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Ultra-high voltage fast vacuum circuit breakers (FVCBs) could benefit a power system by promoting transient stability. This paper presents the design and verification of a prototype 363-kV/5000-A 63-kA multiple-break FVCB. The prototype consists of two parallel-connected circuit branches in each phase. Each branch comprises three breaking units. The breaking unit, arranged on a 330-kV-class insulating platform, is a double-break FVCB driven by two independent electromagnetic repulsion actuators. The breaking units include a specially designed 40.5-kV vacuum interrupter (VI) with an extended ceramic envelope and optimized contact contours. A 4.0-nF grading capacitor is connected in parallel with each break to achieve a uniform stressed voltage distribution across the break. The prototype performs controlled switching of short-circuit current with an arcing time of 2.0 ms. The feasibility of the 363-kV FVCB is verified by a dielectric test on one break of the prototype and a series of tests on a single-phase prototype. The tests include controlled switching of a short-circuit current in a short arcing time under different transient recovery voltages following test duties T100s(b) and T100a, short-time withstand current and peak withstand current tests, a temperature rise test, and an electromagnetic compatibility tes

The received signal of the electronic equipment often depends on its surrounding multidimensional dynamic electromagnetic environment (MDEE) featured with large airspace, high field strength and wide frequency band. This brings great challenges to predict the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) of the electronic equipment dynamically. As an extension to the conventional equivalent construction (EC) process for the static single-source electromagnetic environment, based on the response of an antenna port, a novel EC method for the dynamical multi-source heterogeneous electromagnetic environment is proposed in this article. By applying this EC method to a radar system under a practical dynamic working scene, an innovative electromagnetic sensitivity threshold test method is carried out in the laboratory. The experimental results show that the theoretically predicted value is in good agreement with the measurement, where the error is less than 1dB. With the methods proposed in this article, the dynamic analysis and prediction of EMC in MDEE can be carried out with the consideration of the characteristics of the electronic equipment, so that the electromagnetic environment adaptability of the electronic equipment can be readily improved.

The harmonic interference during the operation of rolling stock or EMU is an important interference source of signal system, especially the running track circuit. The harmonic currents in the signal band exceed the limit, which will affect the reliable operation of the track circuit. Analysis of harmonic characteristics based on traction current and the principle of harmonic suppression, a method of harmonic suppression using multiple control strategies is proposed according to the harmonic distribution characteristics of track circuit. Effectiveness of multiple control strategy for harmonic suppression of traction current is verified by simulation analysis and line operation test. The RMS of traction harmonic current can be controlled in the range of 0.3A. The overall performance of the vehicle is optimized and the electromagnetic interference of the track circuit is effectively suppressed.

This article presents an electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) aware motor design method based on the prediction of the impedances of a stator winding structure. The stator structure is divided into several two-dimensional parts, and their network parameters are extracted by electromagnetic (EM) simulations. Through conversion and synthesis of the multiport network parameters, the input impedance can be found for the full-winding structure. The calculated input impedance approximately follows the measured impedance of tested induction motors. The impedance calculation method has been realized in a parametric analysis platform to enable the EMC-aware design of induction motors. By using the platform, the variations of the input impedances by different design parameters can be analyzed along with consideration of loss and torque ripple. To verify the proposed method, prototype motors were assembled and the common-mode (CM) currents were measured under driving operation. The results show that the CM current can be reduced up to 10 dB in the frequency range of interest when the number of parallel circuit is reduced, as estimated from the calculated input impedances.

Chamber pressure test remains to be a difficult problem in the field of internal ballistics. Therefore, a new chamber pressure test method based on a double-layer and double-grid structure strain tester was proposed to test the chamber pressure for the small caliber weapons. The method has a simple design structure compared with the traditional chamber pressure test method. This method can also obtain the entire pressure test curve without destroying the barrel structure. Furthermore, the novel method has a high test accuracy with low cost, high reliability with long life, and good electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). The core idea was to test the strain on the outer wall of the barrel through the double-layer and double-grid strain tester, thereby calculating the chamber pressure according to thick-walled cylinder theory. First, the mechanism of this new test method was analyzed, and the fourth-order Runge–Kutta algorithm was used to establish a simulation model of the chamber pressure. Second, the sensitivity of the strain tester was obtained by calibrating the strain test system. The test method was compared with the lead wire electronic manometer test and the simulation modeling methods. The test curve was consistent with the lead wire electronic manometer test and the simulation curves, verifying the test accuracy and feasibility of the method. Finally, the simulations and experiments validated that the new test method had good EMC.

Direct current (DC) converters play an essential role in electronic circuits. Conventional high-efficiency DC voltage converters, especially step-up type, rely on switching operation, where energy is periodically stored within and released from inductors and/or capacitors connected in a variety of circuit topologies. Since these energy storage components, especially inductors, are fundamentally difficult to scale down, miniaturization of switching converters proves challenging. Furthermore, the resulting switching currents produce significant electromagnetic noise. To overcome the limitations of switching converters, photonic transformers, where voltage conversion is achieved through light emission and detection processes, have been demonstrated. However, the demonstrated efficiency is significantly below that of the switching converter. Here we perform a detailed balance analysis and show that with a monolithically integrated design that enables efficient photon transport, the photonic transformer can operate with a near-unity conversion efficiency and high voltage conversion ratio. We validate the theory with a transformer constructed with off-the-shelf discrete components. Our experiment showcases near noiseless operation and a voltage conversion ratio that is significantly higher than obtained in previous photonic transformers. Our findings point to the possibility of a high-performance optical solution to miniaturizing DC power converters and improving the electromagnetic compatibility and quality of electrical power., Conventional DC-DC converters rely on switching operations and energy storing components which face both noise and scaling difficulties. Here, the authors present an alternative design for a DC-to-DC converter based on closely coupled LEDs and photovoltaic cells, which exhibits high efficiency, low noise, and miniaturizability.

