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High mountain lakes are increasingly recognized as sentinel ecosystems of global change. Monitoring phytoplankton changes or reconstructing their composition from sedimentary records can help identify systemic changes in these lakes and their catchments.This study aimed to evaluate the distribution of the major phytoplankton groups in high mountain lakes across environmental gradients and identify tipping points in relative dominance. The phytoplankton groups were estimated using pigment‐based chemotaxonomy in 79 lakes in the Pyrenees selected to cover the bedrock and elevation gradients. Fifty‐four environment variables were considered, including in‐lake and catchment descriptors.Redundancy analyses showed that in‐lake descriptors override the explicative capacity of landscape variables. Generalized additive models and multivariate regression trees showed that water hardness, trophic state and food‐web descriptors were, in this order, the most influential factors determining phytoplankton group dominance. Calcium concentration of about 200 μeq L−1 defined the threshold between soft waters—with chrysophytes and chlorophytes showing a higher affinity for them—and harder waters that favour diatoms and cyanobacteria. Across the trophic gradient, there was a threshold at ~5 μg L−1 of total phosphorus (TP), chrysophytes being dominant below that TP value and cryptophytes above. The dominance of chlorophytes and cryptophytes increased with the density of macrozooplankton. Chrysophytes were significantly lower and diatoms higher in lakes with fish.Synthesis. The relative abundance of phytoplankton groups in temperate high mountain lakes responds in a nonlinear way to the hardness of the water in the range 20–1195 Ca2+ μeq L−1 and the trophic state in the range 0.94–19 TP μg L −1. The thresholds across water hardness and trophic state gradients coincide with studies based on other organisms, pointing to a robust typology for mountain lakes that should be considered when selecting global change sentinel lakes and anticipating abrupt transitions across these thresholds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nematodes disperse passively and are amongst the smallest invertebrates on Earth. Free-living nematodes in mountain lakes are highly tolerant of environmental variations and are thus excellent model organisms in dispersal studies, since species-environment relationships are unlikely to interfere. In this study, we investigated how population or organism traits influence the stochastic physical nature of passive dispersal in a topologically complex environment. Specifically, we analyzed the influence of female proportion and body size on the geographical distribution of nematode species in the mountain lakes of the Pyrenees. We hypothesized that dispersal is facilitated by (i) a smaller body size, which would increase the rate of wind transport, and (ii) a higher female proportion within a population, which could increase colonization success because many nematode species are capable of parthenogenetic reproduction. The results showed that nematode species with a low proportion of females tend to have clustered spatial distributions that are not associated with patchy environmental conditions, suggesting greater barriers to dispersal. When all species were pooled, the overall proportion of females tended to increase at the highest elevations, where dispersal between lakes is arguably more difficult. The influence of body size was barely relevant for nematode distributions. Our study highlights the relevance of female proportion as a mechanism that enhances the dispersal success of parthenogenetic species, and that female sex is a determining factor in metacommunity connectivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate warming is expected to drive an upward altitudinal shift of species distributions in mountain areas. In this study, we consider how environmental variables constrain the distribution of freshwater mollusks across elevations based on an extensive survey of the entire Pyrenean range. Results show that several altitude-related variables are significantly relevant for the distribution of all mollusks (i.e., temperature, sediment organic content). Others respond more precisely to some variables: fine substrate proportion increases the probability of finding Pisidium sensu lato (mostly Euglesa species), and the latter, the macrophyte presence, and Ampullaceana balthica. Despite the low acid-neutralizing capacity in many of the lakes, only the distribution of A. balthica was significantly constrained by this factor, independent from elevation. The results confirm a likely altitudinal expansion of the distributions of all species, particularly toward lakes with a summer surface temperature increasing above 12 °C. The pace of change is expected to differ among species according to different nonlinear thresholds in thermal response, which temperature value increases from Pisidium s.l. to Ampullaceana to Ancylus, and the