggests a new way of understanding theory of mind - one that is focused on understanding others' minds in relation to the actual world, rather than independent from it.

Academics across widely ranging disciplines all pursue knowledge, but they do so using vastly different methods. Do these academics therefore also have different ideas about when someone possesses knowledge? Recent experimental findings suggest that intuitions about when individuals have knowledge may vary across groups; in particular, the concept of knowledge espoused by the discipline of philosophy may not align with the concept held by laypeople. Across two studies, we investigate the concept of knowledge held by academics across seven disciplines (N = 1,581) and compare these judgments to those of philosophers (N = 204) and laypeople (N = 336). We find that academics and laypeople share a similar concept of knowledge, while philosophers have a substantially different concept. These experiments show that (a) in contrast to philosophers, other academics and laypeople attribute knowledge to others in some "Gettier" situations; (b) academics and laypeople are much less likely to attribute knowledge when reminded of the possibility of error, but philosophers are not affected by this reminder; and (c) non-philosophy academics are overall more skeptical about knowledge than laypeople or philosophers. These findings suggest that academics across a wide range of disciplines share a similar concept of knowledge, and that this concept aligns closely with the intuitions held by laypeople, and differs considerably from the concept of knowledge described in the philosophical literature, as well as the epistemic intuitions of philosophers themselves., (© 2020 Cognitive Science Society, Inc.)

Recent work has shown that knowledge attributions affect how people think others should behave, more so than belief attributions do. This paper reports two experiments providing evidence that (a) knowledge attributions also affect behavioral predictions more strongly than belief attributions do, and (b) knowledge attributions facilitate faster behavioral predictions than belief attributions do. Thus, knowledge attributions play multiple critical roles in social cognition, guiding judgments about how people should and will behave., (Copyright © 2016 Cognitive Science Society, Inc.)

The beliefs involved in the placebo effect are often assumed to be self-fulfilling, that is, the truth of these beliefs would merely require the patient to hold them. Such a view is commonly shared in epistemology. Many epistemologists focused, in fact, on the self-fulfilling nature of these beliefs, which have been investigated because they raise some important counterexamples to Nozick's "tracking theory of knowledge." We challenge the self-fulfilling nature of placebo-based beliefs in multi-agent contexts, analyzing their deep epistemological nature and the role of higher-order beliefs involved in the placebo effect., (© The Author 2016. Published by Oxford University Press, on behalf of The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy Inc. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

It is believed that to build a robust reasoning logic to make probabilistic inferences in forensic science from a merely mathematical or logistical viewpoint is not enough. Mathematical logic is the positive science of reasoning and as for that it is only interested in the positive calculus of its validity, regardless any prior ontological assumption. But without a determined ontology and epistemology which imply to define the concepts that they will use, it seems difficult that the proposed scientifically correct mathematical solution be successful as a European standard for making conclusions in forensic reports because it has to be based on judicial language. Forensic experts and Courts are not interested in the development of a positive science but in a practical science: in clarifying whether certain known facts are related to a possible crime. Therefore, not only the coherence of the demonstrative logic reasoning used (logic of propositions) is important, but also the precision of the concepts used by language and consistency among them in reasoning (logic of concepts). There is a linguistic level essential for a successful communication between the forensic practitioner and the Court which is mainly related, in our opinion, to semantics and figures of speech. The first one is involved because words used in forensic conclusions often have different meanings - it is said that they are polysemic - and the second one because there is often metonymy as well. Besides, semantic differences among languages regarding words with the same etymological root add another difficulty for a better mutual understanding. The two main European judicial systems inherit a wide and deep culture related to evidence in criminal proceedings and each of them has coined their own terminology but there are other two more abstract levels such as logical and epistemological, where we can find solid arguments by which terms used at legal level on conclusions of forensic reports could be accurate and consistent for all users of an intended EU guideline. An effort has been made to elucidate the following terms: truth, certainty, uncertainty, opinion, conjecture, probability, evidence, belief, credibility, determinism, indeterminacy, cause, principle, condition, and occasion., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.)

