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The scientific life in mid-seventeenth-century Europe was characterised by numerous academies of sciences and scientific associations whose aim was to propagate the development of the sciences, art and literature. Some have called it "the new Age of Academies all over Europe". These institutions brought together not only educated professionals but also a large number of amateur scientists. They called for the deliberate abandonment of verbal dispute in favour of visual demonstration/experimentation, and for the creation of paid scientific professionals who would devote their full time to the enterprise. These scientists conducted numerous experiments, the results of which were demonstrated at academic sessions. Franciszek Bieliński became Grand Marshal of the Crown in 1742. During the many years of his public service, he aimed to improve the well-being of Warsaw inhabitants, especially by paving the streets and creating a modern sewerage system. In the light of recent scholarly studies, Franciszek Bieliński is perceived as a figure of very wide horizons, striving to join the Parisian academic scientific discourse in order to transfer knowledge and technology to Poland. Bieliński exchanged letters with the eminent member and three-time president of the Paris Academy of Sciences (1666-1803), Henri Louis Duhamel du Monceau, who among numerous other projects tested new methods of horticulture, agriculture and forestry. The article aims to discuss the scientific research undertaken by Bieliński in regards to technology transfer in the area of agriculture, on the basis of unanalysed documents. Recently found correspondence shows that Grand Marshal Bieliński was involved in experimental research supervised by Duhamel du Monceau, under the aegis of the Paris Academy of Sciences. It pertained to modern agricultural crops and the application of new technologies. The agricultural experiments that Bieliński carried out on his private lands in Otwock over many years focused on improving and increasing agricultural production in accordance with the instructions given by Duhamel du Monceau. An interesting research finding was the detailed description of one of the earliest transfers of advanced technology in the field of agricultural machinery. Reports of the work conducted in Poland, which were sent to Duhamel du Monceau, proved to be so useful and important that the latter mentioned these in the proceedings of the Paris Academy of Sciences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Processes are important elements of enterprise knowledge. This publication describes the possibilities of the transfer of knowledge and innovations from science to business. A reference model for Activity-based Costing (ABC) for a medium-sized food processing company in the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Province is presented in this paper. Attention is paid to production processes which are specific in this industry and important for the quality assurance of products. The author presents steps of model implementation to dedicated software and the possibilities for managers to make decisions on the basis of ABC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with the problems connected with the transfer of knowledge to business. One of the methods of its implementation is the foundation of Academic Business Incubators which is the subject of this study. They have been operating in Poland since 2004. The process of knowledge and technology transfer has been characterized as well as the institutions which are or should be involved in this process. The tasks and goals of Academic Business Incubators, the model of their operation and support of young entrepreneurs as well as the elements that have an influence on the acceleration of knowledge to business transfer have been described in detail. The analysis has been made based on the example of ABI in Bydgoszcz and enterprises associated within its frame. There have also been the development directions of institutions described which should optimize and accelerate the model for testing and transferring knowledge from the scientific environment to business. Low costs of testing business ideas and big organizational support provided for these firms have been pointed out as unquestionable advantages. It is of special importance in the first months of the business activity development. The analysis has also shown that these enterprises are burdened with high risk. More than 80% of enterprises give up on their business before the end of the first year of their operation. The causes of resignation include: lack of persistent and consequent operation, lack of sufficient knowledge of the market demands and failing to cope with problems that occur. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transfer and diffusion of knowledge and technology is a key condition for the development of innovation. In practice, they take place at the interface between science and business, which makes the level of innovation and development of a given economy depend on the effectiveness and efficiency of universities and other scientific units co-creating the national innovation network. With this important circumstance in mind, this article presents an assessment of the operations of selected research institutes in Poland in 2014–2019 in the context of pro-efficiency statutory changes aimed at making the commercialization of research and development results more effective. The multiple case study used in the article includes five units operating in the field of environmental protection (two) and energy (three)—sectors relevant to the transformation of the national energy sector. The research analyzes the sources of funding of the institutes' operations, their profitability and the financial effectiveness of their scientific and research staff. The results of the research indicate the adaptability of the surveyed institutes to the new rules of financing and the possibility of their wider than previously opening to business relations, as well as at least partial independence from budget financing. This is a valuable observation from the perspective of shaping innovation policy and the principles of operation of the national innovation system in developing economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]