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The T6 Stalker Tunnel is a multi-mode, high-enthalpy, transient ground test facility. It is the first of its type in the UK. The facility combines the original free-piston driver from the T3 Shock Tunnel with modified barrels from the Oxford Gun Tunnel. Depending on test requirements, it can operate as a shock tube, reflected shock tunnel or expansion tube. Commissioning tests of the free-piston driver are discussed, including the development of four baseline driver conditions using piston masses of either 36 kg or 89 kg. Experimental data are presented for each operating mode, with comparison made to numerical simulations. In general, high-quality test flows are observed. The calculated enthalpy range of the experimental conditions achieved varies from$$2.7\hbox { MJ kg}^{-1}$$2.7MJkg-1to$$115.0\hbox { MJ kg}^{-1}$$115.0MJkg-1.Graphical abstract

An improved colorimetric method for determination of cyanide content in bitter almond oil was developed. The optimal determination parameters were as follows: volume ratio of hydrochloric acid to bitter almond oil (v/v), 1.5:1; holding time for hydrolysis, 120 min; and volume ratio of distillation solution to bitter almond oil (v/v), 8:1. Analytical results showed that the relative standard deviations (SDs) of determinations were less than 10%, which satisfies the test requirements. The results of high-performance liquid chromatography and measurements exhibited a significant correlation (R = 0.9888, SD = 0.2015). Therefore, the improved colorimetric method can be used to determine cyanide content in bitter almond oil.

Spectral testing is a vital category in modern measurement industry. The challenge is to cost-effectively test the ADCs accurately. Among many test requirements, maintaining input test signal stability and achieving coherent sampling are one of the bottlenecks for accurate testing of the ADC. If these stringent test requirements are not met, accurate spectral test results of the ADC cannot be obtained. This paper presents a method that simultaneously relaxes the requirements of precise control over source amplitude, and of the need for coherent sampling. By dividing the output data into segments, accurate estimation of the drift fundamental in each segment can be obtained, by removing the estimated drift fundamental and replacing with a coherent, non-drift fundamental in time domain, accurate spectral results can be achieved. Extensive simulation results have validated the accuracy and robustness of the proposed method. Furthermore, measurement results have verified the proposed method by accurately obtain spectral results of the ADC under test.

This chapter discusses cost modeling for 2.5D/3D‐stacked integrated circuits (2.5D/3D‐SICs) and presents a tool that considers all costs involved in the whole production chain, including design, manufacturing, test, packaging, and logistics. The tool provides the estimated overall cost for 2.5D/3D‐SICs and its cost breakdown for a given input parameter set consisting of test flows, die yield, stack yield, etc. The chapter defines test flows and highlights the importance of testing. In order to determine the most cost‐effective test flow, test requirements should be specified. However, taking only the test cost into consideration is not sufficient to provide a fair evaluation and/or comparison; a test flow does not only impact test cost but also design and manufacturing cost. The chapter defines and classifies the different costs involved in designing and manufacturing 2.5D/3D‐SICs. It also presents the 3D‐COSTAR cost model. It shows the crucial importance of 3D‐COSTAR by analyzing trade‐offs for several test optimization problems.

The paper contains exhaust emission results for an RDE test drive of a passenger vehicle with a spark ignition bi-fuel engine fuelled with LPG. The tests were performed in accordance with the RDE test requirements, and their results were compared to the emission limits of the applicable EURO norm. The aim of the paper is to investigate the discrepancies in the real exhaust emissions between the gasoline-specific emission norms and real values from vehicle use when powered by LPG.

Analysis of airflow in engine compartment is the important contents in the development of tank armored vehicles. According to the test requirements of tank armored vehicle under the actual working conditions like inconvenient assembly and electromagnetic interference, we finished the research and design of the airflow pressure distribution characteristics measurement system of exhaust port in tank armored vehicle's engine compartment. And we finished tests of engine compartment under the poor working conditions, which was of great help to the measurement of tank parameters. We accomplished the assembly of the measurement system without any damage to the tank body. According to the national standard we finished the design of the quantity, locations and the assembly of the sensors. Meanwhile, there were descriptions of airflow pressure distributions of tank armored vehicle at seven different speeds in this paper, which were a microcosm of airflow pressure distributions with different speeds and different time, and which were then analyzed to reason out the comprehensive airflow pressure distribution characteristics of exhaust port in engine compartment.

