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1. Statistical assessment of ELM triggering by pellets on JET

Author: Peter J. Lomas, Ivo S. Carvalho, R.B. Henriques, A. Kappatou, A. C. C. Sips, C. Sozzi, D.B. King, M. Baruzzo, M. Lennholm, R. Mooney, C. Reux, M. Maslov, D. Frigione, D. Van Eester, E. Belonohy, M. F. F. Nave, Sara Moradi, D. L. Keeling, I. Nunes, M. Valovic, C. Lowry, Peter Lang, R. McKean, G. Tvalashvili, G. Artaserse, L. Garzotti, E. Lerche, C. Perez von Thun, Jet Contributors, P. Jaquet, E. de la Luna, F.G. Rimini, G. Calabrò, J. Hobirk, C.D. Challis, and JET Contributors
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Jet (fluid), Materials science, Tokamak, digestive, oral, and skin physiology, ELM triggering, Pellets, Mechanics, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, law, spellets, 0103 physical sciences, ELM, tokamaks, 010306 general physics
Abstract: This article investigates the triggering of ELMs on JET by injection of frozen pellets of isotopes of Hydrogen. A method is established to determine the probability that a specific pellet triggers a particular ELM. This method allows clear distinction between pellet-ELM pairs that are very likely to represent triggering events and pairs that are very unlikely to represent such an event. Based on this, the pellet parameters that are most likely to affect the ability of pellets to trigger ELMs have been investigated. It has been found that the injection location is very important, with injection from the vertical high field side showing a much higher triggering efficiency than low field side (LFS) injection. The dependence on parameters such as pellet speed and size and the time since the last ELM is also seen to be much stronger for LFS injection. Finally, the paper illustrates how improvements to the pellet injection system by streamlining the pellet flight lines and slightly increasing the pellet size has resulted in a significantly improved ability to deliver pellets to the plasma and trigger ELMs.
Published: 2021
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2. Physics and applications of three-ion ICRF scenarios for fusion research

Author: J. Ongena, D. King, R. J. Dumont, M. Schneider, D. Van Eester, Jet Contributors, E. Lerche, R. Coelho, Teddy Craciunescu, K. K. Kirov, A. Chomiczewska, Thomas Johnson, M. Van Schoor, D. Rigamonti, R. Bilato, P. A. Schneider, Alcator C-Mod Team, J. Galdon-Quiroga, M. Lennholm, Jacob Eriksson, Antti Hakola, S. D. Pinches, F. Durodié, A. R. Polevoi, P. Jacquet, M. Nocente, Ye. O. Kazakov, M. Maslov, John Wright, Mirko Salewski, A. Thorman, M. Fitzgerald, M. F. F. Nave, D. Gallart, N. Wendler, F. Nabais, A. Kappatou, H. Weisen, M. Dreval, D. Valcarcel, J. Garcia, S. Mazzi, M. J. Mantsinen, Kristel Crombé, C. Giroud, P. Dumortier, S.J. Wukitch, S. Menmuir, EUROfusion Mst Team, U. Plank, D. Keeling, M. Weiland, J. Gonzalez-Martin, P. Lamalle, I. Monakhov, M. Garcia-Munoz, Y. Baranov, Jari Varje, L. Giacomelli, R. Ochoukov, M. Baruzzo, Žiga Štancar, V. G. Kiptily, S. E. Sharapov, V. Bobkov, Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Física Atómica, Molecular y Nuclear, EUROfusion Consortium, JET Contributors, ASDEX Upgrade Team, Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Max Planck Society, Alcator C-Mod Team, Royal Military Academy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, CEA, Culham Science Centre, Polytechnic University of Catalonia, University of Milan - Bicocca, ITER, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Agenzia nazionale per le nuove tecnologie, l'energia e lo sviluppo economico sostenibile, Soltan Institute for Nuclear Studies, Universidade Lisboa, National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, National Science Center Kharkov Institute of Physics and Technology, Uppsala University, University of Seville, National Research Council of Italy, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Technical University of Denmark, J. Stefan Institute, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto-yliopisto, Aalto University, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Kazakov, Y, Ongena, J, Wright, J, Wukitch, S, Bobkov, V, Garcia, J, Kiptily, V, Mantsinen, M, Nocente, M, Schneider, M, Weisen, H, Baranov, Y, Baruzzo, M, Bilato, R, Chomiczewska, A, Coelho, R, Craciunescu, T, Crombe, K, Dreval, M, Dumont, R, Dumortier, P, Durodie, F, Eriksson, J, Fitzgerald, M, Galdon-Quiroga, J, Gallart, D, Garcia-Munoz, M, Giacomelli, L, Giroud, C, Gonzalez-Martin, J, Hakola, A, Jacquet, P, Johnson, T, Kappatou, A, Keeling, D, King, D, Kirov, K, Lamalle, P, Lennholm, M, Lerche, E, Maslov, M, Mazzi, S, Menmuir, S, Monakhov, I, Nabais, F, Nave, M, Ochoukov, R, Polevoi, A, Pinches, S, Plank, U, Rigamonti, D, Salewski, M, Schneider, P, Sharapov, S, Stancar, Z, Thorman, A, Valcarcel, D, Van Eester, D, Van Schoor, M, Varje, J, Weiland, M, and Wendler, N
Subjects: Tokamak, Tokamak devices, Cyclotron, Plasma heating, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, Ion, Fusion, plasma och rymdfysik, ASDEX Upgrade, law, Physics::Plasma Physics, 0103 physical sciences, Fusió nuclear, Magnetoplasma, 010306 general physics, Fusion, Physics, Jet (fluid), Particle beam injection, Física [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC], ICRF, ICRH heating, fusion plasmas, Plasma, Cyclotrons, Condensed Matter Physics, Fusion, Plasma and Space Physics, Three-ion ICRF, Neutral beam injection, Computational physics, Plasma waves, Physics and Astronomy, Nuclear fusion, Radio frequency