taxon-specific sensitivity to substrates and chemical conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Benthic microbial biofilms attached to rocks (epilithic) are major sites of carbon cycling and can dominate ecosystem primary production in oligotrophic lakes. We studied the bacterial community composition of littoral epilithic biofilms in five connected oligotrophic high mountain lakes located at different altitudes by genetic fingerprinting and clone libraries of the 16S rRNA gene. Different intra-lake samples were analyzed, and consistent changes in community structure (chlorophyll a and organic matter contents, and bacterial community composition) were observed along the altitudinal gradient, particularly related with the location of the lake above or below the treeline. Epilithic biofilm genetic fingerprints were both more diverse among lakes than within lakes and significantly different between montane (below the tree line) and alpine lakes (above the tree line). The genetic richness in the epilithic biofilm was much higher than in the plankton of the same lacustrine area studied in previous works, with significantly idiosyncratic phylogenetic composition (specifically distinct from lake plankton or mountain soils). Data suggest the coexistence of aerobic, anaerobic, phototrophic, and chemotrophic microorganisms in the biofilm, Bacteroidetes and Cyanobacteria being the most important bacterial taxa, followed by Alpha-, Beta-, Gamma-, and Deltaproteobacteria, Chlorobi, Planctomycetes, and Verrucomicrobia. The degree of novelty was especially high for epilithic Bacteroidetes, and up to 50 % of the sequences formed monophyletic clusters distantly related to any previously reported sequence. More than 35 % of the total sequences matched at <95 % identity to any previously reported 16S rRNA gene, indicating that alpine epilithic biofilms are unexplored habitats that contain a substantial degree of novelty within a short geographical distance. Further research is needed to determine whether these communities are involved in more biogeochemical pathways than previously thought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1. Surface sediment biofilm samples from 82 Pyrenean lakes were analysed for marker pigment composition using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). 2. Variability in the pigment composition among lakes was investigated by multivariate statistical analyses using a large data set of factors describing lake chemical, physical, morphological and catchment characteristics. 3. Due to the widely varying light penetration in the lakes, the most significant gradient of pigment composition extended from a benthic to a planktonic signal. The most important pigments in the gradient were alloxanthin (cryptophytes marker pigment, planktonic signal) and diatoxanthin (diatoms marker pigment, benthic signal). The molar ratio between these two marker pigments was positively correlated with lake depth. 4. Chlorophyll- a preservation was found to be positively related to light penetration and the development of an autothrophic biofilm on the surface sediment and negatively related to decreasing pH and the percentage of alpine meadows in the lake catchments. 5. Zooplankton marker pigments in the surface sediment, including grazing by-products (e.g. phaeophorbides) and carotenoids (astaxanthin, canthaxanthin, echinenone) incorporated into their tissues, were correlated with the areal abundance of zooplankton. 6. Marker pigments for photosynthetic bacteria, BChl- e and okenone, were found mainly in relatively shallow lakes with large catchments that are forested, probably because of their higher loading of allochthonous organic matter. 7. The evaluation of a preservation index (Chl- a expressed as a percentage of a-phorbins) and the alloxanthin/diatoxanthin ratios throughout the sediment record of mountain lakes can provide evidence of historical changes in the relative importance of planktonic versus benthic primary production and might ultimately be interpreted in terms of climatic or environmental changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the aim to determine the contribution of development and reproduction to the variability in the elemental composition of zooplankton, we measured the carbon (C), hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) elemental composition of the planktonic crustacean assemblage in an alpine lake for a whole seasonal cycle. The species included three distinct living modes: a cladoceran, Daphnia pulicaria; a cyclopoid copepod, Cyclops abyssorum; and a calanoid copepod, Diaptomus cyaneus. For the three species, reproduction was the main cause of elemental variability. Adult females of the three species lost from 32% to 48% of their initial absolute C and H content during reproduction, which corresponded to a similar decrease in their lipid and carbohydrate content. The N content did not change in any of the three species, nor did the protein and chitin content. Daphnia and Diaptomus lost 35% and 56%, respectively, of their