MIL-STD-188-125-1 provides protection and test requirements to build a shielded building against the threat of High-altitude Electromagnetic Pulse (HEMP) produced by a nuclear detonation in the upper atmosphere. Over the years it has become apparent that improvements are needed in the standard.

In this paper, a wind field was designed to meet the test requirements through analyzing the experimental requirements of unmanned helicopter wind resistance. If we want to test the performance of UAV wind resistance, we have to get the wind speed at the UAV. There are two problems that we would to face, one is that it is a wind field with wind speed decay, and the other is that we want to do this experiment in which the UAV be the flying state further more the UAV does not carry instruments for measuring wind speed. We propose a method to test the wind speed where the location of the UAV in a wind field with wind speed decay for these two issues. Experimental equipment contains wind speed sensors, variable frequency fan and servo mechanism and so on. Considering the communications equipment this of this program have many type and we need a large number of such devices. Using a multi-threaded multi-serial bus-type communication, making each serial bus has a unique role.

Objective: Federal regulations in the United States require vehicles to meet occupant performance requirements with unbelted test dummies. Removing the test requirements with unbelted occupants might encourage the deployment of seat belt interlocks and allow restraint optimization to focus on belted occupants. The objective of this study is to compare the performance of restraint systems optimized for belted-only occupants with those optimized for both belted and unbelted occupants using computer simulations and field crash data analyses. Methods: In this study, 2 validated finite element (FE) vehicle/occupant models (a midsize sedan and a midsize SUV) were selected. Restraint design optimizations under standardized crash conditions (U.S.-NCAP and FMVSS 208) with and without unbelted requirements were conducted using Hybrid III (HIII) small female and midsize male anthropomorphic test devices (ATDs) in both vehicles on both driver and right front passenger positions. A total of 10 to 12 design parameters were varied in each optimization using a combination of response surface method (RSM) and genetic algorithm. To evaluate the field performance of restraints optimized with and without unbelted requirements, 55 frontal crash conditions covering a greater variety of crash types than those in the standardized crashes were selected. A total of 1,760 FE simulations were conducted for the field performance evaluation. Frontal crashes in the NASS-CDS database from 2002 to 2012 were used to develop injury risk curves and to provide the baseline performance of current restraint system and estimate the injury risk change by removing the unbelted requirement. Results: Unbelted requirements do not affect the optimal seat belt and airbag design parameters in 3 out of 4 vehicle/occupant position conditions, except for the SUV passenger side. Overall, compared to the optimal designs with unbelted requirements, optimal designs without unbelted requirements generated the same or lower total injury risks for belted occupants depending on statistical methods used for the analysis, but they could also increase the total injury risks for unbelted occupants. Conclusions: This study demonstrated potential for reducing injury risks to belted occupants if the unbelted requirements are eliminated. Further investigations are necessary to confirm these findings.

In a companion PATRAM 2013 paper, C. Bajwa et al. provide an overview of international level efforts that began in 2010 to develop a comprehensive and detailed Technical Basis Document (TecBasDoc) to support the current International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Transport Regulations (SSR-6, 2012) and future revisions thereto. The draft TecBasDoc that has so far resulted from efforts by a large number of IAEA staff and international experts exceeds 300 pages in length using, to the greatest extent possible, historical documents dating as far back as the 1950s as reference material. The intent is to capture, for those Member States new to transport and for future generations, the scientific and technical heritage of the several decades of development that has occurred in transport safety, preserving this knowledge for future reference. The latest effort, in December 2012, involved consultants to the IAEA adapting the draft to reflect guidance from the IAEA’s Transport Safety Standards Committee and ...