Abstract: This paper summarizes the physical principles behind the novel three-ion scenarios using radio frequency waves in the ion cyclotron range of frequencies (ICRF). We discuss how to transform mode conversion electron heating into a new flexible ICRF technique for ion cyclotron heating and fast-ion generation in multi-ion species plasmas. The theoretical section provides practical recipes for selecting the plasma composition to realize three-ion ICRF scenarios, including two equivalent possibilities for the choice of resonant absorbers that have been identified. The theoretical findings have been convincingly confirmed by the proof-of-principle experiments in mixed H?D plasmas on the Alcator C-Mod and JET tokamaks, using thermal 3He and fast D ions from neutral beam injection as resonant absorbers. Since 2018, significant progress has been made on the ASDEX Upgrade and JET tokamaks in H?4He and H?D plasmas, guided by the ITER needs. Furthermore, the scenario was also successfully applied in JET D?3He plasmas as a technique to generate fusion-born alpha particles and study effects of fast ions on plasma confinement under ITER-relevant plasma heating conditions. Tuned for the central deposition of ICRF power in a small region in the plasma core of large devices such as JET, three-ion ICRF scenarios are efficient in generating large populations of passing fast ions and modifying the q-profile. Recent experimental and modeling developments have expanded the use of three-ion scenarios from dedicated ICRF studies to a flexible tool with a broad range of different applications in fusion research. AB - This paper summarizes the physical principles behind the novel three-ion scenarios using radio frequency waves in the ion cyclotron range of frequencies (ICRF). We discuss how to transform mode conversion electron heating into a new flexible ICRF technique for ion cyclotron heating and fast-ion generation in multi-ion species plasmas. The theoretical section provides practical recipes for selecting the plasma composition to realize three-ion ICRF scenarios, including two equivalent possibilities for the choice of resonant absorbers that have been identified. The theoretical findings have been convincingly confirmed by the proof-of-principle experiments in mixed H?D plasmas on the Alcator C-Mod and JET tokamaks, using thermal 3He and fast D ions from neutral beam injection as resonant absorbers. Since 2018, significant progress has been made on the ASDEX Upgrade and JET tokamaks in H?4He and H?D plasmas, guided by the ITER needs. Furthermore, the scenario was also successfully applied in JET D?3He plasmas as a technique to generate fusion-born alpha particles and study effects of fast ions on plasma confinement under ITER-relevant plasma heating conditions. Tuned for the central deposition of ICRF power in a small region in the plasma core of large devices such as JET, three-ion ICRF scenarios are efficient in generating large populations of passing fast ions and modifying the q-profile. Recent experimental and modeling developments have expanded the use of three-ion scenarios from dedicated ICRF studies to a flexible tool with a broad range of different applications in fusion research. The authors are grateful to the anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments that allowed us to improve the paper, I. Voitsekhovitch for her valuable comments and suggestions during the paper preparation, and to H. Meyer and J. Faustin for fruitful discussions. We thank the ITPA Energetic Particle Physics Topical Group for its support. This work has been carried out within the framework of the EUROfusion Consortium and has received funding from the Euratom research and training programme 2014–2018 and 2019–2020 under Grant Agreement No. 633053. The views and opinions expressed herein do not necessarily reflect those of the European Commission. Part of this work was also carried out in the framework of projects done for the ITER Scientist Fellow Network (ISFN). ITER is the Nuclear Facility INB No. 174. The views and opinions expressed herein do not necessarily reflect those of the ITER Organization. This publication is provided for scientific purposes only. Its contents should not be considered as commitments from the ITER Organization as a nuclear operator in the frame of the licensing process. Peer Reviewed "Article signat per 67 autors/es: Ye. O. Kazakov, J. Ongena, J. C. Wright, S. J. Wukitch, V. Bobkov, J. Garcia, V. G. Kiptily, M. J. Mantsinen, M. Nocente, M. Schneider, H. Weisen, Y. Baranov, M. Baruzzo, R. Bilato, A. Chomiczewska, R. Coelho, T. Craciunescu K. Crombé, M. Dreval, R. Dumont, P. Dumortier, F. Durodié, J. Eriksson, M. Fitzgerald, J. Galdon-Quiroga, D. Gallart, M. Garcia-Muñoz, L. Giacomelli, C. Giroud, J. Gonzalez-Martin, A. Hakola, P. Jacquet, T. Johnson, A. Kappatou, D. Keeling, D. King, K. K. Kirov, P. Lamalle, M. Lennholm, E. Lerche, M. Maslov, S. Mazzi, S. Menmuir, I. Monakhov5, F. Nabais, M. F. F. Nave, R. Ochoukov, A. R. Polevoi, S. D. Pinches, U. Plank, D. Rigamonti, M. Salewski, P. A. Schneider, S. E. Sharapov, Ž. Štancar, A. Thorman, D. Valcarcel, D. Van Eester, M. Van Schoor, J. Varje, M. Weiland, N. Wendler, JET Contributors, ASDEX Upgrade Team, EUROfusion MST1 Team, and Alcator C-Mod Team"
Published: 2021
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3. Sawtooth control with modulated ICRH in JET-ILW H-mode plasmas

Author: Ivo S. Carvalho, P. Card, M. J. Mantsinen, C. Noble, Ph. Jacquet, Jet Contributors, Pierre Dumortier, Jonathan Graves, E. Lerche, M. Lennholm, and D. Van Eester
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Jet (fluid), Tokamak, mhd, internal kink stabilization, Mode (statistics), Sawtooth wave, Plasma, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Computational physics, law.invention, sawtooth, law, 0103 physical sciences, icrh, Magnetohydrodynamics, 010306 general physics, tokamak
Abstract: Sawtooth pacing with modulated ion-cyclotron resonance heating (ICRH) has been demonstrated to be very efficient in JET-ILW L-mode plasmas (Lerche et al 2017 Nucl. Fusion 57 036027, Lennholm et al 2017 Fusion Eng. Des. 123 535-40), where the main heat source in the plasma centre is provided by the RF accelerated minority ions. In H-mode plasmas with substantial neutral beam injection power, this technique is more challenging since the fast beam particles have a stabilizing effect on the sawteeth, making it more difficult to trigger a sawtooth crash by removing the additional fast particle sources induced by ICRH inside the q = 1 surface. New results from JET-ILW experiments, showing that this technique can also be used in high power H-modes with considerable success will be presented, with focus on the sawtooth triggering efficiency at different pacing frequencies and plasma parameters, both during the flat-top phase of the discharges and during the H-mode exit and plasma termination.