High precision magnetometer (HPM) is a magnetic field detection payload onboard China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite (CSES), including two fluxgate magnetometers (FGM) and a coupled dark state magnetometer (CDSM). Observations show that FGM appears to be influenced when tri-band beacon (TBB) is powered on and emits electromagnetic waves. The interference phenomenon is further validated based on both in-orbit observation analysis and electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) tests on the ground. A joint correction algorithm based on the least square fitting and first-order difference method according to scalar magnetometer data is proposed to eliminate the interference. The algorithm significantly improves the consistency of HPM data. After correction, the average scalar deviation error could be reduced from 9.0 nT to around 0.7 nT.

Capacitors are sources of EM field emissions whose characterization is crucial for electronic circuits EMC. This paper presents the modeling of equivalent radiating sources of rectangular film capacitors. It presents and analyses the magnetic near field measured above plastic and polyester capacitors. The measurements are then used by the inverse method to create a radiating source model for the capacitor. The results show a good agreement between the measured cartography and the one obtained when using radiating sources model. Finally, a generic radiating model is proposed for various types of rectangular film capacitors. The generic model is validated using the measurements on a rectangular capacitor. The suggested radiating model accelerates solving the inverse method. It can be used by circuit designers to optimize the placement of capacitors on the printed circuit board to reduce their coupling with other components of the studied system.

The article presents the results of a study of the electromagnetic compatibility of SMART devices (SD) ofautomated technological control systems (ATCS) at a high voltage electrical substation. The interferenceimmunity of relay protection and automation devices associated with the use of electrical control cableshas been investigated. Possible sources of pulsed radiated noise at the electrical substation are listed. Thelevels of pulsed electromagnetic noise at the 220 kV Karatau substation of KEGOC JSC were determinedby the calculation and experimental method, which in some cases exceeded the noise immunity of theinstalled ATCS devices. An experimental method for determining the actual shielding coefficients ofcontrol cables at an electrical substation is presented, as well as the measurement results. The influence ofshielding of relay cables on the level of electromagnetic influences on SD is revealed. Possible levels ofradiated interference were determined, taking into account the screening factor of existing control cables,and the need to replace control cables was argued.

In recent years, electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) has become progressively important because of the rise in the number of electronic auxiliary devices in motor vehicles. This article presents an angle modulated switching strategy for fractional horsepower drives. It allows decreasing the size of the necessary EMC filter, for the example case drive used, down to less than 50%, from nine to four capacitors. Simultaneously, it reduces the radiated electromagnetic emissions over a wide frequency range by almost 10 $\,\text{dB}_{\mu \text{V/m}}$ . The EMC measurements performed in a shielded chamber are compared with the results for two conventional switching strategies. Subsequently, the influence of the presented switching strategy on the efficiency and on the emitted airborne and structure-borne noise is investigated.

Microwave absorbing metasurfaces with optical transparency are essentially useful in electromagnetic compatibility, stealth, or camouflage while keeping continuous optical observation or communication. Although significant efforts have been devoted on expanding the bandwidths of optically transparent absorbing metasurfaces, dynamic control of microwave absorption in such metasurfaces remains a challenge. In this paper, we experimentally propose a metasurface made of patterned graphene sandwich structures, showing unprecedented wave control, excellent optical transparency and outstanding flexibility. Both the simulated and measured results demonstrate that the tunable absorption with dual, single and broad band are realized by applying bias voltage to graphene layers. In particular, the as-designed metasurface shows a strong microwave absorption of 90 % covering a wide frequency band of 7–18 GHz due to the electric and magnetic resonances caused by the patterned graphene layer, as well as the multiple reflection mechanism. We speculate that such a metasurface with optical transparency and tunable microwave absorption has potential applications in stealth technology and photovoltaic solar cells.

This article addresses the benefits of novel dual rotor machine for automobile sector. In case of traditional electric vehicle technology, the vehicle has a single rotor electric machine that can able to perform motoring or regenerative operation and can be possible according to the energy available in the battery. To overcome the above-mentioned problem, novel electric machine design topology with dual operation of motor and generator at same instances of time is proposed with improved electromagnetic, thermal and mechanical transmission losses. The design can be possible by adopting 7.2 kW claw pole alternator and 15 kW brushless permanent magnet synchronous machine as a dual rotor machine considering in-wheel concept. The performance analysis of the machine is done by using finite element analysis technique. The electromagnetic compatibility of machine is performed by three-dimensional transient solver in MagNet software. The electromagnetic analysis of machine is improved by introducing notches in the stator and permanent magnets in the rotor. Based on the electromagnetic results, thermal analysis of machine is calculated by coupling transient analysis using ThermNet software. The simulation results of machine are validated by using electric vehicle Powertrain blocks. The real-time performance of the machine is tested with real-world drive cycle using simulation software. The result substantiates the novelty of this design for improving the driving range of the vehicle for electric vehicle applications.