A 4.8 MV impulse voltage generator and impulse current generators are used to perform lightning simulation on the Z11 helicopter radome. The radome system is composed of lightning diverter strips, air data probe and a 0.5 m long metal structure attached to the radome to simulate the helicopter body. The test facilities, process and the results are presented according to the Chinese CCAR27 standard. This test improved considerably the lightning protection performance of the Z11 radome system by optimizing the diverters. This resulted in successful passing of ground simulated lightning test requirements.

Analyzed the trend of the development of hydraulic powered support and column, this paper designs a column strength test bench with 20000KN working resistance which combined with the new release of GB25974.2-2010 for coal mine hydraulic support and jack technical conditions of Part 2 standard requirements. Through the practical application, it turned out that the test bench has reasonable structure, stable performance and it can meet all of the following Ф630 bore hydraulic support column factory test requirements. The trend of the mine-used hydraulic support column and the performed new criterion demands manufacturers to enhance the ability of test equipment. In this situation, the 20000KN column strength test bench our company designed and manufactured not only do the loading test, but also apply external load at columns by simulating the actual working conditions, which is essential to Inspection and testing of dual-extension hydraulic columns middle cylinder strength.

Functions and features of servo system are, as well as composition and working principle of DEWE 2010 portable data acquisition system, introduced. Feasibility of using DEWE 2010 data acquisition platform to test rapidity performance parameters of servo system is analyzed. Identification method for rapidity performance parameters is given out by research of rapidity model and signal definitions. Parameters are, such as overshooting, fluctuation number and transferring time, defined for servo system. LabWindows and MATLAB co-programming method is used to realize automatic measurement of rapidity performance parameters. Test results indicate that the measuring accuracy and automation level of this method meet the test requirements.

Changes in the mission profile and harsh operational environments are believed to have caused pre-mature aging of the C-17 nose and tail radomes. As a result, age related changes of the operational characteristics of the radomes were experienced earlier than expected. Because the C-17 is projected to serve as the backbone of the strategic airlift fleet for the next several decades, these conditions precipitated the requirement for additional repair and testing capabilities. These capabilities, which are viewed as part of the overall maintenance architecture for the C-17, were developed by the Mercer Engineering Research Center (MERC) as the repair validation component of the architecture to return the radomes to service. The system was eventually transitioned to the C-5 radomes as well. The test system requirements, design and facility requirements of the subject radome test system are presented in this paper.

Firstly, FEA model is established to analyze strucural strength of clutch hub assembly according to the company standard and test requirements document. And then the result of FEA is obtained. During strucural strength test of clutch hub assembly, five test pieces are chosen. Bench test of it is finished with principle of work. The failure mode of all test pieces happens at welding line between clutch hub and inner tower. After the results of FEA and bench test are studied, the conclusion can be reached that simulation curves are similar to test curves. Finally the clutch hub supplies the demand of design.

Testing of Analogue/Mixed Signal ICs has reached a transition point. In the past AMS testing was based on functional tests that ensured that the analogue specifications were met. Unfortunately this approach is expensive; testing an ‘analogue’ transistor can be 1000x more expensive than testing a digital transistor. What is even a bigger concern in industry is that a large fraction of the AMS test development takes place after first silicon. Digital blocks are up and running in hours while the AMS part typically takes days or weeks. As a result AMS test is in the critical path towards the customer. Hence, the specification-based functional-test approach is becoming very costly both from a test time point of view and from a test development point of view. Already for a number of years industry is exploring alternatives. In the tutorial a number of those alternatives are covered such as usages of DC measurements instead of dynamic measurements, BIST for AMS blocks, and structural test approaches. These approaches have the advantage that they enable shorter test times but also that it can be verified before tape-out, hence shifting the effort out of the critical path. The tutorial is concluded with an outlook on the future requirements that address a frame-work for fast verification, validation and characterization of AMS blocks and test requirements related to adaptive AMS blocks which adjust their performance over lifetime.