Published: 2020
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4. Experiments on actuator management and integrated control at ASDEX Upgrade

Author: M. Reich, C. Galperti, C. J. Rapson, J. Stober, M. Lennholm, Olivier Sauter, W. Treutterer, M. Maraschek, Peter Lang, B. Plöckl, E. Maljaars, Faa Federico Felici, ASDEX Upgrade Team, Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Max Planck Society, and Control Systems Technology
Subjects: Computer science, Density, Atmospheric-pressure plasma, Actuator management, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, Pellet, ASDEX Upgrade, Control theory, law, Gyrotron, 0103 physical sciences, General Materials Science, 010306 general physics, Civil and Structural Engineering, Coupling, Flexibility (engineering), Radiation, Mechanical Engineering, Multivariable calculus, Divertor, Integrated control, DCS, ECRH, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, NTM, Actuator
Abstract: The established field of integrated multivariable control promises improved performance and stability for strongly coupled processes, given a control-oriented model of the system. Fusion plasmas are strongly coupled, but there is currently no model which accurately reflects the nature of these complex interactions. Therefore, experiments were performed specifically to investigate coupling between controlled parameters, as a step towards designing integrated controllers in the future. The parameters chosen were core density, divertor neutral pressure and divertor temperature. For control of the plasma pressure and Neoclassical Tearing Modes, where a simple model of the coupling is known, it will be shown that linking the two controllers gives reliably good plasma performance. An additional complication with integrated control is that limited actuator resources are often oversubscribed when trying to control multiple parameters simultaneously. In order to achieve the optimum result, some form of actuator management is a pre-requisite for integrated control. An algorithm has been developed to automatically allocate Electron Cyclotron Resonant Heating gyrotrons to targets, by evaluating a cost function in real-time. Results will be shown to demonstrate the flexibility of this routine to changes in plasma state, gyrotron availability and the goals of the physics experiment.
Published: 2017

5. Overview of the JET results in support to ITER

Author: Alfredo Pironti, J. Simpson-Hutchinson, Sean Conroy, J. Uljanovs, D. Middleton-Gear, G. Possnert, C. Angioni, R. McAdams, Nicholas Watkins, E. Fortuna-Zalesna, A. Garcia-Carrasco, K. Gałązka, D. Nodwell, Pasquale Gaudio, R.A. Pitts, Svetlana V. Ratynskaia, Seppo Koivuranta, O. J. Kwon, C. Boyd, A. Boboc, M. Reinhart, Igor Lengar, Jarrod Leddy, Hiroyasu Utoh, J. H. Ahn, A. Stevens, J. Lönnroth, U. Kruezi, C. Guillemaut, N. Fonnesu, W. Studholme, Marek Rubel, P. Cahyna, O. McCormack, A. S. Jacobsen, D. Mazon, Gunta Kizane, N. Ashikawa, William Tang, J. Goff, F. Nespoli, Thomas Giegerich, G. Petravich, Angela Busse, Corneliu Porosnicu, M. Bigi, M. Wheatley, Christopher N. Bowman, J. Zacks, Ivan Calvo, U. Losada, H. Weisen, B. Bauvir, Stanislas Pamela, Sylvain Brémond, M.F. Stamp, Scott W. McIntosh, A. Rakha, S. Glöggler, V. Braic, C. Bottereau, S. Murphy, S. Knott, Luigi Fortuna, P. Bunting, N. Vora, S. D. Scott, A. Lazaros, R. Dejarnac, P. Buratti, H.R. Strauss, Gabriele Croci, M. Nocente, A. Hollingsworth, S. Reynolds, D. J. Wilson, D. D. Brown, T.C. Luce, S. Zoletnik, E. Nilsson, L. Laguardia, O. Marchuk, F.P. Orsitto, E. Cecil, V. Huber, J. B. Girardo, Stylianos Varoutis, M. D. Axton, Hyun-Tae Kim, E. Safi, Ch. Day, S. Arshad, J. Rzadkiewicz, P. Prior, A. Meigs, S. Esquembri, P. Gohil, K. Purahoo, Torbjörn Hellsten, N. Tipton, R. Guirlet, E. Joffrin, V. Aldred, Calin Besliu, M. Valentinuzzi, G. T. Jones, J. Edwards, Giuseppe Ambrosino, Laurent Marot, N. Lam, F. Crisanti, G. Verona Rinati, R. Marshal, Michael L. Brown, D. Frigione, D. Chandra, Michaele Freisinger, R. Olney, Jari Varje, S. Whetham, F. Parra Diaz, M. R. Hough, P. Dinca, F. Salzedas, A. Goodyear, R. Gowland, J. A. Wilson, J. Horacek, D. King, K. Flinders, I. R. Merrigan, M. Ghate, R. Michling, F. Saint-Laurent, G. Kocsis, D. Van Eester, C. Young, R. O. Dendy, A. Meakins, N. Pace, C. L. Hunter, D. Alegre, S. Foster, V. Riccardo, M. Bulman, C. Jeong, Marek Szawlowski, B. D. Whitehead, Vasily Kiptily, James Harrison, Hiroshi Tojo, G. T. A. Huijsmans, J. W. Coenen, X. Litaudon, Justin Williams, C. Hidalgo, S. Lesnoj, I.E. Day, A. W. Morris, R. Mooney, Yann Corre, S. Brezinsek, B. Gonçalves, M. Kresina, D. Coombs, F. Köchl, J. L. Gardarein, W. Davis, Aqsa Shabbir, Kanti M. Aggarwal, L. Colas, A. B. Kukushkin, Seppo