The permanent magnetic field in addition to electromagnetic radiation has a significant effect on performance of devices. This is particularly true for highly sensitive precision measuring equipment, such as, for example, magnetometers or photomultiplier tubes. In this regard a new high-performance materials for protection against permanent fields and electromagnetic radiation need to be developed. The purpose of this paper is a development of a hardware and software complex for high-precision determination of permanent magnetic field attenuation coefficient and certification of protective materials.This paper describes an experimental installation for determining the attenuation coefficient of a permanent magnetic field using materials and coatings on standard package for electronic equipment. The installation ensures a uniform magnetic field flow in the measurement volume. The advantage of the measuring device is the ability to measure magnetic field in three coordinates due to the use of three pairs of Helmholtz coils and a three-dimensional Hall sensor. The software will enable to control of the magnetic field in all three directions, simulating the real operating conditions of devices that require protection from such influences. In addition, a movable positioning system makes it possible to compensate for the Earth's magnetic field, which increases the accuracy of estimating the attenuation coefficient by protective materials in weak magnetic field.An alternative use of the capabilities of the installation is to test the performance of the devices in a permanent magnetic field and evaluate the electromagnetic compatibility. Experimental results of the work includes determination of the magnetic field attenuation coefficient using standard photomultiplier tube package made of electrolytically deposited permalloy and the sheet of annealed permalloy. Thus, the effect of annealing and closed magnetic circuit on the degree of weakening of the magnetic field is shown. It has been demonstrated that annealing which causes a significant increase in the magnetic permeability promotes an effective attenuation of weak magnetic fields (up to 1 mT). In magnetic fields with an induction of 1 mT or more, effective attenuation is provided by a closed magnetic circuit.

This article proposes a series compensator with unbalanced voltage sag ride-through capability applied to grid-connected induction motors. A conventional three-phase voltage source inverter (VSI) is intended to regulate the motor voltages. The VSI is connected in series with the grid and a three-phase machine with open-ended windings. The proposed system is suitable for applications in which no frequency variation is required, like large pumps or fans. The VSI dc-link voltage operates as a floating capacitor through the energy minimized compensation (EMC) technique, in which there is no dc source or injection transformer. The motor load condition determines the minimum grid voltage positive component (sag severity) to keep EMC operation. Meanwhile, a voltage unbalance may increase the dc-link voltage requirements. A 1.5-hp four-pole induction motor has been used to verify the ride-through capability of the proposed compensator under grid voltage disturbances. A total harmonic distortion (THD) analysis of grid currents demonstrates that the proposed system provides low THD even if no passive filter is used. The operating principle, converter output voltage analysis, pulsewidth modulation technique, control strategy, and components ratings are discussed as well. Simulation and experimental results are presented to demonstrate the feasibility of the system.

Pairing wide-bandgap (WBG) inverters with high-speed motors results in compact and effi cient motor drives, but requires special attention on electromagnetic interference (EMI) aspects. This paper focuses on electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) of high-speed motor drives, supplied by a DC source. In order to protect the nearby equipment from the EMI noise of the WBG inverter, a fi lter that complies with conducted EMI regulations is placed at the inverter DC input-side. However, there is no clear mandate requiring from inverters to comply with conducted EMI regulations at the AC output-side, where only the motor is placed. For this reason, there is no full consensus whether it is necessary to use an output fi lter, and if so, what type of output fi lter would be suitable, i.e., if differential-mode (DM), common-mode (CM) or both DM/CM output fi lter would fi t best. A full sine-wave output fi lter (FSF) is proposed in this paper, that features both DM and CM attenuation, and capacitors connected to the DC link. Besides the several well established benefi ts of a FSF, such as purely sinusoidal motor currents and the protection of the motor against high du/dt originating from the fast switching of the semiconductor devices, a FSF at the inverter output-side, also reduces the CM EMI emissions at the inverter input-side. Namely, since the inverter housing, the motor housing and the interconnecting shielded cable are all grounded, CM emissions generated at the inverter output-side are directly mapped to the inverter input-side, i.e., there is an input-to-output CM noise interrelation. A FSF reduces the output-side CM EMI emissions and thus mitigates the input-to-output CM noise mutual influence. Two types of FSF (c-FSF and d-FSF) are comparatively evaluated, in terms of volume, losses and EMI performance. The theoretical consideration are tested within the context of a high-speed 280 krpm, 1 kW motor drive, with 80 V DC supply. The experimental results validate the good performance of the proposed filter concept.

Quasiresonant converters (QRCs) are increasingly being used in autonomous power supply systems. These converters are efficient, have small dimensions, and operate stably when the load changes. This study is devoted to the development of a zero-current switching QRC with improved characteristics. The main advantages of this QRC are a wide range of regulation and a low level of output voltage ripple. These advantages are achieved by the recuperation of excess energy due to a transistor shunting the primary winding of a transformer. In this work, a mathematical model of advanced QRC (AQRC) is developed, and the quantitative relationship between the parameters of the AQRC power circuit elements is established. In addition, the electromagnetic processes occurring in the AQRC are studied on the Simulink model. Moreover, the AQRC characteristics for various operating modes are studied, and the rational parameters of its components are determined. Then, an AQRC prototype is created. The tests of the prototype are in good agreement with the models. Results show that the AQRC allows for the adjustment of the output voltage ranging from 0 to 100% of the rated value and has a standard level of electromagnetic compatibility.

This article investigates the scattering characteristics inside the cabinet of a nuclear power plant by the mode-matching technique (MMT) when arbitrary wireless devices are assumed to be applied in the plant. The modal decomposition, multiregion problem, and power conservations of the MMT are introduced to confirm the scattered field inside the cabinet. It is found that stronger scattered fields are usually found when the center of the gap in the rear door of the cabinet is located $1.5\lambda _{0}$ away from the side wall. Therefore, when determining the geometry of the cabinet and digital modules, the scattered field inside the cabinet is systematically analyzed in advance, and appropriate design guidelines for the cabinet can be suggested.