The National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) has promulgated performance and test requirements for low-voltage designs that can be listed as NEMA Class I, and for such units efficiencies are somewhat higher than those that appear in the literature as standards designs. This article explores the practical economic effects of transformer selection over a range of efficiency levels at and above the NEMA Class I levels. Comparisons of NEMA Class I with standard-efficiency liquid and dry substation transformers and with premium transformers are discussed. Currently there are no specific standards to distinguish premium-efficiency transformers from standard-efficiency transformers. In making the purchasing decision for unit substations, the value of transformer losses is one of the economic factors to be considered.

This paper presented a method to test the photocell surface Contamination level, developed an instrument for detecting the contamination, which uses the microprocessor to decide which photocell is contamination. Inspection of photocell surface contamination is detected on the surface area of solid Comparison test to determine the use of photovoltaic cells work under different light conditions, verifying the design of the optical cell of the feasibility of the proposed method. And this instrument includes such components: microprocessor, photoelectric sensor, A/D converter and display. If the level of acquired signal is not equal to zero, then Photocell is contaminated. The experiments show that the design can determine whether the contaminated surface of photovoltaic cells, as well as the degree of pollution can obtain the more accurate measurement. This instrument can meet the photocell contamination test requirements, and have the features of high performance price ratio.

ElectroSonics Medical has developed a small handheld system for detecting Pneumothoraces in soldiers in far forward battlefield conditions. Based on Micropower Impulse Radar technology, the system uses light weight, consumes lower power and is easy to use and interpret. The current design integrates with the MC70 hand held computer which is part of the MC4 computing platforms. It can run on any computing platform that complies with USB 2.0 and is running a Microsoft operating system of XP or later. The system has passed all IEC 60601 test requirements and is being CE Marked for initial use in European clinical trails. One study in Switzerland has been completed and a publication is pending demonstrating the performance of the system in a trauma setting.

This paper sets out the results from work instigated to determine the significance of the phase relationship occurring between the vibration responses arising from helicopter rotor blade passing frequencies. The work was initiated by an inquiry from the UK Ordnance Board as to whether the phase relationship between rotor blade passing harmonics should be included within the test requirements for ordance carried in helicopters. The results of the study indicated that the effects of phase relationship are significant over certain ranges of response frequencies and are sufficient to require consideration when setting test vibration amplitudes. However, the study also indicated that specifying a particular phase relationship for testing purposes is not usually necessary, especially for equipment that may be used at different locations within the helicopter.

In recent years, the aerospace industry has made great strides in deploying fiber optic systems in every imaginable platform. A common complaint still remains — where is the standardized test and qualification standards for fiber optic components that capture the unique test requirements for ruggedized environments? This paper will outline worldwide efforts underway to standardize the testing and qualification of fiber optic components for ruggedized applications.

Usage of 3-winding transformers is extended to industrial and in-plant generation in order to realize cost and real estate savings. Such an extension has been successful in most cases. However in some cases, better understanding of how to size, specify test requirements, and model the 3-winding transformers for power system studies, would have avoided unnecessary electrical distribution system sub-performance. As equipment with inherit systems the subject transformers performed as intended. The successes and short comings are attributed to the interpretations of the 3-winding transformer parameters as part of the larger industrial power system. Hence, it is essential to scrutinize the modeling, selection of case studies, scenarios, analysis of study results and system design when 3-winding transformers are used. From application experiences this paper addresses concerns associated with the selection of 3-winding transformers discusses power system sensitivity to their parameters and presents the scenarios, cases and modeling accuracies required for associated industrial system studies.

This paper examines the ramifications of using 3D integration technology on the leakage and timing variability of integrated circuits. We develop models that estimate the outcome of mapping a 2D design onto a 3D stack from a process variation perspective. We statistically prove and experimentally demonstrate that 3D integration is a useful technique to combat process variations even if the die/wafers layers involved in 3D stacks are integrated blindly without any parametric tests prior to integration. We further show that if individual die parametric testing information is available, then it is possible to drastically reduce the impact of process variations. We develop fast, near optimal integration strategies based on recursive matching techniques. Our results show that 3D integration can reduce the variability in leakage and timing of planar ICs by around 50% without any testing and by more than 90% with additional test requirements.

