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Background: Although radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is a minimally invasive treatment for early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), it remains unclear whether RFA achieves favorable outcomes in patients aged ≥80 years. This study aimed to determine the efficacy and safety of RFA for HCC in patients aged ≥80 years. Methods: A total of 512 naïve patients with HCC who had undergone RFA from January 2001 to December 2016 were enrolled. They were categorized into the ≥80-year-old group and the control group (aged

Water electrolysis is essential for producing hydrogen as an energy source for society. The development of polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE) has also raised the potential for new applications of electrolysis technologies. In this study, we demonstrate deuterium (D) isotope separation where pure water containing heavy water is supplied to the anode of a PEMWE. The D separation was evaluated by measuring the concentration in the drained water and in the generated hydrogen gas. The D separation was measured at several of stoichiometry numbers of feed water, λ, which was ratio of the theoretical water consumption to water feed. Notably, at the same stoichiometry, the D separation depended on the volume of the water feed to the anode of the cell and current density. This effect might be explained by complex water transport behavior governed by electro-osmotic flow and back diffusion across the concentration gradient.

Eradication of hepatitis C virus (HCV) using direct acting antiviral agents (DAAs) has been reported to alter liver function and reduce the recurrence rate after curative treatment in naïve hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. However, it is not well known whether administration of DAAs had favourable effect on HCC patients with multiple courses of recurrence. We retrospectively extracted 146 HCV-related HCC (C-HCC) patients who received curative treatment using radiofrequency ablation (RFA) followed by eradication treatment with DAA between 1 January 2015 and 31 December 2017. We also extracted 184 C-HCC patients who were curatively treated using RFA without HCV eradication treatment between 1 January 2009 and 31 July 2014 as controls. We used propensity score matching method and adjusted following factors between the 2 groups: age, sex, liver function, number of recurrence times, tumour diameter and tumour numbers. We finally enrolled 47 C-HCC patients with eradication of HCV, and 47 C-HCC patients without HCV eradication as controls. Primary end point was time to curative treatment failure. We defined time to curative treatment failure as the interval from curative treatment initiation to premature discontinuation of this type of therapy. Their clinical data, time to curative treatment failure and overall survival were compared. We also assessed the prognostic values of time to curative treatment failure and overall survival using multivariate Cox proportional hazard models. The median age was 74.8 years, 60 patients (63.8%) were male, and 81 patients (86.2%) were Child-Pugh class A. The median tumour number was 1, tumour diameter was 20 mm, and frequency of recurrence was 3 times. There were no significant differences about patients' backgrounds between the 2 groups. The cumulative time to curative treatment failure rates of patients who received DAA were 93.6% and 73.2% at 1 and 3 years, respectively; those of controls were 72.5%, and 37.1% (p .01). Multivariate analysis indicated that eradication with DAAs (HR 0.23, 95% CI; 0.12-0.43, p .01) and DCP 50 mAU/ml (HR 2.62, 95% CI; 1.45-4.74, p .01) as independent factors contributed to time to curative treatment failure. The cumulative overall survival rates of patients who received DAAs were 93.6% and 72.6% at 1 and 3 years, respectively; those of controls were 72.8% and 37.4% (p .01). Multivariate analysis indicated that eradication with DAAs (HR 0.32, 95% CI; 0.17-0.60, p .01) and frequency of recurrence times (HR 1.20 per 1 time, 95% CI; 1.01-1.42, p = .038) as independent factors related to overall survival. Eradication of HCV using DAAs prolonged not only time to curative treatment failure but also overall survival even in C-HCC patients with multiple courses of recurrence.

In order to develop a technical process to display holographic reconstructed images in colors, it seems to be very important to extend the holographic displayable region of colors, and so the study of displaying process of the reconstructed images in colors with the use of blue-violet laser light (wavelength: 405 nm)seems to be crucial. We have studied how to improve the characteristics of the displayable region of the reconstructed images using blue-violet laser light when time-sharing multiplex reconstructing technique is employed. In this report, we are going to show some improved displaying characteristics of the object with the curved shape, and to propose some useful basic suggestions for a colorful display of reconstructed holographic images when blue-violet laser light is applied.

Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) has been accepted as safe and effective for treating early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, it often causes severe pain. Therefore, in this study, we performed RFA under deep sedation and investigated its efficacy and safety. We conducted a retrospective study including 511 HCC patients who received approximately 886 RFA treatments between December 2014 and November 2016 at our institution. Respiratory depression was defined as oxygen saturation of below 90%; and severe body movement was defined as movement caused by pain, which was managed by lowering the power of the generator. Factors associated with respiratory depression and severe body movement were examined via univariate and multivariate regression analyses. Respiratory depression occurred in 15.3% of the patients and severe body movement in 26.5% of the patients. In the multivariate analysis, BMI (≥ 25 kg/m2, odds ratio [OR] = 1.75, P = 0.035) and longer ablation (≥ 10 min, OR = 2.59, P = 0.002) were significant respiratory depression-related factors. Male sex (OR = 2.02, P = 0.005), Child–Pugh class A (odds ratio = 1.96, P = 0.018), and longer ablation (≥ 10 min, OR = 3.03, P

In this paper, noting the effect of cavity bubble, which is also applied to the high-pressure operated washer, we have studied a spatial screen utilizing cavity bubble as a display of holographic projected images. Cavity bubble suggests a phenomenon such that the water boils and turns to the vapor by a sudden lowering of the pressure in the underwater and many small-sized bubbles are produced in the underwater. Here, to produce bubbles stably, we first dissolve the air in the water by imposing the high water-pressure, and then, pour it into the water-tank rapidly using the aspirator whose absorbing entrance is closed tightly. Like this way, by introducing a stable lowering process of the water-pressure, we may be able to produce a constant amount of bubbles continuously. In this report, we shall introduce a new process adopted a cavity bubble screen and study its effectiveness in the projecting process of holographic images. As this result, we have seen that a spatial screen utilizing cavity bubble will be expected to have a more improved quality in the brightness of the images than before in the display of the projected holographic images. This research was partially supported by the Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (No. 17K00493) in Japan.

Image-guided percutaneous ablation is considered best in the treatment of early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Ablation is potentially curative, minimally invasive, and easily repeatable for recurrence. Ethanol injection used to be the standard in ablation. However, radiofrequency ablation has recently been the most prevailing ablation method for HCC. Many investigators have reported that radiofrequency ablation is superior to ethanol injection, from the viewpoints of treatment response, local tumor curativity, and overall survival. New-generation microwave ablation can create a larger ablation volume in a shorter time period. Further comparison studies are, however, mandatory between radiofrequency ablation and microwave ablation, especially in terms of complications and long-term survival. Irreversible electroporation, which is a non-thermal ablation method that delivers short electric pulses to induce cell death due to apoptosis, requires further studies, especially in terms of long-term outcomes. It is considerably difficult to compare outcomes in ablation with those in surgical resection. However, radiofrequency ablation seems to be a satisfactory alternative to resection for HCC 3 cm or smaller in Child-Pugh class A or B cirrhosis. Furthermore, radiofrequency ablation may be a first-line treatment in HCC 2 cm or smaller in Child-Pugh class A or B cirrhosis. Various innovations would further improve outcomes in ablation. Training programs may be effective in providing an excellent opportunity to understand basic concepts and learn cardinal skills for successful ablation. Sophisticated ablation would be more than an adequate alternative of surgery for small- and possibly middle-sized HCC.

In direct current (DC) system, there is no zero-cross of voltage curve, so that dangerous arc discharge shall be occurred inevitably between poles. Also, inrush current must be occurred in capacitors inside of ICT equipment. These unpreferable phenomenons will be happened at every movement of connect and disconnect. So, stable protection shall be necessary for human safety. New appliance coupler with safety functions to avoid damages of both inrush current and arc discharge has been developed and this paper explains its developed mechanism and reports the significant result of verification tests. There has never been industrial standard for appliance coupler of LVDC yet. Even in IEC, this is still on discussions. So, verification tests in this paper were performed compliant to IEC TS 62735-2 which was already published and specifies Plug and Socket-outlet of 400 Vdc for data centers.