The majority of the past and current ESA's, NASA's, and JAXA's science missions utilize broadly SpaceWire (SpW) Links, with Low Voltage Differential Signaling (LVDS) for the physical layer, to transfer mission data. Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) and Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) problems caused by harnesses' radiated emissions remain a constant open issue in every mission due to the scientific payload sensitivity. A common cause of radiated emissions from shielded cable bundles can be traced to the currents flowing on the shield of the harness. This work aims to present a complete methodology for predicting the Electric field emissions in the case of an operating SpW link, while it can be expanded to any shielded cable which utilizes LVDS. The physical and protocol layer of the link are implemented via a developed LVDS Signal emulator, handling both the characteristics of the signals at the outputs of the LVDS line drivers and the effects of their transmission across the link along with the termination scheme, in order to calculate the common mode current flowing on the shield. The radiated emissions can then be estimated considering the ground material and a detailed harness topology, employing traveling wave antenna theory. The validity of this approach is assessed by comparing the predictions with actual link radiated emissions measurements. Simulation results are in good agreement with the measurements, rendering this methodology a fast tactic for the pre-compliance procedure for the early design stage of the science space mission.

In this letter, a deep-learning-based neural network for magnetic dipole modeling (MDMnet) is introduced in the framework of dc magnetic cleanliness for space missions. The developed method targets modeling the static magnetic signature of a spacecraft unit that is obtained during the unit-level characterization stage of the extensive prelaunch electromagnetic compatibility test campaign. By employing synthetic magnetic flux density data generated by virtual dipole sources, the MDMnet can be trained to accurately estimate the magnetic parameters of real equipment based on its near magnetic flux density measurements. The target of the deep learning algorithm is, on the one hand, to effectively minimize the prediction errors (loss function) throughout the training process and, on the other hand, to enable the generalization of the model predictions, i.e., exhibit accurate model estimations with unseen magnetic induction data. Extensive simulations toward the stabilization of the MDMnet hyperparameters are outlined, and indicative model inferences employing artificial magnetic flux density data are carried out. Finally, the MDMnet can achieve a predictive accuracy of 0.8 mm with respect to the dipole localization and 1% with respect to the magnetic induction magnitude, verifying the potency of the developed method.

The relevance of estimation of the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) of narrow-band radio communication channels under the influence of unintended interference (UI) from radars with complex signals is due to the widespread use of both the first and second ones. At the same time, its equipment is often installed at the same carriers, which further complicates the task of providing EMC. The specificity of this situation is that narrow-band radio channels occupy a frequency band measured in few kilohertz, and the width of the spectrum of complicated signals used by radars is several and tens of megahertz. Under these conditions, during the preliminary estimation of the EMC, it is advisable to use the method of mathematical modeling and approximate a narrow-band radio receiving device (RRD) exposed to broadband UI with an equivalent circuit characterized with a given degree of accuracy by the parameters of this RRD. In this case, we used a chain approximation of the 4th order. This chain is represented by a system of differential equations that is solved in MATLAB. As a result of calculations, the dependence of the coefficient of suppression of unintended interference on the parameters of signals, interference and radio receivers was found. It was found that in the example under consideration, the suppression of unintended interference is at least 37 dB.

A new experimental research method on the electromagnetic susceptibility of integrated circuits (ICs) is proposed in this paper. This method is a new research topic based on seeking basic laws of chip electromagnetic susceptibility, aiming at providing an effective reference for chip electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) designers and users. Three different types of interference waveforms are used in the experimental process, in which the laws are analyzed and summarized by observing the experimental phenomena and results. The results indicate that the influence of various signal waveforms on the chip electromagnetic susceptibility presents certain regularity. The results also show that the influence of different chips on the electromagnetic susceptibility presents different characteristics under the same waveform interference. A large number of experiments have been carried out to derive the rules of chip electromagnetic susceptibility.

Anechoic chambers used for electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) measurements above 1 GHz are qualified based on the site voltage standing wave ratio (SVSWR) method as per the international standard CISPR 16-1-4. With one antenna at the fixed position, some distance away from the quiet zone (QZ), the SVSWR is acquired by moving a dipole-like antenna along several linear paths that are located at the edge of the QZ. To reduce test burden, the SVSWR method under-samples the measurement by design, in that only six discrete points along each 40 cm linear travel path are measured. As a result, the test results are generally overly optimistic. In this article, we propose to use a novel cylindrical mode coefficient (CMC)-based frequency domain mode filtering techniques to obtain the VSWR. Here, we measure the vector pattern cut of the dipole-like test antenna with an offset placement at the outer edge of QZ. The antenna is then mathematically translated to the rotation center, whereupon a bandpass filter that tightly encloses the test antenna mode spectrum is applied. Two approaches are studied herein for translating the rotation center. One is by applying a path length correction to both magnitude and phase, and the other is by performing a cylindrical far-field transformation on the quasi-far-field data. The difference between the mode filtered antenna pattern and the original perturbed pattern is used to derive the chamber SVSWR. In contrast to the conventional technique, the proposed, novel method does not suffer from positional under-sampling, so it is well-placed to be applied at microwave frequencies and above.

This article proposed a systematic approach for the control of three-phase bidirectional zero-voltage switching (ZVS) converters. Combining the adaptive hysteresis-band current control and turn- on delay modifications, ZVS conditions are realized in full line-cycle in all loading conditions like active power, reactive power, light load, and heavy load. The soft-switching resonant period is carefully analyzed, and the current band is designed accordingly, which minimized the additional conduction loss. Meanwhile, a zero-sequence voltage injection control is included in the approach, which compensates the voltage gain by 15% and narrows down the switching frequency variation range. The hardware design approach is also provided including the LCL filter design and a low-cost high-bandwidth high-accuracy current sensor design. A highly integrated 5-kW silicon carbide implemented three-phase ZVS converter prototype with printed circuit board integrated inductors and customized current sensors is designed. All the control is implemented in a single microcontroller unit, which achieves a high electromagnetic compatibility. The designed prototype achieves a total power density of 5.5 kW/L and a peak efficiency of 98.5%. All the analysis and the proposed control approach are experimentally verified on the designed prototype.