I argue that psychology and epistemology should posit distinct cognitive attitudes of religious credence and factual belief, which have different etiologies and different cognitive and behavioral effects. I support this claim by presenting a range of empirical evidence that religious cognitive attitudes tend to lack properties characteristic of factual belief, just as attitudes like hypothesis, fictional imagining, and assumption for the sake of argument generally lack such properties. Furthermore, religious credences have distinctive properties of their own. To summarize: factual beliefs (i) are practical setting independent, (ii) cognitively govern other attitudes, and (iii) are evidentially vulnerable. By way of contrast, religious credences (a) have perceived normative orientation, (b) are susceptible to free elaboration, and (c) are vulnerable to special authority. This theory provides a framework for future research in the epistemology and psychology of religious credence., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Objective: This study aims to examine the relationship between human papillomavirus (HPV) testing attitudes and beliefs, knowledge, and vaccination attitudes. Design: This study was a cross‐sectional design. Sample: This study was conducted between March 15, 2024, and June 2, 2024, through social media platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and Telegram, by sharing on forum pages, and involved 674 women who volunteered to participate. Measurements: The research data were collected using the "health belief model scale regarding HPV infection and vaccination (HBMS‐HPVV)" and the "HPV Testing Attitudes and Beliefs Scale (HTABS)," which were developed by the researchers through a literature review. Results: The average age of the women participating in the study was 46.59 ± 11.15 years; 81.5% were married, 57.6% had no knowledge about cervical cancer, and 62.2% had no knowledge about the HPV vaccine, a protective vaccine against cervical cancer. The average scores for the subdimensions of severity, barriers, benefits, and susceptibility of the HBMS‐HPVV were 3.19 ± 0.60, 2.96 ± 1.22, 2.29 ± 1.40, and 3.92 ± 0.49, respectively. The average scores for the subdimensions of personal barriers, social norms, confidence, and worries of the HTABS were 31.14 ± 19.27, 7.57 ± 4.47, 30.03 ± 7.18, and 11.91 ± 2.52, respectively. A statistically significant positive relationship was found between all HBMS‐HPVV subdimensions and the HTABS subdimensions (p < 0.001). Conclusion: The study found that as the perceived severity increases, the perceived benefits, susceptibility, and confidence increase, while the perceived barriers, personal barriers, social norms, and worries decrease. Based on these results, it is recommended that women's health nurses provide education and seminars to raise awareness about cervical cancer, early screening and diagnosis programs, and the HPV vaccine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Objective: To evaluate the attitudes, beliefs, and knowledge of parents regarding the human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccine. Method: We conducted a cross-sectional study using a digitally prepared survey form delivered via social media platforms to 420 participants with children aged 9-18 years. “Data collection forms included the descriptive information form and health belief model scale on HPV infection and vaccination.” Statistical differences between the groups were analyzed using t-tests and ANOVA. The source of the discrepancy among groups (post-hoc) was examined using the Bonferroni test. Results: Among the parents, 53.3% lacked adequate knowledge regarding the vaccine, 92.4% had not vaccinated their children against HPV, and another 39.5% were undecided regarding vaccination. The primary reason for not vaccinating, as reported by 34.0% of respondents, was inadequate knowledge regarding the vaccine. Differences were observed in the perceived benefit, barrier, sensitivity, and severity of HPV vaccines based on hearing about the vaccine, personal vaccination status, consideration of vaccinating one’s child, source of vaccine information, fear of vaccine side effects, and lack of information (p

Antognazza ("The Benefit to Philosophy", "The Distinction in Kind"), Dutant ("The Legend"), and I ("Knowledge Before Gettier") have argued for the historical falsity of the claim that, prior to Gettier's famous counterexamples of sixty years ago, the so-called 'traditional' conception of knowledge was the justified true belief (JTB) conception. This note addresses a related historical question that, rather surprisingly, has not yet been addressed in the philosophical literature; to wit: when did this claim first appear in this literature? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper replies to “Can AI Believe?”