Recently we have developed the conceptual design for realizing a critically-high electrical efficiency with solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). SOFCs are promising electrochemical devices that enable the highest fuel-to-electricity conversion efficiencies under high operating temperatures. The concept of multi-stage electrochemical oxidation using SOFCs has been proposed and studied over the past several decades for further improving the electrical efficiency. However, the improvement is limited by fuel dilution downstream of the fuel flow. Recently we developed and reported a conceptual design that has a potential to realize a critically-high fuel-to-electricity conversion efficiency of up to as high as 85% (LHV, gross DC), in which a high-temperature multi-stage solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) is combined with a proton-conducting solid oxide electrolyte. Switching a solid electrolyte material from a conventional oxide-ion conducting material to a proton-conducting material under the high-temperature multi-stage electrochemical oxidation mechanism has proven to be highly advantageous for the electrical efficiency. The DC efficiency of 85% (LHV) corresponds to a net AC efficiency of approximately 77% (LHV), where the net AC efficiency refers to the transmission-end AC efficiency. This evolved concept will yield a considerably higher efficiency with a much smaller generation capacity than the state-of-the-art several tens-of-MW-class most advanced combined cycle (MACC). In the conceptual design the proton-conducting electrolyte was assumed to have a protonic transport number of 1. However, the protonic transport number of the proton-conducting solid oxide electrolyte depends on the material and operating conditions such as temperature, oxygen partial pressure, kinds of fuel and so on, and would affect the electrical efficiency. Therefore, to realize the critically-high electrical efficiency by using the multi-stage electrochemical oxidation, proton-conducting solid oxide having a high ionic transport number should be developed.

We have already found that an amidinated chitin, which was prepared by the reaction of a partially deacetylated chitin with N,N-dimethylacetamide dimethyl acetal, was converted into an amidinium chitin bicarbonate with nanofiber morphology by CO2 gas bubbling and ultrasonic treatments in water. In this study, we performed the fabrication of composite materials of such cationic chitin nanofibers with an anionic polysaccharide, sodium alginate, by ion exchange. When the amidinium chitin bicarbonate nanofiber aqueous dispersion was added to an aqueous solution of sodium alginate, the composite material was agglomerated, which was isolated by centrifugation, filtration, and lyophilization, to form a manipulatable sheet. The morphology of the resulting sheet at nano-scale was evaluated by SEM measurement.

This article describes a new closed form of the matrix elements in scattering from holographic Fourier gratings by using the T-matrix method. This formulation is useful because the T-matrix element is presented in the analytical form of the Bessel function series. The energy convergence does supply a numerical consistency check at less than 1% in percentage power error. Numerical examples are illustrated for diffraction efficiencies with various incident angles and profiles for holographic Fourier gratings. If the profile of a grating is chosen appropriately, the diffraction efficiency can be more than 80% at TE- and TM-polarization.

Electroholography is a technique that can display moving 3D images by using an electronic spatial modulation optical device. Real image reconstruction methods using focusing lenses have been investigated in the past. However, these methods have problems, one being that the view field is limited by the lens characteristics. On the other hand, the virtual image reconstruction method discussed in this paper can present 3D images in a relatively wide view field and is expected to be a very effective means of 3D image presentation. Consequently, this paper considers a virtual image reconstruction method using a DMD as the reflection element. A DMD panel that can display images with high brightness is used, and virtual image reconstruction is applied. It is shown that relatively good color images can be displayed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 89(9): 44–52, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.20303

This paper describes exactly a new formulation of the T-matrix method with R-matrix expression for the electromagnetic diffraction efficiency about a case that the dielectric-coated metallic Fourier grating is illuminated by a plane wave. We show that the parameters of numerical calculations are widely applied by using R-matrix expression for the thick dielectric coating although this formulation is restricted for groove depth of the grating in a conventional T-matrix method.

