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The northern temperate genus Dracocephalum consists of approximately 70 species mainly distributed in the steppe-desert biomes of Central and West Asia and the alpine region of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP). Previous work has shown that Dracocephalum is not monophyletic and might include Hyssopus and Lallemantia. This study attempts to clarify the phylogenetic relationships, diversification patterns, and the biogeographical history of the three genera (defined as Dracocephalum s.l.). Based on a sampling of 66 taxa comprising more than 80% from extant species of Dracocephalum s.l., morphological, phylogenetic (maximum parsimony, likelihood, and Bayesian inference based on nuclear ITS and ETS, plastid rpl32-trnL, trnL-trnF, ycf1, and ycf1-rps15, and two low-copy nuclear markers AT3G09060 and AT1G09680), molecular dating, diversification, and ancestral range estimation analyses were carried out. Our results demonstrate that both Hyssopus and Lallemantia are embedded within Dracocephalum and nine well-supported clades can be recognized within Dracocephalum s.l. Analyses of divergence times suggest that the genus experienced an early rapid radiation during the middle to late Miocene with major lineages diversifying within a relatively narrow timescale. Ancestral area reconstruction analyses indicate that Dracocephalum s.l. originated in Central and West Asia and southern Siberia, and dispersed from Central and West Asia into the QTP and adjacent areas twice independently during the Pliocene. The aridification of the Asian interior possibly promoted the rapid radiation of Dracocephalum within this region, and the uplift of the QTP appears to have triggered the dispersal and recent rapid diversification of the genus in the QTP and adjacent regions. Combining molecular phylogenetic and morphological evidence, a revised infrageneric classification of Dracocephalum s.l. is proposed, which recognizes nine sections within the genus.

Geographic novelties of three species of Lamiaceae are newly reported in this paper. Phlomoides zenaidae, previously known only from a few collections from Kazakhstan, is reported from Xinjiang Province, China for the first time. Phlomoides baldschuanica and Nepeta badachschanica, previously only known from Tajikistan, are also newly reported for Uzbekistan. Diagnostic characters, additional descriptions, detailed illustrations, taxonomic comments and conservation status are provided.

The genus Phlomoides (Lamiaceae, tribe Phlomideae) has been recently re-circumscribed to include members of Eremostachys and a few other genera. As a consequence, several new combinations and new names have been suggested in this genus recently. Here, typification of 14 names in Eremostachys, viz. E. adpressa, E. alberti, E. boissieriana, E. czuiliensis, E. eriocalyx, E. gymnocalyx, E. hissarica, E. iliensis, E. laciniata var. labiosiformis, E. sarawschanica, E. speciosa var. schugnanica, E. subspicata, E. trautvetteriana and E. zenaidae is presented. Moreover, two new combinations (Phlomoides calophyta and P. transjordanica) and two new synonyms (P. kermanica and P. semnanensis) are proposed.

Paraphlomis is a genus of Lamiaceae with about 30 species distributed mainly in subtropical China. In this study, we carried out the first molecular phylogenetic analyses to elucidate the relationships within the genus based on two nuclear and four plastid DNA regions. Our results, which recovered a species of Matsumurella within Paraphlomis, indicate that the genus is not monophyletic. The two sections and most of the series previously described within the genus are also shown to be polyphyletic. Combining with morphological evidence, our study indicates that nutlet morphology rather than calyx morphology is of phylogenetic value for the infrageneric classification of Paraphlomis. Moreover, P. jiangyongensis, a new species from southern China, is here described, and P.coronata, formerly treated as a variety of P.javanica, is here resurrected as a distinct species within the genus., Highlights • We carried out the first molecular phylogenetic analysis of Paraphlomis based on two nuclear and four plastid DNA sequences. • Paraphlomis and the two sections and most of the series previously delimitated within the genus are not monophyletic. • Nutlet morphology rather than calyx morphology is of phylogenetic value for the infrageneric classification of Paraphlomis. • A new species, P. jiangyongensis, from southern China is described and the specific status of P. coronata is confirm. • The phylogenetic backbone of Paraphlomis recovered here will serve as a framework for future studies of the genus.