Sipilä, Elisabeth Rachlew, Leena Aho-Mantila, O. G. Pompilian, E. Viezzer, Shane Cooper, Fabio Villone, P. Blanchard, Patrick Tamain, P. Camp, T. Szabolics, C. Luna, Kalle Heinola, H. G. Esser, V. Bobkov, James Buchanan, Andrew West, Hajime Urano, Roberta Lima Gomes, J.P. Coad, Th. Pütterich, A. Sinha, S. Hollis, R. D. Wood, G. D. Ewart, F. S. Griph, T. Kobuchi, X. Lefebvre, S. Warder, A.J. Thornton, S. Peschanyi, B. Graham, Giuseppe Telesca, M. Kempenaars, J. Bernardo, M. Hughes, Eva Belonohy, S. Schmuck, Kai Nordlund, T. J. Smith, P. Hertout, K. D. Lawson, M. Brix, Matthew Sibbald, Grégoire Hornung, C. Tame, Matthew Carr, S. Wray, P. T. Doyle, A. Somers, Giuseppe Chitarin, D. C. Campling, Mitul Abhangi, I. Jepu, David A. Wood, J. Miettunen, A. Sopplesa, Raffaele Fresa, S. Saarelma, M. Bacharis, J. Pozzi, P. Vallejos Olivares, Teddy Craciunescu, Raffaele Albanese, S. Knipe, Jason P. Byrne, A. C. C. Sips, S. Hazel, V. Kazantzidis, G. Stankūnas, A. Kundu, J. Mailloux, C. Guerard, Pramit Dutta, J. E. Boom, Eduardo Alves, P. Grazier, Saskia Mordijck, V.S. Neverov, Kazuo Hoshino, A. P. Vadgama, P. D. Brennan, P. Innocente, Piergiorgio Sonato, M. Irishkin, M. Berry, D. W. Robson, Dieter Leichtle, Fabio Pisano, P. McCullen, T. M. Huddleston, Kensaku Kamiya, D. Pacella, Tommy Ahlgren, A. Kirschner, B. Magesh, A. Ash, J. Mlynář, C. Castaldo, C. Marchetto, D. L. Hillis, M. Incelli, B. Viola, R. J. Robins, E. Andersson Sundén, G. Ramogida, Matthew Reinke, Gerd Meisl, Yannis Kominis, R. Proudfoot, C. Noble, N. J. Conway, V. P. Lo Schiavo, Jorge Luis Rodriguez, Hugo Bufferand, C. H. A. Hogben, B. Evans, R. Sartori, H. Greuner, M. G. Dunne, K. Schöpf, M. I. K. Santala, E. Giovannozzi, A. E. Shevelev, C. Gil, P. Boulting, P. Sagar, A.E. Shumack, P. A. Coates, C. Ayres, R. Prakash, C. Giroud, M. Parsons, J. C. Giacalone, S. Meshchaninov, A. Peackoc, G. De Temmerman, A.C.A. Figueiredo, D. Gallart, P. Santa, Sergey Popovichev, Ivan Lupelli, M. Valovic, Thomas Johnson, Y. Martynova, M. Rack, Olivier Sauter, J. Garcia, P. Siren, I. Balboa, S. Lee, Hans Nordman, R. Roccella, M. Faitsch, Julien Hillairet, Patrick J. McCarthy, C. Reux, Irena Ivanova-Stanik, V. Coccorese, Ye. O. Kazakov, R. El-Jorf, C. Hamlyn-Harris, Matthias Weiszflog, C. F. Maggi, Panagiotis Tolias, N. C. Hawkes, E. Clark, Bruno Santos, B. Sieglin, R. Rodionov, Roch Kwiatkowski, P. Denner, C. Woodley, Hugh Summers, Francesco Pizzo, G. Pucella, D. Croft, F. Di Maio, M. Tomes, D. Molina, A. Fernades, L. Amicucci, Marco Cecconello, A. Bisoffi, Z. Ul-Abidin, J. Wilkinson, H. Maier, S. Rowe, M. Beckers, P.J. Knight, E. Pajuste, Choong-Seock Chang, K. Deakin, M. Enachescu, A. Cobalt, D. Tskhakaya Jun, Michela Gelfusa, Rémy Nouailletas, R. Ragona, N. Bonanomi, D. A. Homfray, K. Riddle, Yann Camenen, J. D. Thomas, R.P. Doerner, Timothy P. Robinson, Y. Miyoshi, Ph. Jacquet, H. T. Lambertz, D. Pulley, A. Bécoulet, E. Tholerus, O. Bogar, M. Peterka, R. Crowe, C. Sommariva, A. R. Talbot, N. K. Butler, N. Reid, R. Zagórski, Gerald Pintsuk, Juri Romazanov, Andre Neto, G. L. Ravera, Paolo Arena, A. Manning, F. Durodié, Maryna Chernyshova, D. Karkinsky, Štefan Matejčík, J. P. Thomas, A. Wilson, L. Joita, R. Naish, P. Strand, M. Balden, M. Kaufman, T. Powell, V. Schmidt, D. Barnes, José Vicente, S. Doswon, Daniel F. Valcarcel, Claudia Corradino, R. Warren, Annette M. Hynes, J. D. Strachan, A. M. Messiaen, M. Kovari, O. Omolayo, D. M. Witts, R. C. Felton, C. Fleming, C. A. Marren, Patrick Maget, J. Galdon-Quiroga, H. R. Koslowski, Bruce Lipschultz, Ana Elisa Bauer de Camargo Silva, J. Waterhouse, R. J. Dumont, M. Schneider, Sara Moradi, K. J. Nicholls, M. Beldishevski, Benedikt Geiger, A. Jardin, A. Ekedahl, A. Lyssoivan, C. Waldon, Davide Galassi, F. Jaulmes, A. Kirk, Yannick Marandet, F. Hasenbeck, Gabor Szepesi, R. C. Pereira, J. Juul Rasmussen, Nobuyuki Aiba, Michelle E. Walker, Gábor Cseh, Scott W. Mosher, R. Bastow, A. Di Siena, E. Lazzaro, M. Curuia, C. D. Challis, Z. Ghani, J. Deane, João M. C. Sousa, Henrik Sjöstrand, T. O'Gorman, H. R. Wilson, P. Devynck, M. Price, C. A. Thompson, Daniele Marocco, A. Cullen, M. Clark, M. Lennholm, D. Carralero, N. Balshaw, Roland Sabot, I. Stepanov, N. Petrella, Filippo Sartori, L. W. Packer, P. Thomas, M. Lungu, A. V. Krasilnikov, R. Young, Jonathan Graves, J. C. Hillesheim, Mǎdǎlina Vlad, Duccio Testa, Pierre Dumortier, Paulo Carvalho, M. Gosk, Yong-Su Na, M. Buckley, Carlos A. Silva, V. Fuchs, K. Vasava, P. A. Tigwell, B. Wakeling, M. Medland, M. Bellinger, K. Gal, Petter Ström, E. Veshchev, F. Nabais, A. Wynn, L. Lauro Taroni, B. Beckett, L. Gil, M. Towndrow, Brian Grierson, Harry M. Meyer, V. Philipps, A. de Castro, D. Kinna, D. Conka, Göran Ericsson, L. Piron, J. Hawkins, D. Cooper, Kenneth