initial absolute P content during reproduction, whereas the P content of Cyclops did not change. The three species stored energy compounds under unfavorable conditions for later use in offspring production, but only Diaptomus and Daphnia mobilized stored P. Corresponding stoichiometric changes with reproduction included a decrease in C:N ratio for the three species; an increase in N:P ratio for Daphnia adult females and adults of Diaptomus; and a C:P ratio increase in Diaptomus females and decline in Cyclops females. Differences in C:P ratio changes corresponded with differences in allocation to their respective reproductive tissues. Diaptomus males and Daphnia females did not change their C:P ratio with reproduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An integrated study encompassing the distribution of organochlorine compounds (DC) in water, food web (chlronomids, terrestrial insects, cladocerans, mollusks, and cyanobacteria), and fish (brown trout) from a high mountain lake (Redon, Pyrenees) is reported. OC distributions in these compartments have been determined to assess their transport routes into fish. Food diets have been estimated by analysis of fish stomach content and food web stable isotopes (δ13C and δ15N). OCs with octanol-water partition coefficient (Kow) higher than 106 showed lower concentrations in food than expected from theoretical octanol-water partition, indicating that the distribution of these compounds does not reach equilibrium within the life span of the food web organisms (ca. 1 year). On the other hand, the degree of biomagnification in fish increased with Kow, except in the case of the largest compound analyzed (seven chlorine substituents, PCB #180). OC exchange at fish gill and gut has been evaluated using a fugacity model based on the water, food, and fish concentrations. All compounds exhibited a net gill loss and a net gut uptake. A pseudostationary state was only achieved for compounds with Iog(Kow) <6. Calculation of fish average residence times for the compounds in apparent steady state gave values of days to a few weeks for HCHs, 1 year for HCB and 4,4'- DDE, and 2-3 years for 4,4'-DDT and PCB#28 and PCB#52. Residence times longer than one decade were found for the more chlorinated PCB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experimental nutrient additions are a fundamental approach to investigating plankton ecology. Possibilities range from whole-lake fertilization to flask assays encompassing a trade-off between closeness to the "real world" and feasibility and replication. Here we describe an enclosure type that minimizes the manipulation of planktonic communities during the enclosure filling. The enclosure (typically ~100 L volume) consists of a narrow translucent cylinder that can comprise the entire photic zone (or a large part of it in clear deep lakes, e.g. 20-m long) and holds a sediment trap at the bottom for recovering the sinking material. The enclosures are inexpensive and straightforward to build. Thus, many can be used in an experiment, favoring the diversity of treatments and the number of replicates. They also are lightweight with easy transport and use in lakes that cannot be reached by road. The enclosures are fundamentally aimed at investigating the short-term response of the planktonic community, integrated across the photic zone, to pulse perturbations using before and after comparisons and multiple replication and treatments. The pros and cons of the enclosure design are evaluated based on experience gained in Lake Redon, a high mountain ultraoligotrophic deep lake in the Pyrenees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study shows that diatom sediment records can be used to investigate the long-term inorganic carbon dynamics in oligotrophic and poorly acid-buffered lakes. Using a training set of 115 high-mountain lakes in the Pyrenees, we found that both alkalinity and potential hydrogen (pH) independently explained some of the variability in diatom assemblages. Transfer functions for both variables were developed and applied to a Holocene record from Lake Redon and CO2 changes calculated. CO2 saturation broadly followed alkalinity, which in turn was related to summer and autumn air-temperature fluctuations. In general, warmer climate during the ice-free period led to higher supersaturation, due to increased alkalinity, which facilitated retention of CO2 from respiration, and decreased primary production (assessed by diatom fluxes). Only during the early Holocene, there were periods of extreme undersaturation, corresponding to cold periods of low alkalinity (<20 microequivalents per liter [µeq L-1]), and suggesting carbon limitation of primary production. The winter and spring climate, which determines the ice cover duration, appears to be relevant for CO2 saturation only during periods when the organic-matter content of the sediments was low (<22%). Longer periods of ice cover led to lower lake CO2 saturation, suggesting that the ice cover influence on internal nutrient loading may regulate lake