—an insightful commentary on “Can AI Know?” Addressing the substantive concern, this paper argues that AI systems can possess knowledge-conducive dispositional beliefs, rather than mere dispositions to believe, akin to certain human perceptual and manipulated beliefs. In response to the dialectical concern, it defends the appropriateness of the original dilemmatic reasoning. The commentators’ claim that proponents of innate knowledge deny knowledge’s need for experience is critically examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper argues that individual propositional knowledge, as traditionally analyzed in terms of true-justified-ungettiered belief, does not require phenomenal experience. Accordingly, those who are satisfied with the traditional conception need to come to terms with the possibility that AI and other zombies that lack phenomenal experience possess knowledge. Alternatively, those who resist attributing knowledge to AI based on the assumption that knowledge requires phenomenal experience need to modify or replace the traditional conception of knowledge to incorporate this requirement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kant's theory of assent seems to combine two incompatible claims that (i) we are responsible for our assent and (ii) we have no direct voluntary control over our assent. But how can we be responsible for something over which we have no direct voluntary control? Scholars have tried to resolve this tension by arguing that, according to Kant, assent is under our indirect voluntary or intellectual control. This paper defends a different solution. It is argued that contrary to first impressions, Kant is actually committed to the view that most assent is under our direct voluntary control, which, in turn, accounts for our doxastic responsibility. From this emerges the outline of a unified Kantian theory of doxastic agency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We show that knowledge satisfies interpersonal independence, meaning that a non-trivial sentence describing one agent’s knowledge cannot be equivalent to a sentence describing another agent’s knowledge. The same property of interpersonal independence holds, mutatis mutandis, for belief. In the case of knowledge, interpersonal independence is implied by the fact that there are no non-trivial sentences that are common knowledge in every model of knowledge. In the case of belief, interpersonal independence follows from a strong interpersonal independence that knowledge does not have. Specifically, there is no sentence describing the beliefs of one person that implies a sentence describing the beliefs of another person. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper is written in the continental tradition - facing the analytic one - and advocates the knowledge first thesis, reviewing the entailment thesis (where believing is knowing, because to know entails to believe). It starts from the ancient distinction between knowledge and opinion and develops criteria for distinguishing knowledge, opinion and belief. The demonstration necessarily arrives to the kinds of beliefs and thus, to the relationships between knowledge and these kinds. While the distinction of kinds of beliefs leads to the understanding of why the knowledge belief problem did appear in epistemology, the analysis with this distinction is not rigid and can be approached dialectically. This standpoint is aiming at contributing to the debate of knowledge belief problem and to warmer relations between the continental and the analytic philosophy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last seventy years, the field of science-and-religion has become an interdisciplinary area of study, concerned with the relationship between the natural and psychological sciences and religious faith. Within science-and-religion, scientific and theological research have sometimes been viewed as opposing or competing routes to knowledge. More frequently, science and theology have been viewed as compatible, but entirely separate, enterprises. Science-engaged theology rejects both of these options and suggests a third way. Science-engaged theology affirms the idea that the study of God (theology) must include the study of God’s creation, as conducted by the natural and human sciences. In this way, science-engaged theology is one scholarly response to the biblical incitement to ‘ask the beasts, and they shall teach you’ (Job 12:7–10), or the Psalmist’s testimony that ‘the heavens declare the glory of God’ (Ps 19:1). Unlike science-and-religion, science-engaged theology does not seek to become institutionalized into a new area of study or special interest group. Nor does science-engaged theology claim to be a school of thought localized to the pre-existing community of science-and-religion scholars. Instead, science-engaged theology encourages all theologians, across the many traditions and institutional communities of theology, to use scientific research to aid their work when appropriate. Although science-engaged theology applies to any faith and wisdom tradition, this entry focuses on Christianity (for a discussion of science-engaged theology in Judaism, see Samuelson 2023). Section one outlines the definitions and intellectual contexts of science-engaged theology. Section two provides examples of science-engaged theology in relationship to the life of a believer. The longest section, section three, outlines five objections to science-engaged theology and offers possible responses to these objections. This results, in section four, with a recommendation for two avenues for future development. The conclusion highlights the main points readers should take away from each section.