A new species of Dracocephalum is described from south-west China. As a distinct species in D. sect. Sinodracon, D. microphyton sp. nov. differs from other species of the section by its much shorter habit, pinnatipartite and adaxially densely strigose laminae with oblong lobules, and 1-flowered cymes. A description, illustrations and distribution of the new species are presented. A key to all species of D. sect. Sinodracon is also provided.

Phlomoides liangwangshanensis, a new species of Lamiaceae from Liangwang Mountain in central Yunnan, southwest China, is described and illustrated. It is morphologically most similar to P. franchetiana and P. ruptilis, but can be easily distinguished by its bracts 6–7 mm long, calyx teeth triangular and with spines 4–6 mm long, and without teeth-like sinuses between the teeth.

Elsholtzia griffithii, the first record in Guangxi Province, China, is described and illustrated in detail. We provided the most updated phylogeny of Elsholtzia based on two nuclear ribosomal DNA regions (ITS, ETS) to resolve the phylogenetic placement of this species. Our study reveals that E. griffithii is most closely related to E. cyprianii but differs from it by having linear bracts ≥ 4 mm and distinctively longer than flowers (vs. bracts ≤ 3 mm in E. cyprianii) and calyx teeth unequal, two anterior lobes shorter than three posterior lobes (vs. five lobes equal in length). In addition, monophyly of Elsholtzia was strongly supported and three clades were recognized, whereas all sections and series were not recovered as monophyletic, indicating that reclassification is needed at higher taxonomic levels.

Hanceola is a genus of nine herbaceous or subshrubby species ranging from southern China to Northern Vietnam. Hanceola yuanyangensis, a new species from Yuanyang County, Yunnan, southwest China, is here described and illustrated. It is morphologically most similar to H. tuberifera, but differs in characters of tuber, corolla, style and phenology.

Premise of research. Previous studies based on plastid fragments and/or nuclear ribosomal DNA have had limited success resolving relationships within the genus Salvia. This study evaluates the effi...

Premise of research. Salvia grandifolia is a narrowly endemic species known only from the Hengduan Mountains of southwestern China. Previous studies have shown that East Asian Salvia species form a...

The indumentum of nutlets is shown to be of phylogenetic importance in previous molecular phylogenetic studies of Paraphlomis, a genus of Lamiaceae with approximately 30 species distributed mainly in southern China and Southeast Asia. Nearly half the species of Paraphlomis are known from limestone areas. In this study, we described and illustrated a new species, P. hsiwenii, from the karst mountain forests in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China. Our molecular phylogenetic analyses revealed that P. hsiwenii is recovered in a clade consisting of species with hairy nutlets. The new species is morphologically most similar to P. pagantha from the same clade, but they differ in the morphology of lamina bases, length of pedicels and calyces, as well as the morphology of upper corolla lips.

Synonymous substitution rates in plant mitochondrial genomes vary by orders of magnitude among species, whereas synonymous rates among genes within a genome are generally consistent. Exceptionally, genes within the Ajuga reptans (Lamiaceae) mitochondrial genome exhibit unprecedented intragenomic heterogeneity in synonymous sequence divergence, but the biological mechanisms underlying this rate variation remain unclear. We tracked the origin and evolutionary trajectory of mitochondrial rate variations by dense sampling in Ajugoideae and found differences in the timing and magnitude of rate acceleration for particular genes. The most divergent genes accelerated earlier, retained a high rate across Ajugoideae, and are generally devoid of RNA editing, whereas moderately diverged genes accelerated later and retained relatively higher RNA editing frequency. The acceleration of mutation rates correlates with increased guanine-cytosine (GC) content, suggesting a key role for GC-biased gene conversion and/or repair after the breakage of ancestral gene clusters.

Isodon brevipedunculatus, a new species from southern China, is described and illustrated. The phylogenetic position of the new species within the genus was analyzed based on two nuclear ribosomal DNA regions and an ingroup sampling of about 80% of Asian species of Isodon. The results show that I. brevipedunculatus is recovered in a clade that consists of species mainly with glandular mericarps and that are distributed in the Sino-Japanese region. Combining molecular and geographical evidence, our study reveals that I. brevipedunculatus is most closely related to Isodon amethystoides and Isodon bifidocalyx, but differs from the former in lamina shape, number of flowers per cyme, and peduncle length, and from the latter in lamina indumentum, calyx morphology, and corolla length.