According to the test requirements of them, based on the traditional testing principles and methods, this paper designed a modern optical testing system which employed the CCD imaging technology, optics technology, photoelectrical automatic focus control technology.

In the present work, a second throat ejector using nitrogen as the primary fluid is considered for the creation of a low vacuum in a high-altitude testing facility for large-area-ratio rocket motors. Detailed numerical investigations have been carried out to evaluate the performance of the ejector for various operational conditions and geometric parameters during the nonpumping and pumping modesof operation.In the nonpumping mode, the lowest vacuum chamber pressure is attained when the primary jet just expands up to the mixer throat and the resulting single shock cell seals the throat against any backflow. The study illustrates how each geometric and operational parameter of the ejector can be optimized to meet the test requirements in a high-altitude testing facility by ensuring that the primary jet completely expands without a strong impact on the duct wall. When the rocket motor is fully started, due to the self-pumping action, the required vacuum is almost maintained by the exhaust flow itself and the external nitrogen ejector plays only a supplementary role. Numerical predictions for both nonpumping and pumping modes of operation have been validated with experimental data obtained from a scaled-down model of a high-altitude testing facility.

ANSI Z136.7 American National Standard for Testing and Labelling of Laser Protective equipment was developed to provide recommendations for the testing requirements of protective equipment (eyewear, windows and barriers) used in the laser industry. This paper will concentrate on the testing requirements for absorbing materials used in the manufacturing of laser eyewear. A comparison will be made on how these requirements differ or are aligned with various other laser safety standards including ANSI Z136.1 for Safe Use of Lasers and EN 207 Personal eye-protection-Filters and eye-protectors against laser radiation. New information and test requirements that are now required to be available will also be highlighted to help the user make a more informed decision when purchasing laser protective eyewear.ANSI Z136.7 American National Standard for Testing and Labelling of Laser Protective equipment was developed to provide recommendations for the testing requirements of protective equipment (eyewear, windows and barriers) used in the laser industry. This paper will concentrate on the testing requirements for absorbing materials used in the manufacturing of laser eyewear. A comparison will be made on how these requirements differ or are aligned with various other laser safety standards including ANSI Z136.1 for Safe Use of Lasers and EN 207 Personal eye-protection-Filters and eye-protectors against laser radiation. New information and test requirements that are now required to be available will also be highlighted to help the user make a more informed decision when purchasing laser protective eyewear.

Phased array radar system developments using X-band transmit/receive (T/R) module technology are summarized. Requirements are developed from systems concepts for fighter aircraft radar applications. Factors influencing system performance are discussed in terms of the allowable tradeoffs that must be considered for deployable systems. T/R module architectures are investigated in light of the system derived performance requirements. These module requirements are reduced to the individual circuit function level, and examples of circuits developed to meet these requirements are presented. Critical T/R module technologies are discussed in view of the latest developments in microwave active and control devices, manufacturing assembly processes and equipment, package materials and fabrication processes, and test automation. Module developments during the past 25 years are discussed chronologically and described in terms of the performance characteristics attained. Test requirements unique to module integration and aperture-level performance verification are highlighted. Module price targets are derived from affordability constraints imposed by the fighter aircraft radar application. >

The testing of logic devices incorporating boundary scan with the IEEE 1149.1 standard has been shown to be a practical method to test and diagnose loaded board interconnect. A highly flexible workstation based boundary scan interconnect tesr system has been used to provide low cost interconnect verification. This paper will describe the suite of tools, their integration, and their application to diFerent test requirements.

This paper provides an overview of the IEEE421.3-1997 standard for high potential test requirements for excitation systems for synchronous machines. This paper highlights changes from the previous standard, IEEE142B such as the expanded test voltages which account for stresses associated with high ceiling exciters. The paper also describes and compares the tests required by other associated standards such as those for high potential testing of synchronous of generators.

