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Le Code du travail est très souvent considéré comme dépositaire d’un droit « protecteur » des intérêts des salariés. Contre cette vision hégémonique du droit du travail, certains juristes critiques ont mis en avant son ambivalence : tout en fixant des bornes à l’usage par les employeurs de la force de travail des salariés, le Code du travail rend légal et légitime cette exploitation. L’article défend l’idée que cette thèse de l’ambivalence est essentielle pour comprendre l’histoire du droit du travail. À travers l’étude de l’évolution des normes légales de repos la nuit et le dimanche, il montre que les nombreuses dérogations sont constitutives des règles de droit à ce sujet. En ce sens, ces exceptions sont le témoin de cette ambivalence, même si leur inflation depuis les années 1980 met également à mal la règle générale elle-même. The Labour legislation is often regarded as ”protective” of the employees’ interests. Against this hegemonic view of labour law, some critical legal scholars have pointed out its ambivalence: while limiting the employers’ use of their workforce , the labour code makes exploitation legal and legitimate. This essay advocates that this ambivalence is essential for understanding the history of labour law. Through the study of changes to legal rest standards at night and on Sundays, it demonstrates that the numerous exemptions are constitutive of the rules of law on this issue. In that respect, these exceptions are witnessing this ambivalence, even if their growth since the 1980s also challenges the general rule. El Código del Trabajo se considera recientemente como depositario de un derecho “protector” de los intereses de los asalariados. Contra esta visión hegemónica del derecho del trabajo, algunos abogados críticos han hecho hincapié en su ambivalencia: mientras se fijan límites cuando los empleadores utilizan la fuerza de trabajo de los asalariados, el Código del Trabajo vuelve legal y legítima la explotación. El artículo defiende la idea de que esta tesis de ambivalencia es esencial para comprender la historia del derecho del trabajo. A través del estudio de la evolución de las normas legales de descanso nocturno y dominical, muestra que las numerosas derogaciones son constitutivas de las reglas legales en el tema. En este sentido, tales excepciones son el testimonio de esa ambivalencia, incluso si su incremento desde los años 1980 también daña la propia regla general.

This paper examines Mexico’s governmentality of extracontinental migration in transit to the United States. It argues that, in the context of transit control regimes, exemption is instrumentalised as a bordering mechanism and practice in which transit states assume, react and utilise their role as a ‘transit’ country. By drawing on statistical information about migrant populations from Asia and Africa intercepted by Mexican authorities from 2010 to 2019, four arrangements are identified: (1) sporadic expulsion, (2) regularisation façade, (3) guardianship and (4) self-deportation. The analysis sheds light on the transformative and adaptive dimension of the Mexican Transit Control Regime and how this is geared towards maintaining its focus on intercepting and deterring Central American migrants in transit to the United States.

The Protection of Personal Information Act 4 of 2013 (hereafter POPIA) has the potential to disrupt health research in South Africa. While the legal status quo is that broad consent by research participants is acceptable, POPIA requires specific consent for any processing of research participants' health and genetic information. However, POPIA offers mechanisms such as an exemption from specified measures which can potentially be used to ameliorate its impact. It is proposed that the health research sector should seek to utilise these mechanisms – in particular, a sector-wide exemption of all health research projects from the requirement of specific consent by research participants, subject to the conditions that: (a) a health research project must be approved by a health research ethics committee, and that (b) either specific, broad or tiered consent must be obtained for a health research project. Importantly, it would be counter-productive to approach such an application for exemption from the perspective of inconvenience for health researchers. Instead, an application for exemption must be approached from a human rights platform, and must be supported by solid evidence. Such evidence should include the results of empirical studies of South African research participants' preferences.

For the civil aircraft type certification, exemptions from the requirements of specified airworthiness standards are always requested by the Type Certificate applicants. The paper describes the airworthiness provision and related procedures of Civil Aviation Administration of China (CAAC) for the approval of exemptions, as well as its unique features compared with those of other main airworthiness authorities. The CAAC civil aviation regulation for a temporary or permanent exemption is firstly introduced. Based on the assignment of responsibilities of the authority, a step by step exemption management flow is demonstrated. In accordance with it, the detailed tasks should be implemented by the applicant and the authority in the process of the exemption petition, evaluation, and proposal for public comments, review and approval are illustrated, especially on the exemption approval considerations. The major differences between the exemption process of CAAC and other main airworthiness authorities are preliminarily proposed.

The paper aims to conduct a review of the legislation, doctrine and jurisprudence about the possibilities of public hiring without bidding, working on a theory for division of existing institutes and applying this theory in the central hypothesis of the article that it would be illegal to emergency hiring continuous service through the bidding process., O artigo tem por objetivo realizar uma análise crítica da legislação, doutrina e jurisprudência acerca das hipóteses de contratação pública sem licitação prévia, trabalhando em uma teoria para divisão dos institutos existentes e aplicando essa teoria na hipótese central do artigo de que seria ilícita a contratação emergencial de serviços contínuos, por meio de dispensa de licitação. O método de pesquisa adotado foi o bibliográfico.

Magistro baigiamajame darbe išanalizuotos ir įvertintos atleidimo nuo baudžiamosios atsakomybės kai kaltininkas susitaiko su nukentėjusiu asmeniu teorinės nuostatos, išanalizuotos jų problemos, išnagrinėtas šios atleidimo nuo baudžiamosios atsakomybės rūšies teorinis reglamentavimas Lietuvoje bei jo taikymo Lietuvos teismų praktikoje problemos, pateikiami pasiūlymai taikymo praktinėms problemoms išspręsti. Pirmoje dalyje nagrinėjami teoriniai baudžiamosios atsakomybės, atleidimo nuo baudžiamosios atsakomybės aspektai, nurodoma atleidimo nuo baudžiamosios atsakomybės kai kaltininkas susitaiko su nukentėjusiu asmeniu vieta baudžiamosios teisės sistemoje, jos požymiai, skirtumai nuo kitų baudžiamosios teisės institutų bei reikšmė. Antroje dalyje analizuojami teoriniai atleidimo nuo baudžiamosios atsakomybės kaltininkui ir nukentėjusiam asmeniui susitaikius aspektai, taikymo pagrindai, teorinės ir praktinės problemos, su kuriomis susiduriama taikant šiuos pagrindus, galimi jų sprendimo būdai. Trečioje dalyje yra nagrinėjami atleidimo nuo baudžiamosios atsakomybės kaltininkui ir nukentėjusiajam susitaikius taikymo apribojimai bei teisiniai padariniai. The final Master's thesis analysed and evaluated the theoretical approaches for exemption from criminal liability when the perpetrator reconciles with the victim, analyzing their problems and theoretical regulation of dealing with the exemption of from criminal liability of this kind in Lithuania, and problems of its application in the Lithuanian case law, by providing the recommendations for solving practical problems for its application. The first part deals with theoretical aspects of criminal liability and with exemption from criminal liability, pointing out the role in the criminal justice system of exemption from criminal liability when the perpetrator reconciles with the victim, its features, differences from other criminal justice institutions, and the value. The second part examines the theoretical aspects of exemption from criminal liability in case of reconciliation of the victim and the offender, the basics of its application, theoretical and practical problems encountered in the application of these fundamentals, and their possible solutions. The third part analyses the limitations for application of exemption from criminal liability in case of reconciliation of the perpetrator and the victim, and legal consequences.

Kaip vieną iš civilinės atsakomybės netaikymo ar atleidimo nuo civilinės atsakomybės pagrindų Lietuvos Respublikos Civilinis kodeksas nustato nenugalimą jėgą (force majeure). Siekiant nustatyti kokiais atvejais asmuo yra atleidžiamas nuo civilinės atsakomybės nenugalimos jėgos pagrindu, darbe buvo išsikeltas tikslas - atskleisti nenugalimos jėgos force majeure) aplinkybės sampratą bei taikymo ypatumus atleidžiant asmenį nuo civilinės atsakomybės taikymo. Siekiant užsibrėžto tikslo magistro baigiamajame darbe buvo analizuojama teisės doktrina bei Lietuvos Respublikos teismų praktika. Darbe buvo nagrinėjama nenugalimos jėgos aplinkybės sąvoka bei būtinieji kriterijai siekiant aplinkybę pripažinti nenugalimos jėgos aplinkybe. Buvo nagrinėjamas kaltės, kaip būtinosios civilinės atsakomybės sąlygos, aspektas, kas leido nustatyti, kuriais atvejais nenugalima jėga yra pagrindas asmenį nuo civilinės atsakomybės atleisti, o kuriais atvejais yra pagrindas civilinės atsakomybės netaikymui. The Civil Code of the Republic of Lithuania defines force majeure (also known as “superior force”, “unavoidable accident”) as one of the bases of exclusion of civil liability and exemption from civil liability. In order to determine the situations, when the person may be exempted from civil liability because of force majeure, the author sets the target to reveal the possible circumstances of force majeure and its application, exempting the person from civil liability. In order to achieve the aim of Master’s Thesis there has been analyzed legal doctrine and Lithuanian judicial practice in this work. The author has overviewed the concept of circumstances of force majeure and mandatory criteria for it. Analyzing fault element as the necessary condition of civil liability helped to determine the cases, when force majeure is the basis to exempt the person from civil liability, and the cases, when it is the basis to exclude civil liability.

The general policy in South African insolvency law is that assets must be recovered and included in the insolvent estate, and that this action must be to the advantage of the creditors of the insolvent estate. But there are several exceptions to this rule and an asset that is the subject of such an exception may be excluded from the insolvent estate. The Insolvency Act, however, does not expressly distinguish between excluded and exempt assets, thereby resulting in problem areas in the field of exemption law in insolvency in South Africa. It may be argued that the fundamental difference between excluded and exempt assets is that excluded assets should never form part of an insolvent estate and should be beyond the reach of the creditors of the insolvent estate, while exempt assets initially form part of the insolvent estate, but in certain circumstances may be exempted from the estate for the benefit of the insolvent debtor, thereby allowing the debtor to use such excluded or exempt assets to start afresh before or after rehabilitation. Modern society, sociopolitical developments and human rights requirements have necessitated a broadening of the classes of assets that should be excluded or exempted from insolvent estates. This article considers assets excluded from the insolvent estates of individual debtors by legislation other than the Insolvency Act. It must, however, be understood that these legislative provisions relate to insolvent estates and thus generally overlap in one way or another with some provisions of the Insolvency Act.Keywords: Accrual; assets; bank; exclusion; exemption; human rights; insolvent; insolvency; insurance; legislation; rehabilitation; social security; trustee; trusts

La Convención de Viena establece una responsabilidad que se articula a partir del mero incumplimiento de contrato, diferenciando la indemnización de daños de los restantes remedios de que dispone el acreedor. En lo que concierne al primero, se instaura un régimen objetivado con escasas posibilidades de exoneración. De la lectura del artículo 79 (1) CVCIM se infiere la regla de atribución de responsabilidad y ella da respuesta a la pregunta ¿por qué el deudor responde cuando incumple? El deudor responde porque el incumplimiento corresponde a la realización de un riesgo que razonablemente debía controlar según la regla contractual y la Convención. El límite de la responsabilidad por daños se localiza en la causa de exoneración de los impedimentos razonablemente imprevisibles, inevitables e insuperables en sí y sus consecuencias. Esta exoneración afecta sólo a la indemnización, no así a los restantes remedios de que dispone el acreedor y los derechos del propio deudor incumplidor. Finalmente, la exoneración supone dificultad en el cumplimiento, no así imposibilidad objetiva de la prestación y, en principio, deja subsistente la obligación afectada Liability in The Vienna Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods ("CISG") arises with the failure of performance of the sales contract. The CISG gives a different treatment to payment of damages and other remedies provided to the injured party. Regarding the payment of damages, liability is determined on an objective evaluation (regardless of fault) with very few possibilities for the defaulting party to exempt itself from paying damages. Article 79 (1) of the CISG contains a liability rule based on the idea that the defaulting party is liable because its failure to perform was related to a risk that he/she should had controlled according to the contract and the CISG. Limits on liability take the form of exemption of liability when the failure is due to an impediment beyond the control of the defaulting party and he/she could not reasonably be expected to have taken into account at the time of the conclusion of the contract or to have avoided or overcome it or its consequences. Exemption refers to damage payments only, and not to other remedies provided to the injured party or to the rights of the defaulting party. Finally, exemption requires inability to perform but not the objective impossibility of performance and, in principle, the obligation continues to exist