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Public utilities are rarely registered in land administration systems, and these records have no legal value in those cases where they are registered. Therefore, ownership of public utilities is not recorded in the land administration system, which in turn prevents the possibility of registering mortgages. In this paper, data on utility infrastructure were collected from the Croatian Utility Cadaster and the Land Book to analyze the registration of the legal status of utility infrastructure and the completeness of the utility registration of public utilities. Two approaches to linking utility infrastructure charges to cadastral parcels are analyzed for their advantages and disadvantages. One approach is logical linking, where the charges are directly linked to the cadastral parcels, and the other approach is spatial linking, where the charges are registered separately and then linked to the cadastral parcels. The possibilities of modeling public utilities with LADM were investigated using the proposed model for the complete registration of public utilities. The proposed model was then evaluated for the registration of the legal status of public utilities with the collected data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Land administration (LA) is concerned with processes. Simply put, LA cannot be understood, built, or improved unless the processes associated with it are understood. When it comes to the processes involved in LA, two general processes can be identified, namely registration and dissemination. Nowadays, processes are implemented electronically; however, paper-based thinking is still present, and the performance of processes is impeded by siloed data management. These issues could be addressed through the employment of standards such as the Land Administration Domain Model. Processes are not yet part of the standard, but their inclusion in future extensions is planned. Moreover, a literature analysis indicated that there is no standardized methodology or model available for describing LA processes. Consequently, we modeled one part of land administration processes, namely data dissemination, by developing a methodology and model to describe it. The methodology was developed with the goal of providing guidelines for other researchers when modeling use cases of data dissemination processes by enabling comparisons of models, searching for best practices, and developing standardized process models. Additionally, the methodology was tested on a conceptual use case to prove its viability. Furthermore, a model based on conceptual modeling and an activity-centric process modeling approach was developed and linked to existing classes of the Land Administration Domain Model. The organizational and technological challenges which might arise when improving data dissemination processes are discussed, and possible outcomes of the developed methodology and model are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Establishing land administration systems is enough of a challenge as it is, and the task of keeping the system up to date with developments in society is even more challenging. They have to serve society on a long-term basis and normally have a long-term return on investment; therefore, both the static and dynamic components of the system must be considered when designing land administration systems. The processes within land administration systems are registration and dissemination. In this study, the authors formalized and analyzed the two most common use cases of land administration data dissemination processes. The first use case depicts the dissemination of land use constraints imposed by spatial planning, whereas the second case depicts the dissemination of available utilities. The aim of this study was to examine how the land administration data dissemination processes could be optimized and improved in a standardized formal manner. From the formalized processes, certain elements, such as actors, activities, input and output data, and the timeframe, were identified and matched with existing LADM classes. The importance of institutional agreements and the need for more time-efficient and user-friendly access to the disseminated data are also discussed in the current paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, more than half of the world's population lives in urban areas, and this percentage is increasing every day. Accelerated urbanization leads to overbuilding, air and environmental pollution, climate change, and various other environmental problems. One of the ways to solve these problems is the planning of green infrastructure (GI). The development of GI brings a number of social, ecological, and economic benefits, and it is one of the ways to achieve sustainable development. Therefore, it is important to include GI in land management systems. This study used VOSviewer to analyze 4385 published papers in the field of GI and 110 studies on GI in combination with land management, land administration, LADM, and land use planning from the WoS database for the periods from 1995 to 2022 and from 2007 to 2022, respectively. The current research used the bibliometric method to see what the trends are in GI and how much GI has been researched for the purpose of land management. It was shown that researchers are giving more and more importance to GI, but GI in land management systems is still not sufficiently researched. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Weak or non-existing linkage of official registers in the Republic of Croatia and the data redundancy as an inevitable outcome of such a state are the causes of various unwanted consequences for the relevant public authorities, as well as for citizens and companies as the end-users of that data. In this paper we present the results of an analysis of the status of the redundancy within the Croatian land administration-related registers. Following the analysis, suggestions are given on how the effectiveness of the analyzed registers can be increased by introducing a linking based on the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM). The proposed linkages were created by extending the Unified Modelling Language (UML) object classes of the LADM. The compliance analysis between registers and the LADM was conducted by using schema matching. Schema matching is a set of techniques used for comparing schemas (usually referred to as data models), and is well known within the database research domain. The results of the analysis were used to determine in which direction to go with extending of the LADM. All of the outputs of this research can be used to create a strategy for improving the effectiveness of the overall system of registers, which in turn should result in an overall economic progress of the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Property valuation is an important part of an efficient Land Administration System (LAS). To conduct fair and correct assessments, accessing accurate and up-to-date information for each property unit is vital. A collaborative research initiative has proposed an international Valuation Information Model Package that extends the ISO 19152:2012 Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) for specifying the semantics of valuation registries maintained by public authorities. The aim of this paper is to assess the possibility of using existing authoritative