Hammond, V.V. Parail, Cristian Ruset, G.J. van Rooij, M. N. A. Beurskens, N. Fawlk, G. Evison, M. Van De Mortel, N. Marcenko, B. Slade, Th. Franke, Simone Peruzzo, N. den Harder, D. Baião, A. Martin de Aguilera, Frederic Imbeaux, Carlo Sozzi, J.L. de Pablos, J. Svensson, A. Withycombe, Ane Lasa, H. Sheikh, V.A. Yavorskij, Nick Walkden, E. Lerche, C. S. Gibson, Roberto Zanino, Y. Peysson, David Hatch, B. Bazylev, E. de la Cal, S. Hacquin, T. D. V. Haupt, S. A. Silburn, T.T.C. Jones, Maria Teresa Porfiri, Walid Helou, S. E. Sharapov, M. Zerbini, Ken W Bell, Marco Marinelli, Kyriakos Hizanidis, J. M. Fontdecaba, N. Teplova, K. K. Kirov, S. Vartanian, W. W. Pires de Sa, T. C. Hender, J. K. Blackburn, I. Monakhov, H. Patten, P. A. Simmons, Y. Austin, J. Regana, Stefano Coda, Amanda J. Page, D. Fuller, António J.N. Batista, A. Horton, P. Heesterman, S. Cramp, J. Hobirk, F. Clairet, A. Burckhart, M. Allinson, Larry R. Baylor, W. Leysen, D. B. Gin, P. Nielsen, A. Kantor, Yueqiang Liu, A.V. Stephen, Jose Ramon Martin-Solis, P. Mantica, B. C. Regan, Aleksander Drenik, A. Lukin, L. Thorne, G. Nemtsev, J. Denis, M. E. Graham, D. Rigamonti, W. Van Renterghem, M. Tardocchi, M. Koubiti, A. Malaquias, M. Tsalas, A. Cufar, Giuseppe Prestopino, D. Kogut, N. Pomaro, J. Keep, Jochen Linke, Shimpei Futatani, Boris Breizman, A. Sirinelli, M. Chandler, M. Fortune, F. Degli Agostini, I. Jenkins, T. Spelzini, G. Calabrò, O. N. Kent, A. Lunniss, Etienne Hodille, Z. Vizvary, Volker Naulin, T. Eich, F. Mink, A. Alkseev, P. W. Haydon, Massimo Angelone, Norberto Catarino, J. Lapins, Roberto Pasqualotto, R. Lawless, T. Schlummer, F. Bonelli, M. Wischmeier, Stéphane Devaux, G. Saibene, Dirk Reiser, Y. R. Martin, H. Bergsåker, Jon Godwin, Alessia Santucci, C. Lane, Justyna Grzonka, Ph. Mertens, Claudio Verona, David Moulton, E. Delabie, Anna Salmi, P. G. Smith, T. Bolzonella, Silvio Ceccuzzi, Ulrich Fischer, G. Liu, M. A. Henderson, M. Marinucci, T. Suzuki, Jakub Bielecki, João Figueiredo, M. Afzal, J. Cane, Robert Hager, Luciano Bertalot, M. Firdaouss, G. Tvalashvili, D. Hepple, D. Esteve, M. De Bock, Y. Baranov, R. D'Inca, G. De Tommasi, Ch. Linsmeier, T. Nicolas, I. J. Pearson, P. Finburg, Ireneusz Książek, S. Talebzadeh, A. Czarnecka, A. Botrugno, M. Gethins, Bohdan Bieg, R. Baughan, I. Borodkina, B. Kos, A. Muraro, T. Vasilopoulou, G. Hermon, S.J. Wukitch, Jari Likonen, D. P. Coster, Guglielmo Rubinacci, I. H. Coffey, Justine M. Kent, S. E. Dorling, J. Dankowski, Geert Verdoolaege, Daisuke Nishijima, R. Clarkson, E. R. Solano, M. Stephen, A. Lescinskis, P. Staniec, Karl Schmid, M. Mayer, Peter Lang, T. Franklin, M.I. Williams, C. G. Elsmore, F. Maviglia, C. Di Troia, C. Penot, A. Zarins, Pierre Manas, D. F. Gear, Yu Gao, Philipp Drews, E. Letellier, A. S. Thompson, L. Forsythe, I. Zychor, E. Khilkevich, A. Manzanares, T. Nakano, Paulo Rodrigues, J. Edmond, Sebastián Dormido-Canto, R. Dux, C. Appelbee, L. Moser, Angelo Cenedese, D. Fagan, N. Richardson, Giuseppe Gorini, V. Rohde, R. Paprok, João P. S. Bizarro, P. Aleynikov, M. Sertoli, Ł. Świderski, Simone Palazzo, O. W. Davies, D. Douai, N. Macdonald, M. Baruzzo, J. López-Razola, M. Lungaroni, D. Clatworthy, R. Bravanec, J. Lovell, Ambrogio Fasoli, S.-P. Pehkonen, M. E. Puiatti, P. Papp, G. Bodnar, V. Aslanyan, A. Weckmann, K. A. Taylor, R. Henriques, I. T. Chapman, Ewa Pawelec, Miles M. Turner, Steven J. Meitner, M. Bernert, Ph. Maquet, R. C. Meadows, A. Shaw, N. Vianello, L. Barrera Orte, Tomas Markovic, A. Fil, A. S. Couchman, Inessa Bolshakova, J. Fyvie, Konstantina Mergia, J. Gallagher, R.V. Budny, Frank Leipold, C. J. Rapson, R. C. Lobel, Gennady V. Miloshevsky, K.-D. Zastrow, Ph. Duckworth, Gianluca Rubino, G. Withenshaw, S. Maruyama, S. P. Hallworth Cook, M. Newman, Jérôme Bucalossi, P. Drewelow, Nuno Cruz, D. Iglesias, I. Nedzelski, T. Donne, P. Leichuer, R. Cesario, M. D. J. Bright, T. Boyce, N. Imazawa, Per Petersson, R. King, A. Loving, L. Garzotti, Jorge Ferreira, G. Corrigan, D. Sandiford, B. Tal, P. Puglia, Daniel Tegnered, J. Karhunen, James S. Wright, Tom Wauters, J. McKehon, K. Rathod, Olivier Février, Alessandro Formisano, Petra Bilkova, M. Groth, Ricardo Magnus Osorio Galvao, F. Medina, S. Collins, H. J. Boyer, Elena Bruno, Horacio Fernandes, M. J. Stead, R. Paccagnella, J. Kaniewski, Ion E. Stamatelatos, F. Causa, M. F. F. Nave, A. Patel, D. C. McDonald, L. Moreira, Mariano Ruiz, K. Dylst, Raymond A. Shaw, A. Brett, Jane Johnston, P. P. Pereira Puglia, J. Ongena, N. A. Benterman, V. N. Amosov, Christian Grisolia, J. Simpson, C. Perez von Thun, Jan Weiland, P. Tonner, F. Belli, T. Odupitan, T. Dittmar, Edmund Highcock, Taina Kurki-Suonio, I. Uytdenhouwen, Estelle Gauthier, M. Oberkofler, B. Alper, Iris D. Young, S. Soare, Yuji Hatano, D. Reece, D. Borodin, M. Moneti, W. Yanling, S. Mianowski, K. Fenton, Stephen J. Bailey, R. Coelho, Sandra C. Chapman, E. Łaszyńska, A. R. Field, F.J. Martínez, Anders Nielsen, M. Smithies, M. J. Mantsinen, A. J. Capel, N. D. Smith, A. Pires dos Reis, M.