Development of technologies for creating materials, environments and coatings with specified electrophysical characteristics for practical implementation in production and widespread use of observability attenuation technologies of surface, air, space, abovewater objects, surface-based installations, troops for the needs of Armed Forces of Ukraine and other military formations, impacts of artificial sources of electromagnetic radiation on the human body today is especially relevant. Nowadays, "stealth technologies" include the following main areas: the theory of diffraction on bodies of complex shape, research and development of radio-absorbing materials, coating technology and, finally, radiophysical experiment, which is used for control in each of these areas. One of the most important tasks is to reduce the level of signals generated by the reflection of electromagnetic waves emitted by radars, since radars still remain the most "long-range" means of detecting targets and air defense systems aiming. To date, "stealth technology" begins with mathematical modeling of electromagnetic wave scattering on an object, the radar visibility of which should be reduced. This step is essential for a preliminary assessment of the possible result and allows optimizing the shape and electrophysical characteristics of the object. The world leading countries have developed absorbing materials that capable to provide electromagnetic compatibility of the electronic equipment, camouflaging and counteraction to radio technical intelligence, use in designs of the radio electronic equipment. The comparative analysis of the developings that are promising for usage as radio-absorbing materials and radio-absorbing covering is carried out in the work. In the future, it is planned to expand the shielding frequency range and the range of use of absorbing coatings to protect personnel and equipment from electromagnetic emission.

The transfer impedance of coaxial cables has been under investigation for many decades. Since this parameter is highly relevant in electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) many theoretical models and various test procedures exist. The method proposed in this letter employs a direct line injection using the magnitudes and phases of two s-parameter, namely reflection coefficient and forward gain, in order to determine the transfer impedance reliably and swiftly. Extracting the transfer impedance requires little post processing and the test setup consists only of a simple adapter and the cable under test. This method also allows to account for different lengths of cables as will be outlined and does not require any alteration of the cable under test. It may be used for ready-made cables with molded, crimped or soldered connectors as well as for open-ended samples of cables. The method presented here extends the model used and the usable frequency range considerably compared to previous work on this alternative approach.

This article presents the issues related to the functioning and reliability and operational analysis of light-emitting diode (LED) type lighting modules, which are used in the railway technology. These devices operate in different electromagnetic environment conditions in the vast railway area. In the railway area, there are intentional and unintentional electromagnetic (stationary and mobile) interference which affect the operation process of the LED type lighting modules. In the article, the electromagnetic compatibility tests of the lighting module with a converter were carried out with the use of the electromagnetic interference (EMI) receiver of the ESCI3 type and the NNB-51 artificial network. As a result of the carried-out electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) tests, the exceeding of permissible levels of the value of conducted interference emissions was found. The electromagnetic interference of this frequency range has an impact on the operation process of the lighting module with a converter, therefore, by using the appropriate relationships, the values of the probabilities of the system staying in the distinguished operation states were calculated (e.g., in two states of partial suitability distinguished in the LED lighting module due to parallel coupling through reference impedance Z and capacity C). The considerations presented in the article related to the LED type lighting module with regard to electromagnetic interference allow for numerical assessment of different types of (technical and organisational) solutions that can be implemented in order to minimise the electromagnetic interference impact on the system functioning.

Capacitors are widely used in electronic systems and have a key function in electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) compliance. However, the aging of capacitors results in an alteration of their parameters, which could pose a threat on the normal operation of systems as well as their EMC compliance. Normally, accelerated aging is employed to shorten the experiment time. After the aging, the capacitance and equivalent series resistance (ESR) are measured to evaluate the aging process. In this article, a new continuous characterization measurement setup is implemented in which the accelerated aging of the capacitors under test (CUTs) is continuously monitored during the overall accelerated aging process. It significantly improves the continuity of the measurement and eliminates the errors attributed to the interrupting of the aging process. This method is validated by comparing measurement results from the new measurement method with the results of the conventional method. This was done by subjecting two types of film capacitors to thermal and electrical stress in order to evaluate the accelerated aging effects. Furthermore, a conditional deep neural network with a dropout technique is proposed to predict the accelerated aging conditions of the capacitors. Instead of only forecasting the failure threshold, the proposed network is able to dynamically predict the accelerated aging conditions at different elevated temperatures and voltages. This leads to a serious reduction in the total measurement time from 1000 to 200 h.

This article proposes an electromagnetic compatibility improved bandgap voltage reference with a low current consumption of only 3.5 μA in an automotive environment with a wide temperature range from –40 °C to 160 °C and a high electromagnetic interference (EMI) robustness. The proposed reference is based on the well-known Brokaw bandgap with only five bipolar transistors in the bandgap core including collector current leakage compensation. We analyzed parasitic effects in the bandgap core such as the influence of parasitic capacitances between the substrate and the collectors of these bipolar transistors as well as the impact of the operational amplifier. We made recommendations on how to improve the bandgap EMI robustness. Simulation results were compared with measurements on a test chip. The measurement results showed excellent EMI robustness.

Broadband circuit models and their parameters of passive components are an important part of the functional design and electromagnetic compatibility analysis of power electronic devices. In this article, we propose a novel concise physical lumped-parameter extraction method for the construction of effective broadband circuit models for printed circuit board inductive components. The method is based on PEEC theory and generalized eigenvalue theory. The frequency domain port impedance characteristics are kept as equal as possible during circuit model transformation processes. A partial equivalent element circuit (PEEC) model of a three-dimensional PCB inductive component with a large number of nodes is first of all introduced. This includes conductors and PCB dielectrics. Then, its port impedance matrix formula is deduced. After this, the polynomial form of the port impedance matrix and the circuit model order reduction method are presented in detail. We report on the construction of two typical coreless PCB planar components, a spiral planar inductor and a coreless planar transformer, whose broadband physical circuit models and parameters were extracted using the proposed method. The results of tests with these two planar components confirmed the validity of their models for a frequency range of up to 500 MHz.

