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Battery energy-storage system (BESS) based on the modular multilevel converter (MMC) can flexibly manage the battery packs integrated into submodules, where the battery pack can directly or through a small capacitor connect to the rear-end half-bridge circuit for reducing cost and volume caused by an additional dc–dc converter. But the alternating current ripples will cause substantial additional charge throughput for battery packs and, consequently, reduce the battery lifetime in theory. Therefore, this article proposes a variable dc-link voltage regulation method for a single-phase MMC-BESS. In specific, the phase disposition (PD) modulation scheme is improved to properly bypass the gating signals with unnecessary conduction during operation and the modified gating signals will be rearranged for balancing the states-of-charge and states-of-health. Doing so, the additional charge throughput could be significantly reduced compared with the traditional phase-shift modulation and PD modulation. Even comparing with the ideal dc current charging/discharging, the proposed method will only increase slight additional charge throughput and nearly negligible capacity loss. The experimental results of a 6.6 kW/6.6 kWh single-phase MMC-BESS prototype verified the performance of the proposed method.

This article proposes a new nine-arm modular multilevel converter (9A-MMC) with improved hybrid submodules for middle arms. In specific, the middle arms are formed by the unidirectional current full-bridge submodules (UC-FBSMs), while the upper and lower arms are formed by the traditional half-bridge submodules (HBSMs). Compared with the standard 9A-MMC where the upper, middle, and lower arms are all formed by HBSMs, the dc-side voltage of the new 9A-MMC can be reduced by one-third, and whose switch count is the same as that of the standard 9A-MMC. Moreover, the dc offset in the common mode voltages (CMVs) of the new 9A-MMC is eliminated. In this article, the middle arm current of the new 9A-MMC was thoroughly discussed, and the maximum operation range of the new 9A-MMC was also presented. To enlarge the operation range of the proposed 9A-MMC, a middle arm current reshaping control method was put forward as well. The feasibility and performance characteristics of the proposed 9A-MMC were finally verified by the simulation and experimental results.

This letter proposes a novel nine-level T-type packed U-cell inverter, which consists of one T-type neutral point clamped leg, one half-bridge, two switches, and two identical dc sources. The single-carrier modulation scheme can easily produce the corresponding switching sequences, which makes the T-type leg switching under high frequency and other switches operating under low frequency. To further improve the operational efficiency, the T-type leg can be constructed by using silicon carbide (SiC) devices for withstanding the necessary high-frequency switching. The experimental results verified the performance of the proposed topology.

Circulating current is an undesirable but inherent phenomenon in the modular multilevel converter (MMC), which is usually suppressed to reduce the current rating of semiconductor devices, the submodule (SM) capacitor voltage ripples, and power losses. Nine-arm modular multilevel converter (9A-MMC) is deemed as a compact MMC with two sets of three-phase terminals, and there is also circulating current in 9A-MMC. This paper proposed an exclusive circulating current control method for 9A-MMC based on the combination of the conventional proportional resonant (PR) controller and the flexible design of the number of SM and the rated SM capacitor voltage in each arm. First, this paper analyzed circulating current in 9A-MMC in detail. Subsequently, the circulating current control method suitable for 9A-MMC was proposed in this paper. Then, the control scheme of 9A-MMC was briefly described. Finally, the simulation and experimental results verified the effectiveness of the proposed circulating current control method.

This paper proposes a novel STATCOM by cascading packed U-cell (CPUC) and using low capacitance. Compared to cascaded H-bridge, the CPUC-STATCOM can largely reduce switch counts and their related gate driver circuits. Then, skillfully utilizing the principle that the second-order harmonic component of capacitor voltage is in phase with the absolute value of grid voltage in capacitive mode, low capacitance is used in CPUC-STATCOM. It can reduce cost, weight and volume of system compared to usually using large capacitance to limit voltage ripple within 10% of nominal capacitor voltage. However, it has limited compensation capability in inductive mode by using low capacitance. Aiming at overcome the aforementioned drawback, a flexible third harmonic control method is proposed, which can reduce capacitor peak voltage and averaged voltage. Finally, the simulation results verified the performance of the proposed topology and control method.1

This paper proposes a novel switched-capacitor five-level T-type (SC-SLT) inverter with reduced number of switches and with self-voltage balancing and boosting voltage ability. It consists of eight switches, two diodes, two capacitors and a single de-source, The proposed inverter does not adopt a load-end H-bridge to change output voltage polarity. Besides, the modulation scheme only using one triangular carrier is proposed for the proposed topology. Moreover, self-voltage balancing ability of capacitor and capacitance calculation are discussed in detail. Finally, the performance of the proposed inverter has been validated by various simulation results using Matlab software.

This paper proposed a novel hybrid nine-arm modular multilevel converter (9A-MMC) based on half-bridge submodule (HBSM) and unidirectional current full-bridge submodule (UC-FBSM). In hybrid 9A-MMC, the UC-FBSMs are employed in middle arms, while HBSMs are employed in upper and lower arms. Compared with conventional full-bridge submodule (FBSM), the number of required semiconductor devices in UC-FBSM is half of conventional FBSM, but the capability of generating negative-voltage is still preserved. The proposed hybrid 9A-MMC can extend the operation range and improve the utilization of dc-side voltage compared with standard 9A-MMC where only HBSMs are used, and this is benefit from the negative-voltage generated by UC-FBSM in middle arm of hybrid 9A-MMC. Besides, the mathematical model of hybrid 9A-MMC is also studied. The operational analyses including the principle of determining the number of SMs in per arm are discussed in this paper as well. Subsequently, the control scheme of hybrid 9A-MMC is presented. Finally, simulation and experimental results are displayed to verify the feasibility and characteristics of the proposed hybrid 9A-MMC.

For battery energy storage system (BESS), accurate state-of-health (SOH) testing is critical for determining which battery should be replaced and it is also the foundation for battery SOH balancing, fault prevention and maintenance, especially when using retired batteries from electric vehicle. However, the traditional SOH testing method requires the BESS to quit operation and takes a long time, which results in profit loss. The modular multilevel converter (MMC) can improve this situation to some extent, but the battery pack still needs to be disassembled and redundant sub-modules are needed. In order to obtain the real-time SOH and keep the BESS still be able to work at the same time without battery disassembling, this paper further proposes an online SOH testing method for MMC-BESS with DC-DC converter control, voltage balancing control of half-bridge and the power distributing method. Simulation and experimental results are presented to verify the validity of the proposed method.