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The Non-Metallic Connector (NMC) was introduced several years ago. In this new iteration, the NMC has been redesigned to accomplish data transfer with an optical interface and wireless power transfer with the use of micro-inductors. To demonstrate the wireless power transfer (WPT), an NMC for a USB flash drive is proposed. The challenge for the WPT design is to understand the geometric and physical constraints inside the connector housings (form factor). Equations for optimal power transfer performance in this miniature environment are presented followed by simulations that verify the efficient WPT. Initial measurements on the proposed WPT system also validate the concept.

Differential signaling is commonly used in a large number of consumer electronics devices, including USB 3.0 channels. However, skew in differential signaling can adversely affect a channel's performance. Most of the analysis has been done on individual components of a channel; however, there is not much work done in analyzing the effect of skew on the overall system performance, from transmitter-to-receiver. The goal of this paper is to evaluate the effects of transmitter-to-receiver channel skew on channels using the Input/output Buffer Information Specification- Algorithmic Modeling Interface (IBIS-AMI) standards IBIS-AMI models. To check channel's performance, simulations are obtained at data rates from 5 to 25 Gbps.

A method to synchronize the output data in fiber optic links is proposed where the alignments for I and Q symbols are incorporated into a Kalman filter producing a received output that is corrected for polarity and phase rotations of the data symbols without any further pipelined delays post-Kalman filter.

Relay users play a significant role in cooperative communication system improving the overall performance by increasing reliability. First, based on code division multiple access (CDMA) techniques, we propose a network coding (NC) based CDMA cooperation, which consumes less time slots in either synchronous or asynchronous transmission. Further, NC-based cooperative system saves transmission bandwidth, in other words, we show that it reduces outage probability as compared to the traditional cooperative communication system. These results are shown considering a Nakagami-m fading channel.

In cooperative communication system, mobile users are constantly transmitting and relaying data. On the other hand, network coding has been widely investigated in communication system. In this paper, we aim to combine network coding with the conventional cooperative communication system, however, we face certain problems. The main property of cooperative system is diversity; however, when network coding operation is introduced, it violates the rules of diversity. The new signals transmitted by relays are no longer like those sent from the transmitters. In order to fix this problem, in this paper we introduce a method using a multiplier rather than the binary sum operation, which is normally used in network coding. Numerical analyses using maximum ratio combining (MRC), for performance analysis, show that the proposed method improves diversity, i.e. reliability, without deterioration of the average probability of error. Cooperative communication is widely used in consumer wireless communication.

A portable three-dimensional vision coordinate measuring system capable of determining the six degrees of freedom (6DoF) is proposed in this paper. This cost-efficient test equipment is intended for use in manufacturing and assembly processes, such as the alignment process of aircraft stations. The three-dimensional vision coordinate measuring system is a low cost line-of-sight (LOS) system. It is capable of measuring large objects in the field, and has reduced setup times, as compared to other test measuring systems. Whereas conventional coordinate measurement systems provide three dimensional measurements in a Cartesian coordinate system, the system proposed in this paper is capable of determining yaw, pitch, and roll with respect to a camera. The three-dimensional vision coordinate measuring system consists of light-emitting diode (LED) planar target, a high resolution camera, and a laptop computer. The equations of the three-dimensional vision coordinate measuring system are derived from analytical geometry and the perspective of three collinear points. This paper explores techniques to measure the 6DoF of a LED planar target in monocular image. Experiments confirming the validity of the three-dimensional vision coordinate measuring system are included in this paper.

As high-speed data applications, such as USB 3.0, are coming down to the consumer electronic world, there is a need of accurate methods to characterize channel behavior. This paper investigates further S-parameter phase errors when de-embedding a device under test (DUT) from onboard structures. A fixture model containing a DUT is constructed enabling the determination of the de-embedding solutions. From these solutions, new equations for DUT S-parameter phase sensitivity are developed. The improved method enables accurate de-embedding of the phase of high-speed connectors used in consumer electronics hardware.

With new high speed data standards, such as USB 3.0, data rate has increased up to 5 Gbps (a 10-fold increase from USB 2.0) creating new challenges for a design engineer. Amid these speeds, issues like crosstalk, signal integrity and bit-error rates are coming to the forefront of the design cycle, especially for consumer electronics-related devices. Therefore, there is a need of accurate methods to characterize device behavior at high frequencies. For instance, S-parameter characterization of high speed interconnect components by full wave field solvers, macromodels and physical measurement are prone to numerical, modeling, and measurement error. This error can lead to non-physical results such as passivity violations. This is a major problem in modern package design where extensive signal integrity simulations are required to validate a systems performance and passivity violations can cause such simulations to fail completely. This paper presents a new method for restoring passivity to non-passive S-parameter data by using singular value decomposition. Simulations show promising results although the method is limited to passivity violations of 1dB.

Nanosecond discontinuities are a concern in separable-interface connectors. Speculation about their causes includes the structural movement between perfectly clean and flat contact surfaces and/or surface irregularities and presence of surface films. Both of these scenarios are considered here in the context of high-speed transmission (i.e. greater than 1 Gbit/s) in backplane connectors. Because such connectors have gold-to-gold mating surfaces, oxide-related discontinuities such as may occur with tin, silver, or aluminum interfaces are not considered. This paper considers the propagation speed of a stress wave to show the unlikelihood of nanosecond discontinuities arising due only to macroscopic structural shock and vibration. Thus, contact physics and the presence of contact imperfections, are required to cause nanosecond-level intermittences. Assuming that a discontinuity of one or several nanoseconds does occur, the short duration of the event permits only a minute separation between the two contact surfaces. This effect is equivalent to and modeled as the insertion of a very large series capacitor between the two conductors. At high frequencies, such a capacitor would behave quite similarly to a short circuit. Circuit simulations of a communication link and the resultant insertion loss and eye patterns show that these discontinuities do not disrupt high-speed data transmission.

He-Ne laser lightwaves in an optical fiber are modulated when a section of the fiber is subjected directly to audio-frequency-modulating electric fields. The laser light emerging from the output endface is intensity modulated, phase shifted, or modulation frequency multiplied under special conditions. We present the correlation between this observed electro-optic effect of the fiber itself and the theoretical analysis of the phenomena.