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The European Southern Observatory gives the opportunity to develop new third generation instruments for the Very Large Telescope Interferometer. Therefore, adaptive optics systems need to be upgraded, either for NAOMI on a 1.8-m auxiliary telescope or for MACAO on a 8-m unit telescope. It enables to access to new science cases such as active galactic nuclei with the GRAVITY+ project. We study here the requirements of such AO upgrade by increasing the number of sub-apertures of the wave-front sensor and the number of actuators of the deformable mirror. We evaluate the needs for a high-Strehl mode in the visible and near infrared wavelengths in various conditions of observation. We present numerical simulations to quantify the performance. We show that a moderate upgrade of NAOMI, and a significant upgrade of MACAO can enable both better dynamic range and sensitivity with the VLTI.

The paper reports an overview of the preliminary optical design for the MICADO Relay Optics (RO) to enable early science observations of the instrument at the Extremely Large Telescope (ELT) with single-conjugate adaptive optics (SCAO). MICADO, the Multi-AO Imaging Camera for Deep Observations, is a first light imager, astrometric camera and spectrograph operating between 0.8 µm and 2.4 µm. The RO are based on a six mirror (6M) optical assembly that relays the telescope focal plane to an accessible position for the MICADO cryostat. The system includes three powered mirrors in a three-mirror-anastigmat configuration and three piston and tip- tilt flat mirrors for the alignment and the beam folding at the interfaces with the ELT and MICADO. This design represents an interesting example of optical performance optimization to achieve high performances optics both for the direct imaging channel and the pupil interface towards MICADO and the SCAO. The RO performances are analyzed and verified at a design level showing the compliance with the requirement specifications and the reliability of the design is assessed with an extended tolerance study and a minimization of the vignetting factor at the MICADO cold stop. The manuscript also contains a demonstration of the optical alignability of a 6M system in terms of pupil and focal plane steering that are essential to cope with the interface tolerances of the next generation of instrument at the foci of the extremely large telescopes.

MICADO, the Multi-AO-Imaging-Camera and Spectrometer for Deep Observations, is one of the first light instruments for the future 40 m class Extremely Large Telescope (ELT). MICADO utilizes the advanced laser guide star multiconjugate adaptive optics system MCAO developed by the MAORY consortium and the jointly developed singleconjugate adaptive optics system (SCAO). We present an overview on the conceptual design of the MICADO Cold Optical Instrument (COI) which comprises the infrared focal plane imager with its 3 x 3 4k2 HgCdTe detector array and a compact cross-dispersing slit spectrometer operating in the spectral range of 0.8 to 2.4 μm. High contrast imaging is enabled via a classical configuration of coronagraph and Lyot stops. The paper summarizes the MICADO COI interchangeable optics, its cryogenic implementation together with the modular opto-mechanical configuration of the cryo-mechanisms and the cryo-vacuum cooling system, which consists of a continuous LN2 flow cryostat.

MICADO is the European ELT first-light imager, working in the near-infrared at the telescope diffraction limit. Provided by MAORY, the ELT first-light adaptive optics module (AO), MCAO will be the primary AO mode of MICADO, driving the design of the instrument. MICADO will also come with a SCAO capability. Developed under MICADO’s responsibility and jointly by MICADO and MAORY, SCAO will be the first AO mode to be tested at the telescope, in a phased approach of the AO integration at the ELT. The MICADO-MAORY SCAO preliminary design review (PDR) will occur in November 2018. We present here different activities and results we have had in the past two years preparing this PDR, covering several fields (opto-mechanics, electronics, real-time and control software, integration and tests, AO simulations and performance, prototyping) and the different SCAO subsystems (pyramid wavefront sensor, calibration unit, real-time computer, dichroic and the so-called Green Doughnut which hosts the SCAO assembly as well as the MAORY MCAO natural guide star wavefront sensors).

We present the current optical design of the Relay Optics (RO) dedicated to the single-conjugate adaptive optics (SCAO) mode for the first light E-ELT imaging camera MICADO. MICADO is a wide-field near-IR camera featuring a 75 arcsec field of view, with spectrographic, astrometric, and coronagraphic capabilities. It has been chosen by ESO as one of the two first-light instruments. MICADO will be optimized for the multi-conjugate adaptive optics module MAORY and will also work in SCAO mode to provide a high-level, on-axis correction (making use of the adaptive secondary M4 in the telescope). For full scientific exploitation and in a phase approach for developing AO performance at the ELT, a SCAO mode is needed for MICADO. It will be a joint development between the MICADO and MAORY consortia and in the long term integrated in MAORY. Different options are presented to accommodate different set of requirements, the development plan of MICADO and MAORY instruments will lead to the final configuration and the used of the SCAO and its RO. They allow Coronagraphic observations providing an intermediate pupil plane to accommodate an atmospheric dispersion corrector and an apodizer.