An industrial test bench for Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADC) is presented in this article. The bench hardware has been composed with known devices of instrumentation. This hardware had been identified from ADCs under test requirements. All of hardware is handled by a software written in LabVIEW development system.

At present, there are no specific standards to distinguish "premium efficiency" transformers from "standard efficiency" transformers. The National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) has promulgated performance and test requirements for low voltage designs that can be listed as NEMA Class I, and for such units efficiencies are somewhat higher than those which appear in the literature as standard designs. The US Department of Energy, acting as required by the Energy Policy Act of 1992, is analyzing potential mandatory efficiency standards for a range of product classes that include the 500-2500 kVA dry and liquid-type low voltage transformers that are normally used in industrial substations. This paper explores the practical economic effects of transformer selection over a range of efficiency levels at and above the NEMA Class I levels.

Summary form only given. Redundancy repair of high-density commodity flash memory is an effective technique to improve per-wafer yield by trading-off increased die size and increased time at wafer-probe for the ATE system to analyze the failing bits and make the necessary repairs. In embedded flash, where densities are typically much lower and test requirements more diverse, the benefit of redundancy repair is less certain. This paper discusses two key aspects of redundancy repair for embedded flash memory blocks.

There is a growing need to look out into new markets outside of the USA, which requires a proper understanding of international standards. In the field of transformers, which are vital links in power delivery, the major international standard is IEC 76. In this paper, a brief comparison of major parameters like service conditions, categories, impedance, temperature rises, tolerance, dielectric insulation levels, test requirements, etc. of transformers in IEC 76 and IEEE/ANSI C57, have been brought out. An attempt is made in this paper to have a quick understanding of important technical parameters of transformers per IEC 76, in comparison with IEEE/ANSI C 57. Clause numbers in both specifications are mentioned against the parameters for easy reference for the readers. Because of the volume of the standards and details included in individual sections, it is difficult to cover a detailed comparison in a technical paper. Only major parameters which are commonly encountered in inquiry, order, manufacturing and of testing of power transformers are covered in this paper. In order to bring out direct comparison, the rest of the entire paper is presented in tabular form. Wherever necessary, separate details have been provided for dry-type and oil-filled transformers.

A multichip package was developed to meet the market requirements for an advanced wireless telephone handset. The successful testing process of this multichip package, comprising test requirements, test strategy, test development and results from the production test is presented. A wireless telephone handset, containing the multichip package is currently in high volume production within Philips.

Improved dielectric performance of VPI'ed high voltage stator coils has been developed through a mica paper tape improvement program. The objectives of the program were to develop a glass-backed mica tape with higher dielectric properties than commercially available mica tapes. Tapes with improved dielectric properties allow a reduction in coil groundwall thickness which improves the thermal performance which in turn allows stator winding design of higher power density. Both commercially available tapes and custom tape designs were evaluated. Custom tapes were developed with different tape, resin, and glass backing characteristics. These tape designs were supplied by major tape manufacturers and were subject to in house testing which included electrical, chemical and mechanical testing. Other objectives are to develop a groundwall insulation system that requires shorter manufacturing times, low cost manufacturing facilities and reduced test requirements. This paper reviews the results of this tape improvement effort which leads to an improved groundwall system.

This SSDR establishes the performance, design, development and test requirements for the Final Optic Assembly (FOA). The FOA (WBS 1.8.7) as part of the Target Experimental System (1.8) includes vacuum windows, frequency conversion crystals, focus lens, debris shields and supporting mechanical equipment.

This SSDR establishes the performance, design, development and test requirements for NIF Beam Transport Optomechanical Subsystems. optomechanical Subsystems includes the mounts for the beam transport mirrors, LMl - LM8, the polarizer mount, and the spatial filter lens mounts.

This System Design Requirement document establishes the performance, design, development, and test requirements for the NIP Laser System. The Laser System generates and delivers high-power optical pulses to the target chamber, and is composed of all optical puke creating and transport elements from Puke Generation through Final Optics as well as the special equipment that supports, energizes and controls them. The Laser System consists of the following WBS elements: 1.3 Laser System 1.4 Beam Transport System 1.6 Optical Components 1.7 Laser Control 1.8.7 Final Optics.