Hanceola is a genus of eight herbaceous species previously thought to be endemic to southern China. However, H. suffruticosa, a new species described here from China and Vietnam, differs from all other species of Hanceola by its subshrubby habit. It is also distinct in its shallowly bicrenate laminae and densely purplish glandular puberulent inflorescences. The morphological description, illustrations, and distribution of the new species are presented. A key to all species of Hanceola is also provided.

Siphocranion is an oligotypic genus of Lamiaceae, with two species mainly distributed in subtropical China and one of them found also in northeastern India, Myanmar, and Vietnam. Based on field investigation, morphological comparison, and molecular phylogenetic analyses, a new species of Siphocranion from the Sino-Vietnamese border is described as S. flavidum. Bayesian and maximum likelihood analyses on two nuclear ribosomal DNA regions and six plastid DNA regions reveal that S. flavidum is a distinct species in the genus and may be sister to the clade formed by the remaining two species of Siphocranion. Morphologically, the new species differs from S. macranthum and S. nudipes in its strigose stem with dark purple spots, thick papery lamina, significantly larger calyx, pale yellow corolla with tube slightly saccate at anterior side of base.

—Isodon hsiwenii, a new species from Yunnan in Southwest China, is here described and illustrated. In order to clarify the phylogenetic placement of the new species within Isodon, Bayesian and maximum likelihood analyses based on two nuclear ribosomal DNA regions and four plastid DNA regions for 71 Asian Isodon species were conducted. The results indicate that I. hsiwenii is a member of the largest and poorly resolved Clade III, as sister species of I. hirtellus. Isodon hsiwenii can be distinguished from I. hirtellus by various morphological differences.

This paper presents a re-evaluation of the taxonomic identity of Phlomoides pararotata. Based on a comparative study of morphology and type material as well as field investigations, P. pararotata is synonymized with P. burmanica. Leaf features as well as bract morphology of this species are described.

Our random bioassay revealed that the CHCl3 part of Chelonopsis praecox (Lamiaceae) showed significant activity against α-glucosidase with the inhibitory rate of 99.6 ± 0.4 % (330 μg/mL). Bioassay-guided isolation yielded seven new ent-kaurane diterpenoids, chepraecoxins A-G (1-7), and three known ones (8-10), driven by LC-MS analyses. The structures of chepraecoxins A-G (1-7) were elucidated by X-ray crystallographic and extensive spectroscopic analyses. Compounds 1, 6, and 10 showed obvious α-glucosidase inhibitory effects with IC50 values of 305.0, 361.0 and 174.5 μM, respectively. Enzyme kinetics study suggested that compound 1 inhibited the α-glucosidase by a noncompetitive type mechanism (Ki = 354.4 μM).

The complete cp genome of Salvia trijuga Diels was 151,345 bp in length, including a large single-copy region (LSC) of 82,577 bp, a small single-copy region (SSC) of 17,584 bp and a pair of inverted repeats (IRs) of 25,592 bp. The genome contained 132 genes, including 87 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes. The overall GC content of this genome was 37.9%, with the corresponding values of LSC, SSC and IR regions being 36.0%, 31.7% and 43.1%, respectively. Further, the phylogenomic analysis strongly supported the sister relationship of Salvia trijuga and Salvia plebeia R. Br.

