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Given the rates of transmission of COVID-19, relying only on manual contact tracing might be infeasible to control the epidemic without sustained costly lockdowns or rapid vaccination efforts. In the first study of its kind in Latin America, we find through a phone survey of a nationally representative sample of ten countries that an opt-out regime (automatic installation) increases self-reported intention to accept a contact tracing app with exposure notification by 22 percentage points compared to an opt-in regime (voluntary installation). This effect is triple the size and of opposite sign of the effect found in Europe and the United States, potentially due to lower concerns regarding privacy and lower levels of interpersonal trust. We see that an opt-out regime is more effective in increasing willingness to accept for those who do not trust the government or do not use their smartphones for financial transactions. The local severity of the pandemic does not affect our results, but feeling personally at risk increases intent to accept such apps in general. These results can shed light on the use of default options not only for contact tracing apps but in public health overall in the context of a pandemic in Latin America.

The opinions and experiences of the public regarding health services are valuable insights into identifying opportunities to improve healthcare systems. We analyzed the 2012-2013 Public Opinion Health Policy Survey carried out in Brazil (n = 1486), Colombia (n = 1485), El Salvador (n = 1460), Jamaica (n = 1480), México (n = 1492) and Panama (n = 1475). In these countries between 82 and 96% of participants perceived that their health systems needed fundamental changes. The most frequent barrier to access to healthcare was lack of the primary medical home, difficulties in obtaining medical care during the weekends and financial barriers. Type of health insurance and challenges in obtaining medical care during the weekends were associated with an increased opinion for the need for fundamental changes in healthcare systems, whereas having a primary medical home showed a protective effect. Focusing on tackling organizational and financial barriers and ensuring access to a primary medical home should be placed on the agenda of Latin American countries.

Using longitudinal datasets from Chile and Nicaragua, we compare intragenerational earnings mobility over a decade for two economies with similar inequality levels but divergent positions in equality of opportunities within the Latin American region. Our results suggest that earnings mobility, in terms of origin independence of individual ranking in the earnings distribution, is greater in Chile than in Nicaragua.