This noble, exalted, and purified Sharia came complete, perfected by the integration of its origins and branches. No origin replaces another origin, no whole replaces another whole, no branch replaces a branch, no interior replaces an apparent, and no apparent replaces an interior. Its origins and branches serve and support each other to build its totality. This is why the Sharia was one unit in its revealed proof, with no distinction between operations or beliefs. So, you find belief and action in a single verse, and you find in a single hadith a branch and a root, with no separation between them, and the Companions - may God be pleased with them - were devoid of this foundation. So, they understand the complete jurisprudence: in faith, knowledge, and action. However, in the Sharia, there are principles to which branches return, universals from which particulars are built, certainties to which suspicions are returned, decisive things by which hidden and doubtful things are revealed, and clarifications to which generalities are returned. Islam has its origin in monotheism and faith, and all the provisions of the religion return to it. If we establish this principle, it will be easy for us to establish all the provisions of the Sharia, and if we are weak in establishing this principle, it will become difficult, also, impossible to establish the rest of the Sharia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses a set of observations, many of which are novel, concerning differences between the adjectival modals certain and possible and their adverbial counterparts certainly and possibly. It argues that the observations can be derived from a standard interpretation of certain/certainly as universal and possible/possibly as existential quantifiers over possible worlds, in conjunction with the hypothesis that the adjectives quantify over knowledge and the adverbs quantify over belief. The claims on which the argument relies include the following: (i) knowledge implies belief, (ii) agents have epistemic access to their belief, (iii) relevance is closed under speakers' belief, and (iv) commitment is pragmatically inconsistent with explicit denial of belief. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pregnant women and their babies are at increased risk of influenza-related complications. The World Health Organisation recommends influenza vaccination to this high-risk population as the highest priority. Methods: A knowledge, attitudes,beliefs, and practices (KAP) of pregnant women towards the influenza vaccine in Trinidad. It was disseminated to 480 pregnant women attending the clinic and completed by 146 yielding a response rate of 30%. Results: Women who received the vaccine in a past pregnancy were nine times more likely to consider taking the vaccine in the current pregnancy. There was a statistically significant difference in vaccine uptake based on the source of information received by participants about the influenza vaccine (Χ2 (3) = 9.864, P = 0.020), with the highest mean score for uptake shown in women who received information from a health care provider. A moderate, positive correlation was found between knowledge and vaccine uptake (rs (143) =0.430, P < 0.01), a weak, positive correlation between perceived susceptibility and vaccine uptake (rs (143) = 0.264, P < 0.01), and a weak, positive correlation between knowledge and perceived susceptibility (rs (143) = 0.229, P < 0.01). Conclusion: The study findings highlight that the source of information significantly influences vaccine uptake, with health care providers being the most influential source. This underscores the role of primary care physicians in providing accurate and up-to-date information about influenza vaccination to pregnant women. There is a need for accurate information and recommendations to be given to pregnant women by all health care workers including primary care physicians in order to increase vaccine uptake and reduce maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Abstract Background Cervical cancer is one of the most common cancers in women worldwide and a cause of high mortality among people. Pap smear screening is an appropriate method to prevent cervical cancer and reduce its mortality. Aim This study aimed to determine the effect of web‐based education based on the Health Belief Model (HBM) on cervical cancer screening behavior in middle‐aged women. Methods