Background: A robust molecular phylogeny is fundamental for developing a stable classification and providing a solid framework to understand patterns of diversification, historical biogeography, and character evolution. As the sixth largest angiosperm family, Lamiaceae, or the mint family, consitutes a major source of aromatic oil, wood, ornamentals, and culinary and medicinal herbs, making it an exceptionally important group ecologically, ethnobotanically, and floristically. The lack of a reliable phylogenetic framework for this family has thus far hindered broad-scale biogeographic studies and our comprehension of diversification. Although significant progress has been made towards clarifying Lamiaceae relationships during the past three decades, the resolution of a phylogenetic backbone at the tribal level has remained one of the greatest challenges due to limited availability of genetic data. Results: We performed phylogenetic analyses of Lamiaceae to infer relationships at the tribal level using 79 protein-coding plastid genes from 175 accessions representing 170 taxa, 79 genera, and all 12 subfamilies. Both maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses yielded a more robust phylogenetic hypothesis relative to previous studies and supported the monophyly of all 12 subfamilies, and a classification for 22 tribes, three of which are newly recognized in this study. As a consequence, we propose an updated phylogenetically informed tribal classification for Lamiaceae that is supplemented with a detailed summary of taxonomic history, generic and species diversity, morphology, synapomorphies, and distribution for each subfamily and tribe. Conclusions: Increased taxon sampling conjoined with phylogenetic analyses based on plastome sequences has provided robust support at both deep and shallow nodes and offers new insights into the phylogenetic relationships among tribes and subfamilies of Lamiaceae. This robust phylogenetic backbone of Lamiaceae will serve as a framework for future studies on mint classification, biogeography, character evolution, and diversification. Graphical abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.]. © 2021, The Author(s). Ten Thousand Talent Plans for Young Top-notch Talents of Yunnan Province: YNWR-QNBJ-2018-279National Science Foundation, NSF: TUBITAK-BIDEB 2219, DEB-1655611RG19-172019FI009 This study was in part supported by Yunnan Fundamental Research Projects (Grant No. 2019FI009) and “Ten Thousand Talents Program of Yunnan” (Grant No. YNWR-QNBJ-2018-279) awarded to CLX, the CAS “Light of West China” program to CLX and YPC, the Australian Biological Resources Study National Taxonomy Research Grant Program (Grant No. RG19-17) awarded to TCW, CLX, and BL, NSF DEB-1655611 awarded to BTD, and the Postdoctoral Research Program (TUBITAK-BIDEB 2219) awarded to FC.

Lamiaceae is the sixth largest angiosperm family and comprises over 7000 species in 236 genera distributed worldwide. China is one of the diversity centers of Lamiaceae; however, limited chromosome...

Isodon aurantiacus Y.P. Chen & C.L. Xiang (Lamiaceae), a new species from the Yarlung Zangbo River Valley in Tibet, China, is described and illustrated. It is morphologically close to I. parvifolius and I. tenuifolius, but can be distinguished from the former by the plants being dotted with aurantiaceous glands, corolla tube included in the calyx, and anterior corolla lip much recurved, and from the latter by the plants being densely aurantiaceous-glandular, larger lamina and corolla, and calyx 2-lipped to half its length.

A taxonomic revision of four species of Isodon (I. alborubrus, I. lungshengensis, I. rubescens and I. scrophularioides) from China is presented. Isodon alborubrus, previously regarded as conspecific with I. sculponeatus, is resurrected as a distinct species. Seven synonyms are newly proposed: I. gibbosus as a synonym of I. lungshengensis, I. henryi, Rabdosia rubescens var. rubescens f. lushanensis, R. rubescens var. taihangensis, R. rubescens var. lushiensis and I. rubescens var. eglandulosus of I. rubescens var. rubescens, and R. megathyrsoides of I. scrophularioides. Information about nomenclature, description, phenology, distribution and habitat, taxonomic notes as well as specimens examined is provided for each species.

The species Phlomoides betonicoides is used medicinally and mainly distributed in southwest China. The first complete plastid genome sequence of P. betonicoides reported here was 151,777 bp...