productivity fluctuations under low allocthonous nutrient and organic-matter inputs. Alkalinity ∼20 µeq L-1 and sediment organic matter ∼22% appear as critical thresholds in the way lake CO2 levels respond to climate fluctuations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermal variables are crucial drivers of biological processes in lakes and ponds. In the current context of climate change, determining which factors better constrain their variation within lake districts become of paramount importance for understanding species distribution and their conservation. In this study, we describe the regional and short-term interannual variability in surface water temperature of high mountain lakes and ponds of the Pyrenees. And, we use mixed regression models to identify key environmental factors and to infer mean and maximum summer temperature, accumulated degree-days, diel temperature ranges and three-days' oscillation. The study is based on 59 lake-temperature series measured from 2001 to 2014. We found that altitude was the primary explicative factor for accumulated degree-days and mean and maximum temperature. In contrast, lake area showed the most relevant effect on the diel temperature range and temperature oscillations, although diel temperature range was also found to decline with altitude. Furthermore, the morphology of the catchment significantly affected accumulated degree-days and maximum and mean water temperatures. The statistical models developed here were applied to upscale spatially the current thermic conditions across the whole set of lakes and ponds of the Pyrenees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1. A survey of c. 350 remote high altitude and high latitude lakes from 11 different mountain regions was undertaken to explore species distribution across Europe at a scale not previously attempted. 2. Lakes were sampled for planktonic crustaceans, rotifers, littoral invertebrates and sub-fossil chironomids, diatoms and cladocerans. Each lake was characterised in terms of water chemistry, morphology, catchment attributes and geographical location. 3. Separatetwinspan analyses were undertaken on diatom, chironomid, planktonic crustacean, littoral invertebrate and cladoceran (chydorids only) data to classify sites according to taxonomic composition. For most datasets there was a spatial component to the classification with distinct geographical groups emerging – Norway and Scotland, Finland and Central/Eastern Europe. 4. Constrained ordination methods were employed to examine how species responded to a range of environmental factors, which were aggregated into a series of component groups – proximal environment (the chemical, trophic and physical attributes of the lake), catchment characteristics and geographical location. Several key environmental gradients were identified, which explained significant levels of the variance across several of the biological groups including dissolved organic carbon (chironomids, planktonic crustaceans), temperature (chironomids and littoral invertebrates), chloride/sea-salt (littoral invertebrates, diatoms and rotifers), lake morphology (all groups), calcium/pH (diatoms), nitrate (chydorids, littoral invertebrates, rotifers and planktonic crustaceans) and fish (littoral invertebrates). In some cases these statistical relationships are likely to represent direct ecological constraints and, in others, it is probable that the environmental variable is acting as a surrogate for some other attribute or process. 5. Variance partitioning was undertaken to quantify how much of the variation in each biological group could be uniquely attributed to variables representing the proximal environment, catchment characteristics and geographical location. For most groups the location of the lake tends to explain the greatest variation in species composition across the Lake Districts. The proximal environment was also important but, with the exception of diatoms, secondary to location. Therefore, a strong geographical signal emerged from the analyses. Three distinct limno-regions were identified; Nordic (Scotland and Norway), Sub-Arctic (Northern Finland) and Alpine (Pyrenees, the Alps and Eastern Europe ranges). 6. Our results have implications for the development of regionalisation schemes based on biological responses to environmental gradients; (i) lake ‘types’ based on environmental factors cannot be extrapolated throughout Europe, even within the relatively narrow gradients found in remote mountain lakes, (ii) biotic response to large-scale variations in environmental conditions, such as those that could be expected with climate change, is likely to vary according to regions because of the biogeographical differences among them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assesses the atmospheric deposition of organochlorine compounds to remote high mountain lakes in Europe. Impact of human activity on high mountain lakes; Transport mechanism of pollutants from atmosphere to lakes; Appraisal of the trapping mechanisms of the lake systems.