and Results This study is a quasi‐experimental interventional research that was conducted on 240 middle‐aged women aged 40–59 years in Isfahan, Iran, in 2022. An online educational intervention based on the constructs of the Health Belief Model was conducted for the intervention group using the Triple‐B platform. The information on the intervention and control groups was collected before, immediately after the intervention, and 2 months later using a valid questionnaire. The gathered Data was analyzed using ANOVA and LSD post‐hoc, independent samples t test, chi‐square, and MANCOVA statistical tests in SPSS 26 software. After the intervention, the mean scores of knowledge, perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, self‐efficacy, and internal cues to action in the intervention group increased and the mean score of perceived barriers decreased (p

Abdullah Alghamdi,1 Abdulmalak Abdullah Alsaleh,2 Omar Abdulaziz Alfozan,2 Rayan Qutob,1 Abdullah Alaryni,1 Abdullah Bukhari,1 Osamah A Hakami,1 Bassam Abdulaziz Alhusaini,2 Saad Abdullah Alzmamy,2 Fadhah Saud Alhudayris,2 Lama Khalid Alshuaibi,2 Ahad Marei Alenazi,2 Lama Shaya Alhosaini,2 Najd Khalid Aljarba,2 Shahad Hameed AlShammari2 1Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; 2Faculty of medicine, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaCorrespondence: Bassam Abdulaziz Alhusaini, Faculty of medicine, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, 7544 Othman Bin Affan Road Al-Nada, Riyadh, 13317, Saudi Arabia, Tel +966557818206, Email Bam.h98s@gmail.comBackground: Organ donation is a lifesaving option to rescue many patients with end-stage organ failure from possible morbidities and mortalities. Unfortunately, due to a shortage of donors, many patients suffering from their illnesses are waiting for an organ. This study aimed to determine the awareness, attitude, and beliefs toward organ donation among the Saudi population.Patients and Methods: This is an online cross-sectional survey that was conducted in Saudi Arabia between July and September 2022. A self-administered questionnaire was distributed to the general public using an online platform. The questionnaire consists of two sections: the first is about demographic data, and the second is about questions to assess awareness, attitude, and beliefs regarding organ donation. The Chi-squared test was used to examine the differences in participants’ awareness, attitude, and beliefs towards organ donation. A binary logistic regression analysis was used to identify predictors of a positive attitude towards organ donation.Results: A total of 3507 individuals participated in this study. Around 68.1% were aged between 18 and 30 years. Twenty-four percent of them knew of the legislative body for organ donation; 58.5% believed that organ donation should be promoted; and 66.1% had a positive attitude toward donating body organs. Younger age (31– 50 years), male gender, being unemployed or working in a government job, and being married were factors that decreased the likelihood of having a positive attitude towards organ donation.Conclusion: Although there was a positive attitude and belief about organ donation, awareness was suboptimal. Younger age, male gender, being unemployed or working in a government job, and being married were factors that decreased the likelihood of having a positive attitude towards organ donation. It is necessary to address the gaps in knowledge, and social media as well as mass media may have an important role in bridging the gaps.Keywords: organ donation, attitude, knowledge, belief, public

It is not enough for the public to know the water science that affects their lives; it is also important that they believe it. People are more apt to use water science information if they accept it as true. Moreover, when water science is rejected, policy discourse can devolve into a debate over water facts instead of weighing alternative management strategies. A 2020 study suggests that belief in regional water science is influenced by political orientation. As a result, some individuals do not believe what they understand to be the consensus of water scientists on topics pertaining to the Floridan Aquifer. Equipped with this information, water communicators can take proactive steps, prior to a potential water policy introduction, to increase the likelihood that the public will accept water science.