Premise of the study A key question in evolutionary biology is why some clades are more successful by being widespread geographically, biome diverse, or species-rich. To extend understanding of how shifts in area, biomes, and pollinators impact diversification in plants, we examined the relationships of these shifts to diversification across the mega-genus Salvia. Methods A chronogram was developed from a supermatrix of anchored hybrid enrichment genomic data and targeted sequence data for over 500 of the nearly 1000 Salvia species. Ancestral areas and biomes were reconstructed using BioGeoBEARS. Pollinator guilds were scored, ancestral pollinators determined, shifts in pollinator guilds identified, and rates of pollinator switches compared. Key results A well-resolved phylogenetic backbone of Salvia and updated subgeneric designations are presented. Salvia originated in Southwest Asia in the Oligocene and subsequently dispersed worldwide. Biome shifts are frequent from a likely ancestral lineage utilizing broadleaf and/or coniferous forests and/or arid shrublands. None of the four species diversification shifts are correlated to shifts in biomes. Shifts in pollination system are not correlated to species diversification shifts, except for one hummingbird shift that precedes a major shift in diversification near the crown of New World subgen. Calosphace. Multiple reversals back to bee pollination occurred within this hummingbird clade. Conclusions Salvia diversified extensively in different continents, biomes, and with both bee and bird pollinators. The lack of tight correlation of area, biome, and most pollinator shifts to the four documented species diversification shifts points to other important drivers of speciation in Salvia.

Karyotypes of 16 species and two varieties of Chinese Salvia were determined in this study. Of the 18 Salvia taxa, chromosome numbers of eight taxa and karyotypic analyses of 13 taxa were reported ...

(1)粗壮小野芝麻 Matsumurella chinense (Benth.) Bendiksby var. robustum (C. Y. Wu) C. L. Xiang & H. Peng, comb. nov. Galeobdolon chinense (Benth.) C. Y. Wu var. robustum C. Y. Wu, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 10(2): 158 (1965). 中国 , 福建 : 永福 , 采集时间不详 , 钟心煊 2642 (AU)。 (2)近无毛小野芝麻 Matsumurella chinense (Benth.) Bendiksby var. subglabrum (C. Y. Wu) C. L. Xiang & H. Peng, comb. nov. Galeobdolon chinense (Benth.) C. Y. Wu var. subglabrum C. Y. Wu, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 10(2): 158 (1965). 中国, 江西: 吉安, 采集时间不详, 张宗绪, 无 号(PE)。 最近的分子系统学研究结果表明(Scheen et al, 2010; Bendiksby et al, 2011), 小 野 芝 麻 属 (Galeobdolon Adans.)不是一个自然的类群, 应并入 Matsumurella Makino属中。尽管Bendiksby等(2011) 对中国该属大部分种类的名称也进行了命名处理, 但仍遗漏了上述2个变种的名称。为方便使用, 在此 对其进行了新组合。在外部形态上, 粗壮小野芝麻 (Matsumurella chinense var. robustum)与原变种的主 要区别在于其植株粗壮矮小, 高仅为60 cm, 叶片 4–12 cm × 3–6 cm, 花为白色(原变种植株较细弱, 高60–100 cm, 叶片大小不超过4 cm × 2.2 cm, 花红 色); 近无毛小野芝麻(Matsumurella chinense var. subglabrum)与原变种的区别在于具菱形叶、具稀疏 的硬毛、叶缘具粗齿(原变种具卵圆形或卵圆形至宽 披针形针叶片, 叶片两面被短硬毛, 叶缘具牙齿状 锯齿)。

The complete cp genome of Salvia przewalskii was 152,678 bp in length, including a large single copy region (LSC) of 84,102 bp, a small single copy region (SSC) of 17,638 bp and a pair of inverted ...

Scutellaria wuana, a new species discovered from a xeric valley in Muli County of Sichuan Province in southwest China, is described and illustrated. Morphologically, the new species shares similarities withS. mairei, but can be readily distinguished by a suite of morphological characters including a white-pubescent erect stem, conspicuous leaf petioles, and a yellow corolla with a trapeziform lower-middle lip lobe. The habitat and distribution ofS. wuanaare also distinctive. The position of the new species withinScutellariais examined in a phylogenetic context using the nuclear ribosomal internal and external transcribed spacers. Additionally, we examine leaf epidermal and pollen grain micromorphology of the new species and putative relatives.