This system development specification covers the Poloidal Field (PF) Magnet System, WBS 14 in the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory TPX Program to build a tokamak fusion reactor. This specification establishes the performance, design, development and test requirements of the PF Magnet System.

The logic transistor function testing method used for testing single-output CMOS combinational circuits is extended to cover multiple-output CMOS combinational circuits. An algorithm is developed to generate test vectors capable of detecting single and multiple transistor stuck-open/stuck-short faults. We consider single and multiple faults that have a combinational effect, i.e. only a single-input vector test is required. Techniques that enhance the analysis and the planning of testing strategies that best accommodate particular test requirements, such as output-pin limitations, are developed. Illustrations of a multiple-output CMOS combinational circuit are presented.

Test procedures for metal oxide varistors used as overvoltage limiting protectors for EHV series capacitors are proposed. Basic varistor parameters are defined. The factors that must be taken into account and the test requirements are discussed. Special attention is devoted to the problem of power frequency current sharing among many parallel connected columns. The application of the procedures to the world's largest 500 kV series capacitor installation with metal oxide varistors as overvoltage protection is briefly described. >

SummaryA process for the application of paint coatings by electrodeposition is described. Electrophoresis, electro-osmosis and electrolysis are all involved. Details are given of the choice of resin dispersion and pigmentation, and the nature of the deposited film is examined. The effect of metal and pretreatment are considered, and test requirements are outlined. Some information is also given on the type of plant that is employed.

For electric cables, as used for indoor wiring, the only standard of reference now existing in this country is B.S.7, which covers only rubber insulants; for lack of any other specification, the dimensions therein specified for rubber compounds are being misapplied to other insulating materials, without taking into account the different properties of the latter.A new “basic specification” is proposed, composed of a series of electrical, physical, thermal, mechanical and chemical tests; and the author suggests the use of such an agreed basic specification for the determination of minimum dimensions of any approved materials of which the cable may be composed.Following out this suggestion, the author deals with such test requirements under the two headings: (a) electrical specification, which covers the primary purpose of the cable to transmit electrical power, and (b) mechanical specification, which covers the adequate protection of the cable in service.Under the electrical specification some calculations and graphs of interest are given as illustrations only of the more comprehensive survey that is necessary.The author further deals with practical and economic considerations, which may have some bearing on purely echnical conclusions, e.g.:(a) The lack of importance of eccentric insulation, provided the required minimum thickness is used.(b) The incorrectness of stipulating an average thickness with a plus and minus tolerance as against the correct method of specifying either a minimum thickness or a maximum, or both.(c) The increase of cable costs, basically as the square of the radial thicknesses imposed.In particular, the properties of pre-war rubber, reclaimed rubber, p.v.c. compounds and polythene are compared.

Based on laboratory investigations and flight test experiences we specify essential parameters and test requirements for airborne fiber optic components suitable for data busses in commercial and military aircraft. Functional and environmental characteristics and reliability requirements are described.

Test procedures and standards are currently being developed to validate and verify the effects of ionizing radiation on optical fiber components. The results from these tests can vary significantly with variations in the actual test setup and test requirements. It is important to recognize these sensitivities and monitor or control them to eliminate any inconsistencies in the test results. This paper will address the effects of ionizing radiation on optical fiber components, the development of test procedures and standards, and the comparison of a few test parameters to the final test results.

In conducting thermal/vacuum testing on a test article that is to operate at cryogenic temperatures (below 77 K, liquid nitrogen temperature), the designer is faced with unique problems peculiar to these temperatures. Care must be taken to account for these problems in the design of the test and its associated test equipment if a successful test program is to be achieved. These problems are often aggravated when the test article has special test requirements of its own that must be met. Frequently, trade-offs must be made. When the test article is an optical system, as it is in this case, the designer has especially difficult trade-offs to make. The design that evolves may involve compromise, but it must still insure that the desired cryogenic test conditions will be satisfactorily provided.