land and other public registries data as a basis of mass property valuation for public purposes. The results indicate that some of the required data already exists but is divided across different key registers. As a step towards implementation, identified attributes and parties were modelled using UML use case and class diagrams to explore possible data integration. By applying the proposed real property classification and valuation indicators, the Croatian property valuation system prototype for public purposes can be developed. • Effective mass valuation information system for public purposes can be based on existing authoritative land administration data. • Use of valuation indicators in a distributed environment allows the development of a cost-effective information system. • Valuation by means of authoritative data and based on clearly defined valuation assumptions would raise the transparency level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to be able to guarantee the overall correctness of data, updating of Land administration system's data must be executed following a formally and technically clearly defined and controllable procedure (process). In general technical sense, correctness of data primarily depends on its consistency. Databases natively support enforcing consistency of transactions over the data but lack the flexibility needed for modelling business processes and do not natively support operating in heterogeneous IT environments (web services, various external and loosely coupled systems). WorkFlow Management Systems (WFMS) with integrated transactional properties provide a technological platform which supports enforcing consistency within heterogeneous IT environments. Within the scope of our previous work and in order to provide a standardised means for modelling of dynamic component of Land Administration Systems (LASs), we developed an extension to LADM for integrating processes into LADM. We propose to extend the LADM with a new class LA_Process , as a sub-class of the existing LADM class LA_Source. Also, LA_Process is associated to descendants of LA_Source (spatial and administrative source) and versioned object. Associating those classes to LA_Process enables executing processes over instances of LADM classes in a versioning supported manner and linked to underlying formal documents. This extension is proposed to be included in the second edition of the LADM which is under development (Lemmen et al., 2019). Within this work we further revise LA_Process in order to broaden its scope and to consider processes on LADM classes outside of the SpatialUnit package. In addition to this proposed extension of the LADM we give an example of hierarchical modelling of LAS-processes. We define topmost two levels of processes with a basic set of activities which are applicable to any LAS. As the granularity of activities increases, processes may become dependent on a particular LAS but the general concepts from topmost level should be followed. We use UML (Unified Modelling Language) Activity Diagrams to model processes in LAS. • Databases support consistency but lack flexibility needed for modelling processes. • Workflow management systems can be integrated into LADM via LA_Process class. • This paper provides two topmost levels of land administration processes. • Transactional properties are ensured on a process or on an activity level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Multi-register environment relies on registration of features in several registers. • Redundant data in registers and cross-registration are common. • Maritime domain in Croatia has a specific ownership status. • Relations between registers have a distinct pattern. • Introducing of new model classes can help in modeling of relations between registers. Traditional land administration key registers are established for the onshore area and after been developed and technologically improved during many decades, nowadays they are in a stable and mature evolution phase. Registers covering the administration of offshore spaces, i.e. the maritime domain, are usually extended from onshore registers or developed for a single purpose, creating a multi-register environment with many administration challenges and issues caused by many actors involved and by complex registration processes. In this paper, an analysis of maritime domain registration in Croatia has been performed by using Unified Modeling Language class models. The analysis includes two close connected key land registers, Cadastre and Land book, as well as: other authoritative data from Territorial units/Address register; Utility cadastre; Register of concessions on maritime domain; spatial plans, and a series of registers dedicated to natural resources exploitation, nature and cultural heritage protection. Redundant data and cross-registration is present in all basic Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) classes contained in the registers, as well as 3D overlapping of spatial extent of registered spaces and tenure. The basic LADM classes were semantically identified in class diagrams of registers and compared to LADM using a schema matching methodology on the object level, with emphasis on required registration in different registers. Shared classes were identified and a possible upgrade and extension of the current model is proposed to facilitate the registration process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The 2D Croatian LAS can be upgraded into a 3D real property cadastre in Croatia. • Cadastral resurvey can be upgraded to use available data from various sources to implement 3D cadastre. • Republic of Croatia has 3D data for more than 800 000 buildings that could be used to implement a 3D (real property) cadastre. • For a complete implementation of 3D cadastre it is necessary to revise legislation to record the height of measured points. 2D Land cadastre on the present territory of the Republic of Croatia has been continuously developed in the last 200 years. Throughout the years, survey methods, needs and purposes of cadastre have changed. This resulted in a variety of cadastral data with different accuracy and completeness. Today, we can collect an enormous amount of data and the need for cadastral data has never been greater. We need to find feasible solutions to make the initial acquisition of 3D cadastral data which would satisfy the needs of stakeholders involved in Land Administration System (LAS). This paper will present a historical background of the cadastral data acquisition which would help to understand circumstances on how this variety of available cadastral data has been produced and the data available nowadays. Based on the historical overview and the overview of the current state, we will upgrade the data model of a LAS used in Croatia to support the implementation of a 3D cadastre. The model will include its static components but also proposed improvements of cadastral resurvey related processes. The Land Administration Domain Model (LADM), which in 2012 became the ISO 19,152 standard, will be used as the formal basis. This paper offers a proposal for cadastral resurvey improvements, better registration of public rights and registration of separate parts of real properties. It will identify and explore critical points and make recommendations to bring Real Property Cadastre closer to a real 3D register. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]