Lamiaceae, the sixth largest angiosperm family, contains more than 7000 species distributed all over the world. However, although considerable progress has been made in the last two decades, its phylogenetic backbone has never been well resolved. In the present study, a large-scale phylogenetic reconstruction of Lamiaceae using chloroplast sequences was carried out with the most comprehensive sampling of the family to date (288 species in 191 genera, representing approximately 78% of the genera of Lamiaceae). Twelve strongly supported primary clades were inferred, which form the phylogenetic backbone of Lamiaceae. Six of the primary clades correspond to the current recognized subfamilies Ajugoideae, Lamioideae, Nepetoideae, Prostantheroideae, Scutellarioideae, and Symphorematoideae, and one corresponds to a portion of Viticoideae. The other five clades comprise: 1) Acrymia and Cymaria; 2) Hymenopyramis, Petraeovitex, Peronema, and Garrettia; 3) Premna, Gmelina, and Cornutia; 4) Callicarpa; and 5) Tectona. Based on these results, three new subfamilies—Cymarioideae, Peronematoideae, and Premnoideae—are described, and the compositions of other subfamilies are updated based on new findings from the last decade. Furthermore, our analyses revealed five strongly supported, more inclusive clades that contain subfamilies, and we give them phylogenetically defined, unranked names: Cymalamiina, Scutelamiina, Perolamiina, Viticisymphorina, and Calliprostantherina.

Isodon wui (Lamiaceae), from Mt. Jiaozi in Yunnan province, is newly described and illustrated. The new species is morphologically most similar to I. irroratus but is smaller and has narrowly ovate (vs. ovate) leaves and leaf surfaces with unicellular, eglandular (vs. clavate, glandular) trichomes. The new species differs from I. irroratus in geographical distribution by occurring in central Yunnan instead of northwestern Yunnan and Sichuan. Features of the new species pertaining to leaf surface anatomy, pollen morphology, and geographical distribution are described, and a key to all 42 species of Isodon in Yunnan province is provided.

Trichome micromorphology of leaves and young stems of nine taxa (including four varieties) of Colquhounia were examined using light and scanning microscopy. Two basic types of trichomes were recognized: eglandular and glandular. Eglandular trichomes are subdivided into simple and branched trichomes. Based on the number of cells and trichome configuration, simple eglandular trichomes are further divided into four forms: unicellular, two-celled, three-celled and more than three-celled trichomes. Based on branching configuration, the branched eglandular trichomes can be separated into three forms: biramous, stellate and dendroid. Glandular trichomes can be divided into two subtypes: capitate and peltate glandular trichomes. Results from this study of morphological diversity of trichomes within Colquhounia lend insight into infrageneric classification and species relationships. Based on the presence of branched trichomes in C. elegans, this species should be transferred from Colquhounia sect. Simplicipili to sect. Colquhounia. We provide a taxonomic key to species of Chinese Colquhounia based on trichome morphology and other important morphological traits.

Four species of Elsholtzia such as E. flava Benth., E. penduliflora W. Smith, E. ciliata (Thunb.) Hyl. and E. nipponica Ohwi had the common chromosome characters at the resting stage classified as the complex chromocenter type. Elsholtzia flava and E. penduliflora had the common chromosome number as 2n=20, while E. ciliata had the chromosome number of 2n=32 and E. nipponica had the chromosome number of 2n=16. The chromosome numbers of 2n=16 and 32 were considered diploid and tetraploid, respectively if the common basic chromosome number was x=8, while the chromosome number of 2n=20 could be diploid if the basic chromosome number was x=10, respectively. The chromosome numbers of 2n=20 for E. penduliflora and 2n=16 for E. nipponica were reported here for the first time. The karyotypes of the four species described here had commonly monomodal gradation in chromosome length from the largest to the smallest chromosomes, and showed median-, submedian- and subtermina- centromeric chromosomes in E. flava and E. penduliflora, and median- and submedian-centromeric chromosomes in E. ciliata and E. nipponica.

Two new combinations in the genus Chelonopsis (Lamiaceae) are proposed based on a wide range of herbarium and field investigations. Chelonopsis rosea W. W. Smith and Chelonopsis siccanea W. W. Smith are treated as conspecific and the latter taxon, is here recombined as C. rosea var. siccanea (W. W. Smith) C. L. Xiang & H. Peng, comb. et stat. nov. Another species, C. albiflora Pax & K. Hoffmann ex Limpricht var. cashmerica Mukerjee is recombined as C. souliei (Bonati) Merr. var. cashmerica (Mukerjee) C. L. Xiang & H. Peng. In addition, C. pseudobracteata C. Y. Wu et H. W. Li is newly synonymized with C. lichiangensis W. W. Smith and C. odontochila Diels var. smithii (Kudo) C. Y. Wu with C. odontochila Diels var. odontochila. An updated key to the genus is also provided.