Must rational thinkers have consistent sets of beliefs? I shall argue that it can be rational for a thinker to believe a set of propositions known to be inconsistent. If this is right, an important test for a theory of rational belief is that it allows for the right kinds of inconsistency. One problem we face in trying to resolve disagreements about putative rational requirements is that parties to the disagreement might be working with different conceptions of the relevant attitudes. My aim is modest. I hope to show that there is at least one important notion of belief such that a thinker might rationally hold a collection of beliefs (so understood) even when the thinker knows their contents entail a contradiction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the question of whether and under what conditions teaching open-mindedness to students could have negative effects. While there has been much discussion in the literature about the potential downsides of being open-minded, the question of whether teaching this trait to young, untutored minds could result in more negative effects than positive has received little attention. Yet, given that a primary focus of the literature is providing models for use in educational contexts, exploring the potential risks of encouraging students to emulate such models is imperative. In this regard, the article presents three concerns. The first is that students may lack the full intellectual character to avoid the pitfalls of open-mindedness that have already been noted in the literature. The second concern is that students who exercise open-mindedness may incur social costs that cannot be compensated for by epistemic goods. The third concern is that educators, particularly at universities, often face certain non-ideal conditions that may make it difficult for them to effectively cultivate open-mindedness in students. I ultimately conclude that, in light of these concerns, we should approach teaching for open-mindedness with great caution. However, we should not avoid it altogether. Preliminary suggestions are offered on how instructors may attune their approach to teaching for open-mindedness to mitigate the identified concerns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objectives: Belief and experience of insufficient milk supply (IBMS) are important and modifiable factors for optimal breastfeeding. However, very few people know about maternal belief, experience about breast milk supply, and how it impacts breastfeeding practice. The aim of the study is to identify the prevalence and association between mothers' belief and experience of insufficient breast milk supply with mother's knowledge regarding breast feeding. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on (1,000) participants who took six months postpartum in the primary health care centers (PHCC) and Raparin Teaching Hospital for children (RTHC) in Erbil city/Iraq. Data were collected via direct interview. The question used in the interview were developed after a review of the relevant literature. Frequency, percentage, and Chi-square were used for the purpose of data analysis. Results: In general, the study showed the prevalence of mothers' belief regarding insufficient breast milk supply was 59.8%. Also, the prevalence of a mother's experience was 78.6%. Mothers who had a poor level of knowledge regarding breastfeeding got the highest percentage, 62.2%. However, it showed the highly significant association between mothers' knowledge and mode of the last delivery with mothers' belief of insufficient breast milk supply. Moreover, there was a highly significant association between mother's experience with socio economic status. Conclusion: The majority of the mothers had belief and experience of insufficient breast milk supply (IBMS). The current study showed a significant association between mothers' belief with mother's knowledge regarding the benefits of breastfeeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Gender-based perceptions about maternal health care during pregnancy draw attention to the existence of gender inequity in maternal health care. This study aimed to understand the gender-based perception of gender roles and norms, gender relations, social support, and psychosocial variation in maternal health care during pregnancy.Methods: A qualitative study was conducted in three rural districts of Jimma, Ethiopia. Participants were purposefully chosen from the community groups, including male and female health development armies, religious leaders, health extension workers, midwifery nurses, and primary health care unit directors. The data was gathered through in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. The actual data was collected by men and women qualitative study experts. Atlas ti Ver 9 was used for the analysis. The data was initially coded then changed to a sub-category and at last converted to a category.Results: Four categories emerged: Gender-based roles and norms, psychosocial variation, social support, and gender relations. The informants described men's and women's independent and shared roles improve maternal health care service usage during pregnancy. Once the women became pregnant, men undertook a variety of demanding duties to enhance maternity service consumption. Gender relations and shared decision-making were essential in facilitating maternal healthcare utilization during pregnancy and beyond.Conclusion: This study revealed that maternal health care should not be limited to women alone. Men's and women's prior maternal health experiences, in addition to their knowledge and beliefs, have significantly impacted the utilization of maternal healthcare services during pregnancy. Policymakers and academics should consider men's essential contribution to maternal health care during pregnancy. However, in order to increase their intention to use maternal health care services, it is necessary to clearly identify the interests of women in which men should be involved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objectives: Belief and experience of insufficient milk supply (IBMS) are important and modifiable factors for optimal breastfeeding. However, very few people know about maternal belief, experience about breast milk supply, and how it impacts breastfeeding practice. The aim of the study is to identify the prevalence and association between mothers’ belief and experience of insufficient breast milk supply with mother’s knowledge regarding breast feeding. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on (1,000) participants who took six months postpartum in the primary health care centers (PHCC) and Raparin Teaching Hospital for children (RTHC) in Erbil city /Iraq. Data were collected via direct interview. The question used in the interview were developed after a review of the relevant literature. Frequency, percentage, and Chi-square were used for the purpose of data analysis. Results: In general, the study showed the prevalence of mothers' belief regarding insufficient breast milk supply was 59.8%. Also, the prevalence of a mother’s experience was 78.6%. Mothers who had a poor level of knowledge regarding breastfeeding got the highest percentage, 62.2%. However, it showed the highly significant association between mothers’ knowledge and mode of the last delivery with mothers’ belief of insufficient breast milk supply. Moreover, there was a highly significant association between mother’s experience with socio economic status. Conclusion: The majority of the mothers had belief and experience of insufficient breast milk supply (IBMS). The current study showed a significant association between mothers’ belief with mother’s knowledge regarding the benefits of breastfeeding.