We present in this paper an overview of the high contrast imaging modes of the wide-field imager MICADO. MICADO is a near-IR camera for the European Extremely Large Telescope (E-ELT), featuring a wide field (75”), spectroscopic and coronagraphic capabilities. It has been chosen by ESO as one of the two first-light instruments. MICADO will be optimized for the multi-conjugate adaptive optics module MAORY and will also work in SCAO mode. This SCAO mode will provide MICADO with a high-level, on-axis correction, making use of the M4 adaptive mirror in the telescope. After presenting the scientific interest for high contrast imaging modes in MICADO, we describe the technical choices we are studying. We present the hypotheses chosen for our simulation tools and contrast as well as planet detection performance derived from this tool.

Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit¨at M¨unchen operates an astrophysical observatory on the summit of Mt. Wendelstein 1 which will be equipped with a modern 2m-class, robotic telescope. 2 One Nasmyth port of the new Fraunhofer telescope is designed to sustain the excellent (< 0.8" median) seeing of the site [1, Fig. 1] over a FOV of 0.2 deg 2 utilizing three-element transmissive field corrector optics for optical wavebands. It will be equipped with a camera built around a customized 64 MPixel Mosaic (Spectral Instruments, 4 × (4k) 2 15μm e2v CCDs). TheWendelsteinWide Field Imager has two filter wheels with eight slots each (SDSS3 [ugriz] + eight still free) as well as two off-axis guiding units (two FLI Microline with 2k Fairchild CCDs on differential focus stages). A Bonn Shutter4 ensures high precision photometric exposures. An option to either insert a low dispersion grating (for field spectroscopy) or support a wave front sensor probe allows for further expansion of the camera. EMI-safe housing has to overcome the emission of a close by 0.5MW radio station. Special care has been taken to design a very low ghost budget of the overall system to allow for low-surface brightness applications (e.g. weak lensing surveys).

Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen operates an astrophysical observatory on the summit of Mt. Wendelstein 1 which will be equipped with a modern 2m-class, robotic telescope. The plan is to operate one of the most efficient robotic 2m telescopes in Europe in order to offer optimal scientific opportunities for our researchers and maintain highest standards for the education of students. The 2m Fraunhofer telescope in its new 8.5m dome has a modern, very compact alt.-azimuth design. Two Nasmyth ports will harbor a wide-field camera (WWFI 2 ), a medium field multi-channel camera (3kk 3 ), a low resolution IFU spectrograph (VIRUSW 4 ) and a high resolution spectrograph (upgraded FOCES 5 ). All instruments will be simultaneously ready for remote or robotic observations. The telescope is designed as a 3-mirror f /7.8 system and should maintain the excellent (< 0.8" median) seeing of the site1 over a field of view (f.o.v.) of 0.7 deg diameter with a field corrector for the wide field port at optical wavelength. The second port provides a f.o.v. of 60 arcmin 2 without any corrector optics. It is optimized for simultaneous optical and NIR imaging as well as field spectroscopy and echelle high resolution spectroscopy over the full optical wavelength regime.6 Here we present the design of the telescope as well as the scope and projected time line of the overall project.

This paper presents the mission profile as well as the optical configuration of the space-borne AsteroidFinder telescope. Its main objective is to retrieve asteroids with orbits interior to Earth’s orbit. The instrument requires high sensitivity to detect asteroids with a limiting magnitude of equal or larger than 18.5mag (V-Band) and astrometric accuracy of 1arcsec (1σ). This requires a telescope aperture greater than 400cm², high image stability, detectors with high quantum efficiency (peak > 90%) and very low noise, which is only limited by zodiacal background. The telescope will observe the sky between 30° and 60° in solar elongation. The telescope optics is based on a Cook type TMA. An effective 2°×2° field of view (FOV) is achieved by a fast F/3.4 telescope with near diffraction-limited performance. The absence of center obscuration or spiders in combination with an accessible intermediate field plane and exit pupil allow for efficient stray light mitigation. Design drivers for the telescope are the required point spread function (PSF) values, an extremely efficient stray light suppression (due to the magnitude requirement mentioned above), the detector performance, and the overall optical and mechanical stability for all orientations of the satellite. To accommodate the passive thermal stabilization scheme and the necessary structural stability, the materials selection for the telescope main structure and the mirrors are of vital importance. A focal plane with four EMCCD detectors is envisaged. The EMCCD technology features shorter integration times, which is in favor regarding the pointing performance of the satellite. The launch of the mission is foreseen for the year 2013 with a subsequent mission lifetime of at least 1 year.