Salvia luteistriata, a new species from northeastern Sichuan, China, is described and illustrated here. The new species morphologically resembles S. maximowicziana, but it can be easily distinguished from the latter by having bigger maroon corolla with showy creamy-yellow vertical stripes in the internal ventral surface of corolla tube. Other diagnostic characters between them include that the new species has bigger leaf blade, longer bract and pedicel, bigger oblong upper corolla lip, and bigger mericarp. An identification key for the species in Salvia ser. Maximowiczianae, including S. luteistriata, is provided.

Despite considerable progress, many details regarding the evolution of the Arcto-Tertiary flora, including the timing, direction, and relative importance of migration routes in the evolution of woody and herbaceous taxa of the Northern Hemisphere, remain poorly understood. Meehania (Lamiaceae) comprises seven species and five subspecies of annual or perennial herbs, and is one of the few Lamiaceae genera known to have an exclusively disjunct distribution between eastern Asia and eastern North America. We analyzed the phylogeny and biogeographical history of Meehania to explore how the Arcto-Tertiary biogeographic hypothesis and two possible migration routes explain the disjunct distribution of Northern Hemisphere herbaceous plants. Parsimony and Bayesian inference were used for phylogenetic analyses based on five plastid sequences (rbcL, rps16, rpl32-trnH, psbA-trnH, and trnL-F) and two nuclear (ITS and ETS) gene regions. Divergence times and biogeographic inferences were performed using Bayesian methods as implemented in BEAST and S-DIVA, respectively. Analyses including 11 of the 12 known Meehania taxa revealed incongruence between the chloroplast and nuclear trees, particularly in the positions of Glechoma and Meehania cordata, possibly indicating allopolyploidy with chloroplast capture in the late Miocene. Based on nrDNA, Meehania is monophyletic, and the North American species M. cordata is sister to a clade containing the eastern Asian species. The divergence time between the North American M. cordata and the eastern Asian species occurred about 9.81 Mya according to the Bayesian relaxed clock methods applied to the combined nuclear data. Biogeographic analyses suggest a primary role of the Arcto-Tertiary flora in the study taxa distribution, with a northeast Asian origin of Meehania. Our results suggest an Arcto-Tertiary origin of Meehania, with its present distribution most probably being a result of vicariance and southward migrations of populations during climatic oscillations in the middle Miocene with subsequent migration into eastern North America via the Bering land bridge in the late Miocene.

Lectotypes of Paraphlomis albiflora (Hemsl.) Hand.-Mazz. and Paraphlomis gracilis (Hemsl.) Kudo are designated. The name Paraphlomis javanica (Blume) Prain var. angustifolia C. Y. Wu & H. W. Li ex C. L. Xiang, E. D. Liu & H. Peng is validated by a type designation.

Isodon villosus, a new species from Guangxi, southern China, is here described and illustrated. It is morphologically close to I. lophanthoides and I. phyllopodus, but differs from the former by its declinate corolla tube, included stamens and style, and larger mericarp, and from the latter by its base of lamina not decurrent on petiole, panicle densely septate-villose, as well as posterior lip without spot. A key to all 15 taxa of Isodon from Guangxi is also provided.

The genus Salvia Linnaeus (1753: 253) contains about 1000 species (Alziar 1988–1993) and is distributed cosmopolitanly (Harley et al. 2004). The genus is by far the largest genus of Lamiaceae over the world, and the second largest of this family in China. Totally 85 species are recorded from China, of which 81 are native (Li & Hedge 1994, Hu et al. 2013, 2014, Hu & Peng 2015). Some species, such as S. coccinea Buc’hoz ex Etlinger (1777: 23) and S. tiliifolia Vahl (1794: 3), have successfully naturalized in China (Hu et al. 2013); while other species, e.g. S. splendens Sellow ex Wied-Neuwied (1820: 46), are widely cultivated in China.