IntroductionThe World Health Organization (WHO) strongly encouraged men to support women in receiving maternal healthcare. However, especially in developing countries, maternal healthcare has traditionally been viewed as an issue in women, with men making little or no contribution, even though sexuality and children are shared products. The study aims to understand how gender-based roles, psychosocial variation, and power relations are related to child delivery and postnatal care (PNC) services.MethodsThe study was conducted in three rural districts of Oromia regional state, Jimma Zone, Ethiopia. An in-depth interview and focus group discussion were held with carefully chosen health professionals, health extension workers, community health development armies, and religious leaders. The data was collected, translated, and transcribed by experienced men and women qualitative researchers. For data analysis, ATLAS.ti version 9 was used. The data were coded and categorized concerning delivery and PNC service utilization. Independent and shared gender-based roles were identified as a means to improve maternal healthcare service delivery.ResultsThe result obtained three categories, namely, gender-based roles, psychosocial variation, and power relations. Men can persuade pregnant women to use delivery services and PNC. The place of delivery is determined by the levels of gender-based power relations at the household level, but women are usually the last decision-makers. The belief of the community that giving birth in a health facility makes women look clean and neat, as opposed to home delivery, increases their intention to use maternal healthcare services.DiscussionThe study contributes that the role of a man as a husband is crucial in mobilizing others to carry pregnant women to health facilities, contributing to early intervention during labor. The decision-making capacity of women has improved over time, with men accepting their right to make decisions about their health and fetuses. Home delivery and men not being present during delivery are perceived as signs of backwardness, whereas giving birth in health institutes is seen as a sign of modernization and the rights of women.

Introduction: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is associated with a high incidence and mortality rate. Fecal occult blood test (FOBT) is effective in the prevention of CRC. Objective: This study aimed to assess knowledge and beliefs regarding FOBT‐based screening. Methods: This study used PubMed, Cochrane Library, MEDLINE Complete, and Web of Science to search for articles. Original full‐text studies in English language focusing on knowledge and beliefs of FOBT screening were included. Results: A total of 32 articles were included. This study indicated that the population in most studies had inadequate knowledge and lacked beliefs toward FOBT‐based screening. Most of the extracted studies showed that less than half of the participants had heard of FOBT‐based screening. Six studies showed that less than 50% of participants had knowledge of FOBT age. Three studies found that less than 40% of participants were aware of the screening interval. Some participants perceived the benefits of FOBT‐based screening, while others perceived many barriers to the test. Conclusion: Participants' knowledge and belief in FOBT‐based screening were insufficient. This review highlights the importance of educational programs to increase knowledge and beliefs regarding FOBT‐based screening. It is important to include FOBT‐based screening in the health care system to promote the secondary prevention of CRC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under what conditions would it be paradoxical to consider the possibility of false judgment? Here we claim that in the initial puzzle of Theaetetus 187e5–188c9, where Plato investigates the question of what could psychologically cause a false judgment, the paradoxical nature of this question derives from certain constraints and restrictions about causal explanation, in particular, from the metaphysical principle that opposites cannot cause opposites. Contrary to all previous interpretations, this metaphysical approach does not attribute to Plato any controversial epistemological assumptions and fits better with the text and its role within the dialectic of the dialogue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: One in three women in South Africa suffer from urinary incontinence. Effective management is influenced by patients help-seeking behaviour and services offered by healthcare professionals within the healthcare system. Current practice towards urinary incontinence management in South Africa is unknown. Objectives: Our study aimed to describe and compare urinary incontinence practice and knowledge of nurses and physicians (practitioners) working in primary healthcare settings, measured against the NICE 2013 guideline and explore attitudes and beliefs towards urinary incontinence management. Method: Cross-sectional study using a self-designed online questionnaire. All primary healthcare practitioners in the Western Cape were eligible for the study. Stratified random and snowball sampling was used. Data was analysed in consultation with a statistician using SPSS. Results: Fifty-six completed