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The main goal of this work is to understand the interactions between primary producers (plants) and consumers (herbivore birds) for the conservation of ecosystems such as lagoons, in the view of plantherbivore interactions. We studied the relationships between the abundance of the herbivore bird Eurasian Wigeon (Anas penelope) and the distribution of three seagrass species (Cymodocea nodosa, Zoostera marina and Nanozostera noltei) occurring in the Marano and Grado lagoon. This is a large waterbody located in the north part of the Adriatic Sea, in Friuli Venezia Giulia region, Italy (1) and it is morphologically classified as a leaky lagoon (2). Twelve bird monitoring areas were monthly surveyed during three years and seagrass distribution data were collected. The overall number of individuals of A. penelope was related to seagrass meadow extension and species cover by using a multiscale approach in four circle buffers (with radius of 500 m, 750 m, 1,000 m and 1,250 m). Among the considered scales, the 500 m radius and 1,250 m radius showed similar statistical scores, having lower performances for all the considered statistical parameters. The 750 m radius scale had the best performances. The total number of Eurasian wigeon individuals was related with area occupied by seagrass meadows and the mean percentage cover of C. nodosa and N. noltei. In particular, the number of observed individuals of wigeon increased where there was a larger area occupied by seagrasses meadows. Results showed also that when C. nodosa mean percentage cover increased the number of wigeon decreased, while if N. noltei mean percentage cover increased wigeon number increased. Finally, Z. marina showed a not statistically relevant influence in all the tested scales. Our findings confirmed that, in lagoon ecosystems, wigeon wintering populations shows co-occurrence on the abundance of seagrass meadows.

A comprehensive understanding of the interactions between primary producers and consumers plays an important role for the conservation of sensitive ecosystems such as lagoons. In this light, we studied the relationships between the flocks' size of Mareca penelope and the distribution of three seagrass species (Cymodocea nodosa, Zoostera marina and Nanozostera noltei) occurring in the Marano and Grado lagoon (Northern Adriatic Sea). Twelve bird monitoring areas were monthly surveyed for 3 years whereas seagrass distribution data were collected for the whole lagoon in the following years. The overall number of individuals of M. penelope was related to seagrass meadow extension and species cover by using a multiscale approach in four circle buffers (with radius of 500, 750, 1,000 and 1,250 m). Among the considered scales, the 750 m radius scale showed the best performance. The overall number of M. penelope increased where the occupied area by seagrass meadows was larger. Results also showed that when C. nodosa mean percentage cover increased the number of M. penelope decreased, while if N. noltei mean percentage cover increased also M. penelope number increased. Z. marina showed a negligible influence for all the tested scales. Our findings demonstrate that M. penelope populations depend not only on the extension of seagrass meadows but also on their species assembly, evidencing that M. penelope seem to prefer N. noltei stands, avoiding meadows with high abundance of C. nodosa.