-L. Mayoral, T. Loarer, P. Carman, N. Grazier, S. Breton, J. M. A. Bradshaw, Alexandre C. Pereira, Fulvio Auriemma, Fulvio Militello, Barbara Cannas, D. Ulyatt, A. Kappatou, P. Blatchford, R. Scannell, B. I. Oswuigwe, Darren Price, Robert E. Grove, D. Guard, M. Leyland, G. Stubbs, J. W. Banks, V.V. Plyusnin, M. S. J. Rainford, Andrea Murari, Sanjeev Ranjan, A. Huber, V. Krasilnikov, C. Bower, H. Leggate, S. Abduallev, P. Tsavalas, G. Giruzzi, K. Maczewa, Colin Roach, P. Beaumont, R. P. Johnson, Anna Widdowson, L. A. Kogan, A. Baron Wiechec, Markus Airila, J. Morris, Robert Skilton, Katarzyna Słabkowska, M. A. Barnard, Jean-Paul Booth, Alessandro Pau, R. Price, R. Bament, M. Tokitani, I. Turner, T. Vu, P. Huynh, S.N. Gerasimov, D. I. Refy, Yunfeng Liang, Anders Hjalmarsson, S. Dalley, Roberto Ambrosino, O. Hemming, T. R. Blackman, Y. Zhou, Vasile Zoita, P. Vincenzi, A. Loarte, C. Rayner, Martin Imrisek, M. Tripsky, C. Mazzotta, A. Uccello, V. Basiuk, Lide Yao, V. Goloborod'ko, S. Villari, B. P. Duval, N. Bulmer, W. Zhang, L. Hackett, D. N. Borba, M. Halitovs, Mario Pillon, H. Arnichand, Alberto Alfier, A. Lawson, A. Masiello, T. Makkonen, A. Vitins, D. Rendell, D. Paton, L. Avotina, A. Krivska, M. Maslov, Richard Verhoeven, Marc Goniche, A. Broslawski, Marica Rebai, E. de la Luna, E. Militello-Asp, V. Cocilovo, L. Carraro, Michael Fitzgerald, Bernardo B. Carvalho, D. Young, C.G. Lowry, F. J. Casson, L.-G. Eriksson, T. M. Biewer, B. Esposito, F.G. Rimini, J. Fessey, G. Kaveney, S. Hall, Robin Barnsley, Michael Lehnen, N. Bekris, L. F. Ruchko, P. Batistoni, E. Alessi, M. G. O'Mullane, D. S. Darrow, C. N. Grundy, N. Hayter, Ivo S. Carvalho, M. Brombin, Enrico Zilli, M. Valisa, M. Reich, S. Panja, C. Gurl, Charles Harrington, Emmanuele Peluso, M. Porton, Michael Walsh, D. Falie, A. Reed, Jacob Eriksson, P. Macheta, J. M. Faustin, S. Cortes, S. Fietz, P. Piovesan, D. Ciric, Eric Nardon, R. Neu, Bojiang Ding, G.A. Rattá, F. Reimold, R. Craven, M. Cox, J. Orszagh, Aaro Järvinen, A. S. Thrysøe, A. Shepherd, I. Ďuran, Andrew M. Edwards, A. Kinch, J. Beal, M. Gherendi, Martin Köppen, D. Samaddar, P. Dalgliesh, I. Vinyar, J. Jansons, Nengchao Wang, J. Wu, John Wright, S. Wiesen, C. King, Alessandra Fanni, L. D. Horton, N. Krawczyk, J. Buch, K. Krieger, Václav Petržílka, D. Schworer, C. Watts, T. Keenan, Andrea Malizia, B. D. Stevens, P. Trimble, C. P. Lungu, V. Prajapati, Marco Ariola, C. Wellstood, S. Gilligan, Mirko Salewski, Michael Barnes, Florin Spineanu, H. Doerk, C. Kennedy, S. Jachmich, J. Caumont, Isabel L. Nunes, A. Petre, A. Kallenbach, M. Anghel, B. Lomanowski, Marco Riva, M. Romanelli, G. De Masi, T. May-Smith, T. Xu, A. Goussarov, S. Romanelli, M. Okabayashi, A. Baker, R. Salmon, T. Tala, Nicolas Fedorczak, S. Lanthaler, Giuliana Sias, J. Risner, Clarisse Bourdelle, M. E. Manso, Fabio Moro, R. Lucock, M. Bassan, M. T. Ogawa, V. Thompson, A. M. Whitehead, S. D. A. Reyes Cortes, Igor Bykov, Gennady Sergienko, E. Stefanikova, Mattia Frasca, H. Dabirikhah, Lorenzo Frassinetti, N. Dzysiuk, D. L. Keeling, Juan Manuel López, M. Turnyanskiy, Daniel Dunai, David Taylor, Arturo Buscarino, Carolina Björkas, A. Baciero, S. Meigh, M. Garcia-Munoz, Massimiliano Mattei, M. Hill, Gwyndaf Evans, S. Minucci, Xiang Gao, A. V. Chankin, Francesco Romanelli, A. Lahtinen, L. Giacomelli, A. Owen, Jesús Vega, Jonathan Citrin, Antti Hakola, Petr Vondracek, Sehyun Kwak, P. Abreu, L. Meneses, S. S. Medley, G. Gervasini, Surya K. Pathak, Kristel Crombé, M. Cleverly, H.S. Kim, C. Stan-Sion, Nobuyuki Asakura, E. Wang, A. Cardinali, L. Fazendeiro, R. Cavazzana, P. J. Lomas, J. Hawes, G. Stables, Silvia Spagnolo, S. P. Hotchin, N. R. Green, Slawomir Jednorog, Ewa Kowalska-Strzęciwilk, A. Martin, Linwei Li, Rajnikant Makwana, Richard Goulding, I. Voitsekhovitch, M. Bowden, I. Kodeli, Peter Hawkins, S. S. Henderson, Ondrej Ficker, Carl Hellesen, D. Yadikin, Fabio Subba, Luka Snoj, Anthony Laing, N. Ben Ayed, Mario Cavinato, M. Goodliffe, C. Clements, D. Kenny, Axel Klix, S. Gee, R. J. E. Smith, P. de Vries, L. Fittill, Min-Gu Yoo, S. Menmuir, K. Cave-Ayland, S. Potzel, D. Grist, K. Blackman, S. A. Robinson, Rodney Walker, David Pfefferlé, W. Broeckx, D. Harting, S. G. J. Tyrrell, F. Binda, L. Horvath, Davide Flammini, P. V. Edappala, Raul Moreno, G. M. D. Hogeweij, P. Card, A. Hagar, Ion Tiseanu, Rita Lorenzini, L. Appel, Jet Contributors, J. Flanagan, C. Paz Soldan, U. Samm, Otto