The idea of Ku-band transceiver frequency conversion module design based on 3D micropackaging technology is proposed. By using the double frequency conversion technology, the dual transceiver circuit from Ku-band to L-band is realized by combining with the local oscillator and the power control circuit to complete functions such as amplification, filtering and gain. In order to achieve the performance optimization and a high level of integration of the Ku-band monolithic microwave integrated circuits (MMIC) operating chip, the 3D vertical interconnection micro-assembly technology is used. By stacking solder balls on the printed circuit board (PCB), the technology decreases the volume of the original transceiver to a miniaturized module. The module has a good electromagnetic compatibility through special structure designs. This module has the characteristics of miniaturization, low power consumption and high density, which is suitable for popularization in practical application.

This article describes the principles of noise radar, emphasizing the importance of its electronic counter–counter measure (electronic protection) and electromagnetic compatibility performance and reviews some noise radar demonstrators trialed by NATO Research Task Groups. We now understand how to build noise radars with performance comparable with, e.g., a low-power marine navigation radar. Furthermore, this article discusses the distinctive issues involved in verifying the performance of noise radars.

The proposed paper unveils various sources of conducted and radiated electromagnetic interferences (EMIs) of an interleaved dc–dc converter with gallium nitride (GaN) transistors and describes different optimization strategies. Instead of striving to achieve conformity to electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) standards, it rather focuses on deriving a deeper understanding of the source of EMI phenomena related to fast switching power converters generalizing critical aspects that need to be kept in mind during the design stage. The fast switching transients of GaN transistors are the main reason for increased EMI, which is why the characteristics of the applied transistors are investigated closely, paying special attention to the parasitic switching oscillations. Various observed interference effects are presented and corresponding conclusions are drawn. The effects are divided into intra-EMI issues of capacitive and inductive near-field coupling related to signal instability and inter-EMI issues of conducted and radiated noise. Based on these findings, different optimization strategies are presented addressing signal filtering, an optimized printed circuit board design, as well as proper high-frequency designs of passive components such as capacitors for the dc link and the power choke. All findings are put into context with the EMI characteristics of an equivalent dc–dc converter utilizing Si-insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs).

On the basis of serious electromagnetic interference (EMI) produced by power electronic equipment, parasitic capacitance existing between transistor and heat sink is considered as the main factor disturbing common-mode loop. Calculation model of parasitic capacitance is established by using finite element method and electrostatic field principle, and computing method is also derived. EMI improvement method for converter system is proposed by controlling the parasitic capacitance impedance. Experimental results show that changing the permittivity and thickness of the thermal conductive adhesive which are filled between the transistor heat-conducting plate and heat sink to can reduce the conducted interference.

The use of a vertically oriented rod antenna is requested by several standards for the measurement of radiated emissions below 30 MHz both from civil and military equipment. In all the cases, the measurements are performed with the antenna at short electrical distances from the equipment under test. The measurement results depend on the geometrical and electrical parameters of the setup in a not negligible and complex way. For this reason, during the years technical committees have tried to define a setup with boundary conditions able to provide the same measurement results whenever repeated. To that end, different bonding solutions for the counterpoise of the rod antenna have been proposed, obtaining different advantages and drawbacks. In this framework, in this article the authors describe the results of numerical and experimental analysis activities performed on the spatial distribution of the electric field under measurement in the proposed measurement setup. The activities have been done in order to define the optimal operative conditions that allow to obtain measurement results providing a faithful representation of the disturbance field generated by the equipment under test in undisturbed conditions, i.e., the field under measurement. Experimental activities have been performed with an innovative rod antenna with an integrated receiver that can also be operated in a completely isolated mode by using an optical fiber interconnection for its remote control.

INSPEC Accession Number: 19976292 This letter addresses on the design of a planetary protection shell for performing the Electro-Magnetic Compatibility (EMC) tests of the Anisotropic Magneto-Resistance (AMR) sensor of the ExoMars mission. This mission has strict bio-burden requirements. The ElectroMagnetic (EM) properties of several materials have been investigated for measuring their transmission coefficients and the novelty of this letter is the use of Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) technology as the production method. Additive manufacturing is presented as a promising technology in the field of radiofrequency since it can use a wide range of materials (including thermoplastics) with high and low transmission coefficient. The investigation comprises the analysis of the electromagnetic properties of several 3D printer materials in order to study their transmission coefficients. Seeing the EM characterization results, it was decided to produce a shell using FDM technology because it provides control over the grounding of the instrument and makes easier the integration, cleaning and protection against impacts during the operation, with great versatility and low cost. To finish, the shell has been proved during the acceptance EMC tests of the flight model and flight spare AMR instrument. Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad (Grant Number: UAVE3 TEC-2016-79214-C3-1-R and MAGARES ESP2017-88930-R) Peerreview

Capacitors are ubiquitous in electronic devices and play a critical role in the devices' electromagnetic compatibility performance. The ageing of capacitors, due to intrinsic degradation mechanisms and external thermal and electrical stresses, has drawn a wide attention in the reliability field. The variations of the capacitance and equivalent series resistance are typically seen as representative for the ageing of capacitors, while the other parasitic parameters are usually neglected. In this study, a new full-parameter ageing modelling approach of capacitors is proposed based on complex impedance analysis. The ageing characteristics of all the proposed 7 parameters, including all parasitic parameters, are identified by carrying out an electrical overstress accelerated ageing test.

The accurate extraction of small parasitic resistances of surface mount components in electromagnetic compatibility modeling is a great challenge. In this paper, a simple yet efficient LC resonant measurement method is proposed to solve this issue. A surface mount capacitor and an inductor with the unknown parasitic resistances are connected in parallel to form an LC resonator. The effect of parasitic resistance on the measured S- parameters is thus magnified so that the measurement error introduced during the de-embedding procedure is relatively diminished. A mobile phone inverted F antenna with LC components is measured to verify the efficiency of the proposed method. In comparison with the direct de-embedding method, the proposed approach demonstrates a higher accuracy in the extraction of parasitic resistance, while it is simple and cost-effective.

A 230 MeV compact superconducting cyclotron CYCIAE-230 is being constructed by the China Institute of Atomic Energy, which can be used for proton therapy and space radiation physics research. The technology of magnetic field measurement, shimming and processing is the primary task to realize the isochronous acceleration of cyclotron. The CYCIAE-230 has high magnetic field, high field gradient and dense rotation orbits. Therefore, the isochronous field and tune diagram need to be amended simultaneously. The first harmonic is also shimmed at the same process to ensure a good extraction efficiency by using precessional extraction. The precision of field measurement, shimming and processing is much higher and the algorithm is much more difficult than those in normal temperature cyclotron. In addition, the compact structure of the magnet has very narrow installation space, which makes the design of the mapper more difficult. The process of main magnet construction includes strict control of room temperature and electromagnetic compatibility (EMC), precise measurement of magnetic field, comprehensive research of beam dynamics and multi-dimensional numerical control (NC) processing under the control of complex algorithms. In this paper, the magnetic field measurement, shimming and processing of the main magnet will be illustrated in detail.

Purpose The coupling characteristics between adjacent circuits are crucial for their efficient design in terms of electromagnetic compatibility features. Specifically, either the wireless power transfer can be enhanced or the interference can be limited. This paper aims to the extraction of the coupling characteristics of surface plasmon polariton waves propagating onto graphene layers to facilitate the telecommunication system design for advanced THz applications. Design/methodology/approach The surface conductivity of graphene is described at the far-infrared spectrum and modelled accurately by means of a properly modified finite-difference time-domain) scheme. Then, a series of numerical simulations for different coupling setups is conducted to extract an accurate generalised parametric coupling model that is dependent explicitly on the fundamental propagation features of graphene. Findings The coupling coefficients of two basic waveguiding setups are examined thoroughly. The initial one includes two parallel graphene layers of infinite dimensions, and it is observed that the coupling is influenced via the ratio between their distances to the confinement of the surface wave. The second scenario is composed of graphene microstrips that are parallel to their small edge, namely, microstrip width. The extracted numerical results indicate that the coupling coefficient depends on the ratio between widths to wavelength. Originality/value The accurate extraction of the generalised coupling coefficients for graphene surface wave circuits is conducted in this work via an adjustable numerical technique for a novel family of plasmonic couplers. It is derived that only the fundamental propagation features of graphene, such as the wavelength and the confinement of the surface waves, have an effect on the coupling calculation, thus enabling a consistent electromagnetic compatibility study.

This paper analyzes and compares available measurement techniques that can be used to assess the effect of parasitics on the impedance of capacitors and inductors within the frequency range, where most electromagnetic compatibility regulations impose limits to conducted emissions of power converters. Direct measurement of impedance is compared with measurement of the transmission coefficient of the component. For impedance measurement, a criterion is identified to determine whether cables and test fixtures used to connect the component to the measuring device will have an impact on the measurements. It is shown that this criterion is more restrictive than the well known requirement of electrically short cable. We also show that, by contrast with direct impedance measurement, the measurement of the magnitude of the transmission coefficient is not affected by the cables in the frequency range of interest. Therefore, to carry out compensation previous measurements are not required. This permits us to quickly evaluate the effect of parasitics on the impedance of inductors and capacitors and also allows us to readily construct a circuit model for the component, which can be used to improve accuracy in the prediction of conducted emissions of power converters by simulation. Experimental validation is presented for practical capacitors and inductors.

This letter presents a triple-8-shaped transformer-based complementary oscillator. It features tiny area, wide tuning range (TR), electromagnetic compatibility (EMC), and low flicker phase noise (PN), combining the merits of both $LC$ -tank and ring oscillators. We identify that after suppressing the second-harmonic voltage by the complementary operation itself, the third-harmonic current entering the capacitive path is now the main cause of asymmetry in the rising and falling edges, leading to the $1/f$ noise upconversion. By tuning the capacitance ratio between gate and drain nodes of the switching transistors, it mitigates the third-harmonic voltage and introduces a specific gate–drain phase shift, reducing the $1/f^{3}$ PN. Fabricated in 22-nm FDSOI CMOS, the prototype occupies an area of 0.01 mm2 and achieves $1/f^{3}$ PN corner of 70 kHz, PN of −110 dBc/Hz @1MHz and Figure-of-Merit (FoM) of −182 dB at 9 GHz, 39% TR, resulting in the best FoM with normalized TR and area (FoMTA) of −214 dB@1 MHz.

It is observed that the standards IEC 61000-3-2 and IEC 61000-3-3 do not discuss the calibration methods required to evaluate the performance of a Harmonics and Flicker emission test setup, used for Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) measurements. When the instrument does not have a direct standard procedure, reference data for comparison analysis is required to calibrate/verify any equipment or system. In particular, emission measurement systems in EMC laboratories necessarily require a reference source value to check the performance of the test system periodically. This necessitates the design and development of a Harmonics and Flicker Generator to not only identify a known repeatable Harmonics and Flicker value but also to find out the deviation of the test setup. The proposed Harmonics and Flicker Generator is intended to be used for the calibration of Harmonics and Flicker emission test setup and for Inter Laboratory Comparison analysis (ILC) to evaluate the performance capabilities of the EMC test laboratories. This paper discusses the Harmonics and Flicker generator design techniques, schematic circuit, functional description, performance analysis and results.