In recent years there has been great increase in the relationship between the Latin American Societies of Hematology and the American Society of Hematology. This led to the meeting Highlights of the American Society of Hematology (ASH) in Latin America (HOA-LA), first held in Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil with its third meeting taking place in 2011 in Punta del Este in Uruguay. With this exchange, it soon proved necessary to know the reality of hematology in Latin America and the context of development in different countries, so that the links between the different scientific societies of the area would become stronger. With this in mind, information was collected using a standardized questionnaire provided to the participants of the 2011 HOA-LA accompanied by guidelines on how to complete the questionnaire. The information provided was discussed during a specific section of the 2011 HOA-LA on April 30 coordinated by Drs. Raul Gabus, Carmino Antonio de Souza and Scott Howard. The session was attended by representatives of Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela as well as those from the United States of America, Canada, Spain and Italy. The aim of the meeting was to prepare a document to evaluate the current status of hematology in Latin America in order to improve interactions between Latin American Societies of Hematology. An additional objective was to encourage the organization of cooperative projects on support and training for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with blood diseases in Latin America. Member societies of the OAH-LA were asked to designate a spokesperson for this activity before 15 December 2010. Questionnaires were distributed to these spokespeople to obtain a representative sample of partners and hematology services of each country. The questionnaires were then sent to the coordinators in January 2011. In February 2011, each representative wrote a brief summary of data on the general situation in their country that reflected the opinion of the respective Society of Hematology. Data were collected and analyzed by the coordinators of the LA-HOA in Uruguay in March 2011 with the reports being divulged to the participating scientific societies. In April 2011 the results were presented and the final text of the document was discussed. The estimated population of the countries involved (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela) is approximately 475 million people in an area of 19,046,336 km2. There are currently 4,306 hematologists for this population which is a rate of 0.9/100,000 hematologists/inhabitants with a heterogeneous distribution between the countries and between regions within each country. A total of 76.7% hematologists are connected to hematology institutions in their countries (range: 45-100%). In the case of Colombia, the Hematology Society is linked to oncology and in five countries (Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay and Venezuela) to transfusion medicine. In seven countries (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Paraguay, Uruguay and Venezuela), there are formal medical fellowships programs in hematology. Three countries (Brazil, Colombia and Uruguay) reported that it is the National Health System that regulates funds and supportive care. In the other countries the health care system is divided between the public health insurance, prepayments, loans and others. The participation of the public sector in different countries varies between 25 and 73%. Exclusive private healthcare covers 10 and 20% of care. There are few national records and those that exist are limited to specific diseases. The registries are mainly of isolated Hematology Centers with partial data and with little intervention of Hematology Societies (Figure 1). Figure 1 Registry With regards to healthcare in hematology, although most people can easily have access to referral centers, however there are geographic areas far from these centers, such as the Brazilian Amazon and Bolivian Altiplano (Figure 2). Figure 2 Healthcare in hematology accessibility The availability of cytogenetics, flow cytometry, molecular biology, immunohistochemistry, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET-CT) was found to be heterogeneous across countries and even within the same country. Some complex techniques such as computed tomography or immunophenotyping by flow cytometry (IHC) are generally accessible to the public. Some countries do not have cytogenetics, molecular biology, MRI or PET-CT availability. Moreover, even in countries that rely on these resources, access to them is not universal for all inhabitants (Figure 3). The reports also mention a need to develop IHC to assist diagnosis of hematologic diseases. Figure 3 Healthcare in hematology diagnosis About the availability of blood components and other resources in transfusion medicine, packed red blood cell and platelet concentrates are availability to the entire population and usually at no cost to the patient. The availability of platelets by apheresis and irradiated blood products is generally limited; normally they are only available to patients in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (HSCT) units (Figure 4). It was found that in most countries, patients have access to basic hematology-oncology treatment, but only a part of the population has access to high-cost treatment. Monoclonal antibodies, new drugs and access to HSCT are considered high-cost (Figure 5). There are countries where HSCT is not performed or the program is poorly developed. Figure 4 Healthcare in hematology support Figure 5 Access to treatment and medications The financing of regular treatment is guaranteed by the state, by health insurance or medical organization to which the patient is affiliated. However, there are situations that hematological patients lack coverage (Figure 5). There is no guarantee of coverage of high-cost treatments and medications to all populations. In some countries it is the responsibility of the state, parastatal organizations, other health insurance institutions or medical organizations to which the patient is affiliated. Occasionally, this coverage is funded by a foundation or through a support program of the pharmaceutical industry (Figure 5). Regarding the study protocol and / or treatment, some hematology centers with guidelines or consensus on certain conditions, however almost none of them are national protocols. Most treatment programs follow international protocols with little or no adaptation to the country or region (Figure 6). Figure 6 Hemato-oncological protocol treatment This survey showed that the number of hematologists is inadequate and they are unevenly distributed (Figure 7). Figure 7 Human resources Most societies stated that the number of doctors who are currently in hematology specialist courses is insufficient to meet the needs of the population (Figure 7).

Poverty is a multidimensional phenomenon closely related to the low accumulation of human capital and scant economic opportunities for the poor. Government efforts to help households overcome poverty require actions on multiple fronts. The governments of Latin-America and the Caribbean are making important efforts to scale up innovative programs to increase the capabilities and economic opportunities of the poor. Increasingly, the implementation of these programs has been accompanied by significant efforts and resources to evaluate their impact and effectiveness. These evaluations have produced many useful lessons. This study reviews a set of rigorous impact evaluations, placing emphasis on extracting lessons to assess the development effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of these interventions. The results presented in this review show a mostly positive picture of the impact of the programs evaluated. Results of the evaluations have also proven to be useful for identifying program weaknesses, such as problems with targeting mechanisms or groups that are not reaping the full benefits of the program, and inducing the adjustments necessary to increase program effectiveness. The evaluation results and the experience in implementing these programs also raise various issues for the reform of social and fiscal policies in order to make public social expenditure more effective, pro-poor, and fiscally sustainable. Scaling up well-targeted programs is key to improving the distributive impact of spending.