In the design and procurement of a high power laser system such as the Shiva Fusion Laser at LLNL, the optical components are the single most important aspect for optimum laser performance. The cost, schedule and quality of the optics are the driving parameters for the entire program and many factors are involved in controlling, monitoring and evaluating these parameters. These factors include (1) the procurement cycle, (2) knowledge of the vendors, (3) realistic specifications, (4) understanding of the fabrication process, (5) the quality control and test requirements. Guidelines and examples of the methods used in the procurement and qualification of the optics in Shiva will be presented.

The Strontium Heat Source Development Program began at the Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL) in 1972 and is scheduled to be completed by the end of FY-1981. The program is currently funded by the US Department of Energy (DOE) By-Product Utilization Program. The primary objective of the program has been to develop the data and technology required to permit the licensing of power systems for terrestrial applications that utilize /sup 90/SrF/sub 2/-fueled radioisotope heat sources. A secondary objective of the program has been to design and qualification-test a general purpose /sup 90/SrF/sub 2/-fueled heat source. The effort expended in the design and testing of the heat source is described. Detailed information is included on: heat source design, licensing requirements, and qualification test requirements; the qualification test procedures; and the fabrication and testing of capsules of various materials. The results obtained in the qualification tests show that the outer capsule design proposed for the /sup 90/SrF/sub 2/ heat source is capable of meeting current licensing requirements when Hastelloy S is used as the outer capsule material. The data also indicate that an outer capsule of Hastelloy C-4 would probably also meet licensing requirements, although Hastelloy S is the preferred material. Therefore, based more » on the results of this study, the general purpose /sup 90/SrF/sub 2/ heat source will consist of a standard WESF Hastelloy C-276 inner capsule filled with /sup 90/SrF/sub 2/ and a Hastelloy S outer capsule having a 2.375-in. inner diameter and 0.500-in. wall thickness. The end closures for this study, the general purpose /sup 90/SrF/sub 2/ heat a Hastelloy S outer capsule having a 2.375-in. inner diameter and 0.500-in. wall thickness. The end closures for the outer capsule will utilize an interlocking joint design requiring a 0.1-in. penetration closure weld. (LCL) « less

This document encompasses the test requirements, hardware design, fabrication, and safety analysis for the Fusion Materials Open Test Assembly experiment for irradiation in FFTF Cycle 11 (Fusion MOTA-2A). Fusion MOTA is equally shared by the US Fusion Material (DOE), Japanese Fusion Materials (MONBUSHO), and BEATRIX-II (IEA) programs. In the interest of providing optimum use of the irradiation space in the Fusion MOTA-2A and LMR MOTA-1G, eight of the Fusion MOTA canisters will be placed in MOTA-1G and an equal number of LMR canisters placed in Fusion MOTA-2A (Powell/Doran 1988). This eliminates the need to process Fusion MOTA-2A through the IEM cell prior to insertion for FFTF Cycle 11A. The LMR MOTA design and safety analysis (Greenslade 1984) is the basis for much of this design and safety analysis report. This design description and safety analysis for the Fusion MOTA-2A is presented per the outline given in Chapter IV of the FTR User`s Guide (Taylor 1978). 35 refs., 17 figs., 9 tabs.

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an account of the insulation materials used in modern cables, materials used for sheathing cables for marine applications, and discusses the uses of flexible cords and cables. The design of an electric cable consists of a metallic conductor surrounded by suitable insulation to form the core, with one or more cores being covered with a common sheathing to provide protection from damage and external influences. Metallic coverings are applied to give additional mechanical protection or to provide electrical screening. Cables should conform in detailed construction and test requirements to appropriate international or national standards. The majority of cable specifications throughout the world adopt the metric system of measurement, based on SI units. Cable conductors for marine fixed installations are of copper except in the case of thermocouple cables for instrumentation purposes, where special metals and alloys, such as cupro-nickel, are used for some cores. Welding cables, associated with ship repairs and work on offshore drilling rigs, might have aluminium conductors to deter pilfering.