questionnaires were analysed. Practitioners had an overall knowledge score of 66.7% and practice score of 68.9% compared to NICE 2013 guidelines. A lack of knowledge regarding urinary incontinence screening, following up on patients and conducting bladder diaries were noted. Pelvic floor muscle training and bladder training education was recognised as initial management but only 14.8% of practitioners referred patients to physiotherapy. Half of the sample reported being uncomfortable with urinary incontinence, although the majority wanted to learn more about urinary incontinence. Conclusion: The knowledge and practices of practitioners working at a primary healthcare level in the Western Cape are not congruent with NICE 2013 guidelines. Clinical implications: Data can be used to inform intervention planning to address urinary incontinence management at a primary healthcare level in the Western Cape.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to understand the impact of demographic characteristics and to describe the gender differences in knowledge, beliefs, and attitudes towards bipolar disorders among common residents in the southern region of Saudi Arabia. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional survey was conducted between January 2021 and March 2021. The survey was conducted among the common residents in the Southern region of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The data were collected by using a structured, self-administered, validated questionnaire comprised of a dichotomous type of questions along with Likert scale. RESULTS: There is a significant difference in the distribution of knowledge scores between male and female study participants (p=0.000). No significant gender differences have been identified in beliefs and attitudes toward bipolar disorder (p=0.229) and in overall score (p=0.159). The traumatic event was reported as the major cause of bipolar disorder. The age group and employment status were found to be the major predictor of knowledge, beliefs, and attitudes about bipolar disorder. CONCLUSIONS: Although the knowledge awareness rate on bipolar disorder is high among public in the Southern region, there is a vast scope for improving it. Education should be disseminated to promote mental health awareness and improve attitudes and beliefs on bipolar disorders and reduce stigma and discrimination against patients with bipolar disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Veritists hold that the goal of inquiry is true belief, while justificationists contend that the goal of inquiry is justified belief. Recently, Christoph Kelp makes two new objections to both veritism and justificationism. Further, he claims that the two objections suggest that the goal of inquiry is knowledge. This paper defends a sophisticated version of veritism against Kelp's two objections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I argue that knowing and having points of view are fundamentally different epistemic states if we assume that having justified true beliefs is necessary for knowledge. Knowers necessarily possess justified true beliefs, but persons holding points of view may, for example, lack justification, have false beliefs, or both. I examine these differences and expose other crucial differentiating patterns between the structure of knowledge and points of view that make the latter more likely to lead to disagreements. I hypothesize that these patterns remain invariant in alternative views of knowledge like contextualism as long as we preserve the classical structure. Yet there is much research to be done on the multiple and contrasting properties that emerge if we consider non‐classical analyses of knowledge and points of view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objectives of this study were (1) to compare opinions of runners and non-runners about running footwear, and (2) to identify where runners seek information when selecting their shoes. Using an online survey, we collected data on demographics and opinions about running footwear in runners and in non-runners. Runners answered additional questions about their training, running experience, and sources of information. Questions about running shoes were the same for both groups. These addressed opinions about the influence of footwear on injuries, performance and biomechanics, as well as the opinion about appropriate footwear features for novice runners, children or overweight individuals. In total, 1601 responses (59% runners, 41% non-runners) were analyzed. With the exception of kids' running shoes recommendations, runners and non-runners shared similar perceptions towards running shoes. In addition, runners mostly relied on running stores, sports stores, the internet, running clubs or magazines when seeking information about running shoes. Some opinions of runners may not be in line with the current literature. Given the similar perceptions in runners and non-runners, our findings suggest that runners' knowledge is mostly influenced by popular beliefs rather than scientific evidence. Thus, runners might benefit from evidence-based education initiatives on footwear, although it remains unknown if this could benefit running performance or injury rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]