Asunta, F. Eriksson, C. Taliercio, F. S. Zaitsev, G. F. Matthews, Tuomas Koskela, P. J. Howarth, D. Terranova, M. Skiba, Amanda Hubbard, R. Otin, K. G. McClements, M. Park, R. McKean, C. Christopher Klepper, I. Karnowska, Peter J. Pool, G. Ciraolo, Jennifer M. Lehmann, Institut de Mécanique des Fluides et des Solides (IMFS), Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland (VTT), Association EURATOM-TEKES, Association EURATOM-TEKES, Helsinki University of Technology, Finland, Assoc. Euratom-ENEA-CREATE, Universita Mediterranea of Reggio Calabria [Reggio Calabria], EURATOM/CCFE Fusion Association, Culham Science Centre [Abingdon], Instituto Tecnológico e Nuclear (ITN), ITN, University of Naples Federico II = Università degli studi di Napoli Federico II, Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik [Garching] (IPP), Università degli studi di Catania = University of Catania (Unict), National Institute for Fusion Science (NIFS), Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Énergies (LPNHE), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ITER organization (ITER), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles (ICSN), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche sur la Fusion par confinement Magnétique (IRFM), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), European Fusion Development Agreement [Garching bei München] ( EFDA-CSU), Institut d'ophtalmologie Hédi-Rais de Tunis, Service Cardiologie [CHU Toulouse], Pôle Cardiovasculaire et Métabolique [CHU Toulouse], Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse (CHU Toulouse)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse (CHU Toulouse), H. Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polska Akademia Nauk = Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN), Laboratoire de recherche en Hydrodynamique, Énergétique et Environnement Atmosphérique (LHEEA), École Centrale de Nantes (ECN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Euratom/UKAEA Fusion Assoc., Magnetic Sensor laboratory [Lviv] (MSL), National Polytechnic University of Lviv (LPNU), The National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute) [Moscow, Russia], Institute of Energy and Climate Research - Plasma Physics (IEK-4), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH | Centre de recherche de Juliers, Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association-Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association, Institute for Problems of Material Science, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (NASU), Institute of Plasma Physics [Praha], Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] (CAS), Physique des interactions ioniques et moléculaires (PIIM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Département Méthodes et Modèles Mathématiques pour l'Industrie (3MI-ENSMSE), École des Mines de Saint-Étienne (Mines Saint-Étienne MSE), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre G2I, Department of Hydraulics, Transportations and Roads, Laboratoire de microbiologie et génétique moléculaires - UMR5100 (LMGM), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Metallurgical & Materials Engineering Department (MS 388), University of Nevada [Reno], AUTRES, Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion [Warsaw] (IPPLM), Culham Centre for Fusion Energy (CCFE), Astrophysics Research Centre [Belfast] (ARC), Queen's University [Belfast] (QUB), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives - Laboratoire d'Electronique et de Technologie de l'Information (CEA-LETI), Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) (DRT (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), School of Mathematics [Cardiff], Cardiff University, Associazone EURATOM ENEA sulla Fusione, EURATOM, Laboratoire de physique des plasmas de l'ERM, Laboratorium voor plasmafysica van de KMS (LPP ERM KMS), Ecole Royale Militaire / Koninklijke Militaire School (ERM KMS), Paul-Drude-Institut für Festkörperelektronik (PDI), Institut für Physik, University of Basel (Unibas), Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research [Nieuwegein] (DIFFER), Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research [Eindhoven] (DIFFER), Institut Jean Lamour (IJL), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), CEA Cadarache, Dipartimento di Energia [Milano], Politecnico di Milano [Milan] (POLIMI), Laboratoire de Mécanique, Modélisation et Procédés Propres (M2P2), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-École Centrale de Marseille (ECM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Lille économie management - UMR 9221 (LEM), Université d'Artois (UA)-Université catholique de Lille (UCL)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Euratom research and training programme 633053, Institut de Mécanique des Fluides et des Solides ( IMFS ), Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland ( VTT ), Univ. Mediterranea RC, Culham Science Centre, Instituto Tecnológico e Nuclear ( ITN ), Università degli studi di Napoli Federico II, Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik [Garching] ( IPP ), Università degli studi di Catania [Catania], National Institute for Fusion Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Énergies ( LPNHE ), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS ( IN2P3 ) -Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 ( UPD7 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, ITER Organization, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology ( KIT ), Laboratoire de Nanotechnologie et d'Instrumentation Optique ( LNIO ), Institut Charles Delaunay ( ICD ), Université de Technologie de Troyes ( UTT ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Technologie de Troyes ( UTT ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles ( ICSN ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut de Recherche sur la Fusion par confinement Magnétique ( IRFM ), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ), European Fusion Development Agreement [Garching bei München] ( EFDA-CSU ), Service de cardiologie [Toulouse], Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse 3 ( UPS ) -CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Hôpital de Rangueil, ITER [St. Paul-lez-Durance], ITER, Polska Akademia Nauk ( PAN ), Laboratoire de recherche en Hydrodynamique, Énergétique et Environnement Atmosphérique ( LHEEA ), École Centrale de Nantes ( ECN ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), MSL, Lviv Polytechnic National University ( MSL ), Lviv Polytechnic National University, Centre d'études et de recherches appliquées à la gestion ( CERAG ), Université Pierre Mendès France - Grenoble 2 ( UPMF ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institute of Energy and Climate Research - Plasma Physics ( IEK-4 ), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine ( NASU ), Lille - Economie et Management ( LEM ), Université catholique de Lille ( UCL ) -Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] ( ASCR ), Physique des interactions ioniques et moléculaires ( PIIM ), Aix Marseille Université ( AMU ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Département Méthodes et Modèles Mathématiques pour l'Industrie ( 3MI-ENSMSE ), École des Mines de Saint-Étienne ( Mines Saint-Étienne MSE ), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris]-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris]-Centre G2I, Laboratoire de microbiologie et génétique moléculaires ( LMGM ), Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse 3 ( UPS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), University of Nevada, Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion [Warsaw] ( IPPLM ), UCL Department of Space and Climate Physics, University College of London [London] ( UCL ), Astrophysics Research Centre [Belfast] ( ARC ), Queen's University [Belfast] ( QUB ), Laboratoire d'Electronique et des Technologies de l'Information ( CEA-LETI ), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ) -Université Grenoble Alpes [Saint Martin d'Hères], Cardiff School of Mathematics, Laboratoire de physique des plasmas de l'ERM, Laboratorium voor plasmafysica van de KMS ( LPP ERM KMS ), Ecole Royale Militaire / Koninklijke Militaire School ( ERM KMS ), Paul-Drude-Institut für Festkörperelektronik, University of Basel ( Unibas ), Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research [Nieuwegein] ( DIFFER ), Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research [Eindhoven] ( DIFFER ), Institut Jean Lamour ( IJL ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Lorraine ( UL ), Dipartimento di Energia, Politecnico di Milano [Milan], Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Laboratoire de Mécanique, Modélisation et Procédés Propres ( M2P2 ), Aix Marseille Université ( AMU ) -Ecole Centrale de Marseille ( ECM ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Departament de Física, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. ANT - Advanced Nuclear Technologies Research Group, JET Contributors, Litaudon, X, Abduallev, S, Abhangi, M, Abreu, P, Afzal, M, Aggarwal, K, Ahlgren, T, Ahn, J, Aho Mantila, L, Aiba, N, Airila, M, Albanese, R, Aldred, V, Alegre, D, Alessi, E, Aleynikov, P, Alfier, A, Alkseev, A, Allinson, M, Alper, B, Alves, E, Ambrosino, G, Ambrosino, R, Amicucci, L, Amosov, V, Andersson SundÃ©n, E, Angelone, M, Anghel, M, