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The relevance of this study lies in the need to consider the legal instruments for deterring a nuclear conflict in connection with the crisis of nuclear safety and instability in the current military-political geo-environment. The purpose of this study was to examine international experience in the field of legal consolidation of prohibitive norms of deterrence necessary to prevent nuclear threats. The following general scientific and special methods were employed in the study: analysis, synthesis, deduction, induction, generalisation, as well as formal legal, legal hermeneutics, logical- legal, comparative legal, and historical-legal methods. The study examined the specialised international legal framework of regulatory documents in the field of nuclear safety, safe operation of nuclear facilities and nuclear deterrence, as well as nuclear deterrence strategies and their development depending on the geopolitical situation. Based on the results of the study, it is determined that the legal regulation of nuclear conflict containment is in the form of prohibitory orders consolidated in the relevant international treaties in the field of nuclear and radiation safety. The study highlighted the main international treaties positioned as legal means of nuclear deterrence. The interaction of “soft” and “hard” law in nuclear and radiation safety agreements was considered, as well as the specific features of consolidating such norms in municipal law. The study provided generalising conclusions in terms of nuclear deterrence strategies, specifically, a vision of a new concept in this area, based on technological superiority in non-nuclear means of repelling nuclear strikes and massive precision non-nuclear retaliatory strikes. It was also concluded that attention should be paid to the development of a new international treaty that would combine all the rules prohibiting the use of nuclear energy for military purposes, as well as the rules governing nuclear and radiation safety as integral components of global nuclear security. The practical significance of this study is that its materials can be used for further development of the concepts of non-nuclear or legal nuclear deterrence

The article examines the history of the formation of legislative regulation of labor relations of “special subjects” of labor law of the Russian Federation — professional athletes and coaches (sports subjects), as well as the current state of legal regulation of these relations. The author comes to the conclusion that the regulatory and legal regulation of the labor activity of sports subjects in Russia has a short history, equal to about three decades: until the end of the 80s of the XX century, professional sports were not given due attention by the state, and the relations that existed in this area were not properly regulated, which hindered the development of professional sports and created threats to the violation of the rights and legitimate interests of athletes and coaches. After the collapse of the USSR, the regulatory regulation of labor relations of sports subjects went through several stages, each of which had an invaluable impact on the development of professional sports in the Russian Federation. As a result of “trial and error”, a fairly extensive regulatory framework was created, which made it possible to achieve stability and legality in regulating the work of professional athletes and coaches. However, a number of legal conflicts and gaps that need to be addressed still remain.

The research relevance is predetermined by the need to study the key fundamentals of the energy security system at the international and national levels. Among the urgent issues caused by the challenges and threats of modern life, primarily due to the full-scale invasion and aggression of Russia against Ukraine, the provision of energy security, principles, legal, organisational, and other foundations, implementation mechanisms, and corresponding guarantees are singled out. The purpose of the research is to carry out a general theoretical comprehensive analysis of the principles of ensuring energy security, their typology, and justification of the need for modernisation. The research uses a complex of scientific methods: epistemological, phenomenological, statistical, modeling and forecasting, formal-legal, comparative-legal, historical-legal, etc., as well as an anthropological approach. The study comprehensively highlights the essence and features of the principles of ensuring energy security, taking into account the interdisciplinary, cross-industry nature of the process of ensuring energy security. Based on available doctrinal and regulatory legal sources, the concept and legal essence of the principles of law, and principles of ensuring energy security were analysed; the author’s vision of the criteria for the classification of the latter is substantiated, their varieties, the legislative basis of regulation and implementation, problems on this path and directions for their solution are considered. The terminological uncertainty, a certain non-systematic and inconsistency of the state energy policy of Ukraine, its organizational and legal foundations, and implementation mechanisms were noted. Therefore, the practical significance of the publication lies in the typology of the principles of ensuring energy security, the demarcation of the principles of energy policy of Ukraine, the principles of implementation of state policy in the sphere of energy security, the main fundamental principles of the strategy of cooperation in the energy sphere, etc. It is natural to modernise the existing principles of ensuring energy security, increase their efficiency, and strengthen the energy independence of the Ukrainian state, primarily in the conditions of the legal regime of martial law and post-war peacebuilding, cooperation in the field of energy and energy efficiency

Background. The relevance of the work is due to the differences in approaches to the definition of social responsibility in the state context, as well as the peculiarities of the formation of the concept of social responsibility in Russia. The purpose of the study is to conduct a comparative analysis of country models of social responsibility of small and medium-sized enterprises. Materials and methods. The approaches to the definition of social responsibility of K. Davis, M. Van Marreviik, M. Friedman, M. Porter, A. N. Averin were considered; foreign models related to the analysis of the social responsibility of small and medium-sized enterprises, as well as data from the author’s sociological research using the questionnaire survey method (n = 418) are presented. Results. The key aspects related to the definition of social responsibility by representatives of small and medium-sized businesses in Russia and in foreign countries are considered. The key manifestations of social respon-sibility of small and medium-sized enterprises in the understanding of domestic and foreign entrepreneurs are identified. The similarities and differences between the models of social responsibility at the state level are revealed. Conclusions. The Russian model of social re-sponsibility of small and medium-sized enterprises is formed to a lesser extent than the leading foreign concepts. Most representatives of domestic small and medium-sized enterprises associate social responsibility with the need to improve aspects of the internal environment of enterprises, while in the modern environment of small and medium-sized enterprises, a common position regarding the understanding of the phenomenon of social responsibility has not been formed. The similarity between domestic and foreign models of social responsibility lies in the complexity of the approach to the study of this phenomenon, which is expressed in the analysis of both internal and external manifestations. Among the differences, it should be noted that foreign models pay more attention to the analysis of external manifestations, including communication with customers, as well as consideration of the ethical aspect of social responsibility.

The subject of this study is the legal regulation of the unified system of public authority in the Russian Federation. Its purpose is to determine the theoretical approaches and practice of legislative regulation of a unified system of public authority, which is unfolding after the adoption of amendments to the text of the Constitution of the Russian Federation in 2020. The main hypothesis, which authors propose is that there is a contradiction between the norms of the acts, governing organization and activities of public authorities, and those norms in their relationship with the constitutional norms governing the relevant relations. In the course of the work, the authors used both general research methods, including methods of analysis and synthesis, as well as field-specific ones, including the formal legal method. The authors believe that the difficulties in reflecting public authority in normative regulation lie primarily in the fact that neither in Soviet legal research, nor in the current Russian legal thought, issues of public authority have been considered meaningfully and in detail. Its content and structure do not have a clear, complete doctrinal understanding. Foreign experience, however, shows that such a clear understanding at the theoretical level is absent in foreign jurisdictions either.

The article deals with the mechanism of protection of the right to freedom of conscience. It is concluded that securing the right to freedom of conscience is possible only if there are special (legal) guarantees. An attempt is made to identify the constitutional guarantees of the right to freedom of conscience in the system of legal guarantees of the right to freedom of conscience. In view of the existing problems arising in the definition of the system of legal guarantees of the right to freedom of conscience, recommendations are proposed for improving the mechanism for their provision in the Russian Federation in the current legislation.

The paper proves the actuality of innovation, both in general and in education in particular. It is emphasized that the development of a significant number of technologies and relevant socio-pedagogical mechanisms of their implementation requires that you configure the appropriate organizational and regulatory systems that would properly regulate these processes. The analysis of the main normative-legal acts, which regulate public relations in innovation processes in educational sphere. It should be noted that by the Law of Ukraine "About Innovative Activity" pays very little attention to innovative activities in education. The implementation of a number of laws in the innovative sphere is actually stopped, primarily because of the lack of state target programs of forecasting of scientific-technical and innovation development of Ukraine. Certainly powerful and consistent Law of Ukraine "About Scientific and Scientific-Technical Activities", adopted in 2016, doesn’t work. The primary reason for this problem is the extremely low rate of implementation of this regulation. Extremely inhibited pace of implementation has the other critical educational Law "About Higher Education". And in the end it is noted that the current Law of Ukraine "About Education" the question of innovation is not paying attention to at all. In this regard, the draft law "About Education" is analyzed from the point of view of possibilities of regulation of innovative activity in the educational sphere and made the appropriate suggestions. The proposals regarding to the use of the legal science and practice innovation, all of which are properly organized and structured and scientifically based legislative activity, the result of which is the development, adoption and implementation of relevant legal norms, can significantly improve the nature of the legal regulation of social relations.