Abst ract Hologram image is so realistic that various images can be displayed at stereoscopic image in three dimensional space even though they are illusion. The main subject of this paper is to express the meaning of our existence using the hologram image. We succeeded to present the memory of human life such as feeling of happiness, brightness and silence of our life by a series of hologram works of “A memory of a Stone” using the pulse laser holographic image and made clear the efficiency of this method. A stone named “Sand Rose” is the symbol of our self-existence. Keyword hologram, 3D-display, stereoscopic image, pulse laser, Sand Rose, self-existence

Recently, because the high-speed network system known as broadband internet has become widespread, it is now possible to transmit various forms of multimedia data using this system. We found several research reports for the transmitting visual images in the network streaming process. However, there seemed to be few reports on transmission of holographic 3D movies. We present a transmitting process of holographic 3D movies adopting network-streaming techniques and a hologram in which 3D objects were recorded as fringe patterns. When we applied this method, we could achieve excellent transmission of holographic 3D movies.Moreover, we could reconstruct good holographic images using transmitted streaming data. From this result, it seemed possible to develop new transmitting processes of 3D moving data using well-known conventional techniques.

Electro holography is a technique that can reconstruct moving color 3D images. Recently, several methods using a white light source or laser waves have been tested. However, since the reconstructing waves are applied closely approximated to the plane waves, the system tends to be very complicated and, hence, difficult to make smaller. In this paper, we examine a virtual image observing process using LED as a reference beam and analyze the color characteristics of the process. The results showed excellent color characteristics.

We have isolated a protein complex from the nacreous layer of pearl beads and oyster shells. This complex was mainly composed of pearlin and pearl keratin. Addition of a minute amount of the complex to a calcium-carbonate-saturated solution containing Mg2+ induced aragonite crystallization. The complex was dissociated to individual components in the presence of EDTA and urea. Conversely, the complex was reconstituted from a mixture of components upon incubation with Ca2+ and urea. The mixture of the components was unable to induce aragonite crystallization, but the reconstituted complex recovered this capacity. Thus it is concluded that the complex is the indivisible functional unit required for aragonite crystallization.

Holographic process is an imaging technique for reconstructing 3D images in three dimensional space. In holographic wave front reconstructing, several approaches adopting photorefractive crystals or lens systems have been studied. However in these systems, the problems arise such that the size of the reconstructed image is to be small and the visual field is restricted to be narrow by the lens. Our new imaging process presented here takes advantage of scattering of particles (by spraying water) as a holographic 3D screen, and this process enables us to reconstruct relatively larger 3D images (5cm×5cm) than the ones (1.5cm×1.5cm) observed in the previous systems

Heavy ion radiation (high linear energy transfer, LET, radiation) induces various types of chromosome aberration. In this report, we describe a new method employing an atomic force microscope (AFM) for nanometer-level structural analysis of chromosome damage induced by heavy ion irradiation. Metaphase mouse chromosomes with chromatid gap or chromatid breaks induced by heavy ion irradiation were marked under a light microscope. Then the detailed structure of chromosomes of Giemsa-stained or unstained samples was visualized by the AFM. The height data of chromosomes obtained by AFM provided useful information to distinguish chromatid gaps and breaks. A fibrous structure was observed on the unstained chromosome, the average width of which was about 45.8 nm in the image of AFM. These structures were considered to be 30-nm fibers on the chromosome. The structure of the break point regions induced by neon- or carbon-ion irradiation was imaged by AFM. In some cases, the fibrous structure of break points was detected by AFM imaging after carbon ion irradiation. These observations indicated that AFM is a useful tool for analysis of chromosome aberrations induced by heavy ion radiation.

We investigated the basic white-light optical process for the reconstruction of encoded color holographic images by using liquid crystal display (LCD) panels. Instead of using three lasers, we used a metal halide lamp as the only white-light source. The lamp had good characteristics in each band of the wavelengths of the color components. Light components neaded for the reconstruction of images were extracted by color separation using dichroic mirrors, and then, color stereographic images were reconstructed by composing the lights filtered out by a hologram pattern formed on the LCD panels through prisms. As a result, several fine color stereographic images were reconstructed in our optical system equipped with a white-light source and LCD panels.

In the microwave band, the radiated wave from the pyramidal horn antenna is calculated in the diffracted field by the Fresnel approximation. In addition, the Fresnel approximation has been introduced into the diffracted field with half infinite diffraction plane. This phenomenon is examined compared with the experiment value based on a hologram interpretation. In this report, the electromagnetic diffracted field with the pyramid horn antenna is calculated as the first stage under the Fresnel approximation. As a result, the hologram was made by interfering with the reference wave whose obtained diffracted field and angle of incidence are 60° on the computer. It can be interpreted that this is one computer generated hologram. Moreover, the image that this hologram pattern is reconstructed in optics with the He-Ne laser was obtained.

Transmission of hologram is very important to realizing the holographic 3D TV. Transmission of Computer Generated Hologram(CGH) data using SSTV wire-less method was tried before and one frame with 76.8k bit data transmitted by 2kbbs was reported1-2). In this research we consider about more high speed transmission and more high resolution hologram data transmission and reconstruction using white LED.

Computer holographic stereogram (CHS) is useful for holographic 3D TV because it is constructed from the multi horizontal viewpoint plane images and is compatible to the multi camera stereoscopic image. Each hologram is recorded as a slit hologram (element hologram) but total viewing area and the number of the element holograms have been limited to some extent by the size and the resolution points of LCD. Therefore we used two LCDs for making CHS and deposited them horizontally and increased the viewing points to two times and extend the display area to satisfy the binocular parallax. We considered how viewing area becomes extended. We consider how we could improve the characteriostics of the images of CHS. We got moving images with this system using web-camera and also we considered the real time calculation about the hologram 3D-TV.

In the microwave band, the radiated wave from the pyramidal horn antenna is calculated in the diffracted field by the Fresnel approximation. In addition, the Fresnel approximation has been introduced into the diffracted field with half infinite diffraction plane. This phenomenon is examined compared with the experiment value based on a hologram interpretation. In this report, the electromagnetic diffracted field with the pyramid horn antenna is calculated as the first stage under the Fresnel approximation. As a result, the hologram was made by interfering with the reference wave whose obtained diffracted field and angle of incidence are 60° on the computer. It can be interpreted that this is one computer generated hologram. Moreover, the image that this hologram pattern is reconstructed in optics with the He-Ne laser was obtained.

A discussion on a complex refractive index (n = nc″ - jnc″) for a clad film of a thin-film waveguide polarizer is presented. A guided light of a wavelength 0.5145 μm is chosen. Based on simulation result using a slab approximation, experimental results are discussed for SiN clad films. SiN films are fabricated onto a three-dimensional waveguide as clad films with a waveguide width 20 μm. Five SiN films with different nc″ (= 0.02, 0.07, 0.12, 0.16, 0.23) are examined for the performance characteristics. As a result, nc″ = 0.16 is found to be best for a TE mode transmission polarizer with an extinction ratio 27 dB and an insertion loss 6 dB. Also, for a TM mode transmission polarizer, nc″ = 0.07 is found to be most suitable where an extinction ratio is 26 dB and an insertion loss is 2 dB.

Computer holographic stereogram (CHS) is useful for holographic 3D TV because it is constructed from the multi camera horizontal viewpoint plane images and is compatible to the multi holographic stereogram image. Each hologram is recorded as a slit hologram (element hologram) but total viewing area and the number of the element holograms have been limited to some extent by the size and the resolution points of LCD panel. Therefore we used two LCDs for making CHS and deposited them horizontally and increased the viewing points to two times and extend the display area to satisfy the binocular parallax. We considered how viewing area becomes extended. We consider how we could improve the characteriostics of the images of CHS. We got moving images with this system using web-camera and considered the real time calculation about the hologram 3D-TV.

In the holographic 3D display using mist screen, large 3D images can be observed with wide viewing angle. However, in the previous methods, it was difficult to observe the sides of the projected 3D images. In this paper, we studied a process to expand the displaying volume of the projected 3D images by preparing a jetting system improving the characteristics of the mist screen and by combining the reconstructing waves reflected from two SLM's. As this result, by adopting our system, 3D images are seen to become observable with wider viewing angle including sides than before.

Transmission of hologram is very important to realizing the holographic 3D TV. Transmission of Computer Generated Hologram(CGH) data using SSTV wire-less method is tried before and one frame with 76.8k bit data is transmitted by 2kbbs is reported1). In this research we consider to more high speed transmission and more high resolution hologram data transmission using white LED.

ホログラフィは以前から静止画像のディスプレイとして用いられて来た.その自然な立体感のために動画像を対象とした3次元画像表示装置として期待され, そのための研究が行われて来た.しかし, 動画ホログラフィの実現のためには, 記録材料および表示デバイスなどの要素技術の開発や情報量の圧縮など, 様々な問題の解決が必要である.ここでは内外で現在活発に行われつつある動画ホログラフィの研究についての動向を報告する.

In this paper, a transmitting process of a sequence of holograms describing 3D moving objects over the communicating wireless-network system is presented. A sequence of holograms involves holograms is transformed into a bit stream data, and then it is transmitted over the wireless LAN and Bluetooth. It is shown that applying this technique, holographic data of 3D moving object is transmitted in high quality and a relatively good reconstruction of holographic images is performed.

We have been developing the projection type display system[1]. In the case of projection type display, it needs to use the screen in order to project the image clearly. We could get the wide viewing area using the mist screen[2-4]. However, the image with mist screen was flickered by gravity and air flow. Then we considered to reduce the flicker of the image and we found that flicker can be reduced and viewing angle became more large. This time we report the large viewing angle projection type display system using screen made up with very small particle size smoke and flow controlled nozzle. Hence, at first we considered the most suitable particle for the screen and then the shape of screen and then we constructed the array of flow controlled smoke screen. By the results of experiment we could get considerably high contrast flicker-less image and get the viewing angle more than 60° by this flow controlled nozzle attached new type smoke screen and moreover we can get the walk through type display with this method and make clear the efficiency of this method.

In the case of projection type display[1], it needs to us e the screen in order to project the image clearly and wide viewing angle. We have been developing the projection type display system using the mist screen [2-4] . However, the image with mist screen was flickered by gravity and air flow. Then we considered to reduce the flicker of the image an d we found that flicker can be re duced and viewing angle became more large. This time we report the large viewing angle projection type display system using screen made up with very small particle size smoke and flow controlled nozzle. Hen ce, at first we considered the most suitable particle for the screen and then the shape of screen and then we constructed the array of flow controlled smoke screen. By the results of experiment we could get considerably high contrast flicker-less image and get the viewing angle more than 60° by this flow controlled nozzle a ttached new type smoke screen and moreover we can get the step-in type display with this method and make clear the efficiency of this method. Keywords: flow controlled smoke screen, step-in type display, large viewing angle, high contrast flicker-less image

This paper describes a new closed form of the matrix elements by using T-matrix method. This formulation is useful expression because T-matrix element is presented in the analytical form of the Bessel function series. The energy convergence does supply a numerical consistency check at less than 1[%] in percentage power error. Numerical examples are illustrated for diffraction efficiencies which the incident angle and profile for holographic Fourier gratings are variable. If the profile of a grating is chosen appropriately, the diffraction efficiency can be checked by becoming more than 80[%] at TE and TM polarization.

Recently, many type of 3-D displays are now being developed. We want to see 3-D moving image with comfortably and more expanded depth, Holography is different from the other 3-D display because natural stereoscopic image can be obtained. We have once developed a electro-holographic display using virtual image. But the viewing area is so small because the pixcel size of LCD is not so small. This time we developed the projection type electro-holographic display system. In the case of projection type holography [1], it needs to use the 3-D screen in order to project the reconstructed image clearly and viewing angle becomes wide. We developed the electro-holographic display system using mist 3-D screen. However, a reconstructed image with mist 3-D screen was flickered by gravity and flow of air. Then we considered to reduce the flicker of the image and we found that flicker could be reduced using flow controlled nozzle. Hence, at first we considered the most suitable shape of 3-D screen and then we constructed the array of flow controlled mist 3D screen. By the results of experiment we could get considerably high contrast 3-D moving image and get the viewing area more than 30°by this flow controlled nozzle attached new type mist 3-D screen and make clear the efficiency of this method.

An infrared transmitting technique for 3D holographic images is studied. It seems to be very effective as a transmitting technique for 3D holographic images in the places where electric wave is prohibited to be used for transmission. In this paper, we first explain our infrared transmitting system for holograms and a display system for the presentation of holographic 3D images reconstructed from the received signal. Next, we make a report on the results obtained by infrared transmission of CGH and a comparison of the real and the reconstructed 3D images in our system. As this result, it is found that reconstructed holographic 3D images do not suffer a large deterioration in the quality and highly contrasted ones can be presented.

Computer holographic stereogram (CHS) is useful for holographic 3D TV because it is constructed from the multi horizontal viewpoint plane images and is compatible to the multi-view point images. Each hologram is recorded as a slit hologram (element hologram) but total viewing area and the number of the element holograms have been limited to some extent by the size and the resolution points of LCD. Therefore we used two LCDs for making CHS and deposited them horizontally and increased the viewing points to two times and extend the display area to satisfy the binocular parallax. We considered how viewing area becomes extended. We consider how we could improve the characteriostics of the images of CHS. From now we consider the condition such as transmission and real time calculation about the 3D-TV© (2007) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

Computer holographic stereogram (CHS) is useful for holographic 3D TV because it is constructed from the multi horizontal viewpoint plane images and is compatible to the multi camera stereoscopic image. Each hologram is recorded as a slit hologram (element hologram) but total viewing area and the number of the element holograms have been limited to some extent by the size and the resolution points of LCD. Therefore we used two LCDs for CHS and arranged them horizontally and increased the viewing points to two times and considered how viewing area and reconstructed images of CHS were improved.

In this paper, the quality of recovered holographic images produced by CGH adopted JPEG2000 is investigated. As a result, it is observed that this process gives nice 3D reconstructed images. It appears to show that a transmission of 3D holographic images can be possible.

Recently, many type 3D display are now being developed. We have developed a electro-holographic display system using water particle 3D screen. However, a reconstructed image on water particle 3D screen was not clear because it was flickered by gravity and flow. By our research, flicker was reduced using flow controlled nozzle. We want to watch 3D moving image with little distortion and more expanded depth, hence, we have developed an array of water particle 3D screen.

The specification of hologram image is the full parallax 3D image. In this case we can get more natural 3D image because focusing and convergence are coincident each other. We try to get practical electro-holography system because for conventional electro-holography the image viewing angle is very small. This is due to the limited display pixel size. Now we are developing new method for large viewing angle by space projection method. White color laser is irradiated to single DMD panel (time shared CGH of RGB three colors). 3D space screen constructed by very small water particle is used to reconstruct the 3D image with large viewing angle by scattering of water particle.

Recently many kinds of transmitting techniques have been developed, and a communicating network system with a very high transmission-rate has been constructed. Broad-band internet system may be one of the most useful communicating network systems. In this paper, a transmitting process of holographic 3D moving pictures accompanied by stereo sounds over the communicating network system is presented. It involves a transmitting technique of the hologram, in which holographic information of 3D moving pictures are recorded as fringe patterns. First, the information in the hologram is transformed into a bit stream data, and then it is transmitted over the internet system with stereo sound wave. We call it simply as "network streaming technique". It is shown that by an application of this technique, the holographic data of 3D moving pictures are transmitted in high quality, and relatively good reconstruction of holographic images are performed with nice stereo sounds. It suggests that based on "network streaming technique", a new transmitting process of holographic 3D moving pictures employed MPEG-4 and stereo sound wave can be rigorously developed, and it seems to play an important role in the transmission of 3D moving pictures accompanied by stereo sounds over the network.

Recently, image quality is improved by the research of sensation of reality that feeling of being at a live performance. We are developing electro-holographic display system using water particle 3D screen. It was cleared that water particle screen shows high contrast image with wide viewing angle and it is effective for holographic TV but it shows flickers by gravity and flow. Our research made flickers being reduced using flow controlled nozzle