A scheme of semiconductor modulation of electromagnetic (EM) absorbing materials is proposed. Homogeneous composites as ideal media are obtained by uniformly mixing fillers using supercritical fluid (SCF) processing. Based on the ideal media, titania modulation design prediction of surface shield materials is confirmed for the EM composites of graphene nanosheets and manganese oxides. A low ratio of titania between 10 percent and 50 percent gives rise to dissipation enhancement in the absorbers. Simulation of the involved cases displays the EM fields in the composite absorbers, demonstrating EM energy loss in the absorbers. Frequency modulation using titania improves the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) of the absorbing materials in the X and Ku bands. Rapid exfoliation and full premixing of the components by SCF contribute to the modulation scheme confirmation with uniform media. Semiconductor titania modulation of EM-absorbing composites is effective.

Power quality issues concern absolutely all spheres of human activity, from household to economy and transportation. Standardization, monitoring, management, and coordination to ensure electromagnetic compatibility in the power supply system are the subject of constantly ongoing research in most countries. In order to attract attention to issues of the harmonic current, this study focused on the harmonic current distortions observed on the level of urban electricity users. The paper considers the aspects of consolidating terminology and structure of power quality indicators. We carefully reviewed the current and voltage waveform distortions and related harmonic components. We also summed up the power quality indicators currently used around the world as a flowchart. Based on the results of measurements of quality indicators at the existing urban infrastructure facilities, a comparative analysis with the IEEE 519-2014 standard requirements was performed. As a result of the field measurements analysis, an unsatisfactory situation in terms of harmonic current distortions was revealed; the most probable causes and consequences of poor current quality are described.

This paper presents the antenna factor (AF) of sleeve dipole antennas (SDA) with coaxial-cable balun for electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) applications. The AF characteristics are considered by varying parameters such as the length of the central dipole and the size and spacing of the sleeve elements. The coupled integral equations for the unknown current distributions on each element are derived and solved by applying Galerkin’s method of moments. A SDA with a 180 cm central dipole has similar characteristics as a conventional biconical antenna but with a physical volume 86% lower than that of the Schwarzbeck BBA9106 biconical antenna. Calculated antenna factors of the SDA are compared with measured results. A sleeve dipole antenna for electromagnetic interference (EMI) measurements with an appropriate antenna factor could be realized.

We describe two models of Power Transistors (IGBT, MOSFET), both were successfully used for the analysis of electromagnetic interference (EMI) and electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) while modeling high-voltage systems (PFC, DC/DC, inverter, etc.). The first semi-mathematical–behavioral insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) model introduces nonlinear negative feedback generated in the semiconductor’s p+ and n+ layers, which are located near the metal contact of the IGBT emitter, to better describe the dynamic characteristics of the transistor. A simplified model of the metal–oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) in the IGBT is used to simplify this IGBT model. The second simpler behavioral model could be used to model both IGBTs and MOSFETs. Model parameters are obtained from datasheets and then adjusted using results from a single measurement test. Modeling results are compared with measured turn-on and turn-off waveforms for different types of IGBTs. To check the validation of the models, a brushless DC electric motor test setup with an inverter was created. Despite the simplicity of the presented models, a comparison of model predictions with hardware measurements revealed that the model accurately forecasted switch transients and aided EMI–EMC investigations.

International audience; This work addresses the problem of power quality (PQ) metrics (or indexes) suitable for DC grids, encompassing low and medium voltage applications, including electric transports, all-electric ships and aircrafts, electric vehicles, distributed generation and microgrids, modern data centers, etc. The two main pillars on which such PQ indexes are discussed and built are: (i) the physical justification, so the electric phenomena affecting DC grids and components (PV panels, fuel cells, capacitors, batteries, etc.), causing, e.g., stress of materials, aging, distortion, grid instability; and (ii) the existing standardization framework, pointing out desirable coverage and extension, similarity with AC grids standards, but also inconsistencies. For the first point, each phenomenon is discussed with quantitative conclusions on relevant thresholds: in many cases some percentage of distortion (ripple) is acceptable (stress on capacitors and storage, impact on fuel cells, and PV panels), whereas in other cases, much higher levels may be tolerated (interference to protection and monitoring devices). Standards are reviewed for indications not only of low-order harmonics and voltage fluctuations typical of old DC grid schemes, but also for high-frequency noise, including thus supraharmonics and common-mode disturbance, and filling the gap with the electromagnetic compatibility domain. However, phenomena typical of EMC and electrical safety (such as various types of overvoltages and fast transients) are excluded. Suitable PQ indexes are then reviewed, suggesting integrations and modifications, to cover the relevant phenomena and technological progress, and to better follow the normative exigencies: ripple is considered in time and frequency domain, in particular with a band limited implementation; for transients and pulsed loads, more traditional indexes based on area, energy, and half duration are confronted with indexes evaluating the power trajectory and its derivative.

The purpose of integrated circuit (IC) electromagnetic radiation measurement is to measure the conducted or radiated emission level generated by the device under test (DUT). Many standards provide detailed requirements for testing, such as IEC 61967–2 and IEC 61967–8. Test equipment based on these standards usually reserves a square test window. The traditional test scheme is to design the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) test board as a square that matches the test window. This undoubtedly limits the test angle to a selected four. Designing the EMC test board to be circular, and installing a square to circular metal partition on the test window can effectively solve this limitation, and test the radiation of the DUT at any angle. The test results show that the maximum radiation emission of some typical frequencies appears at other test angles.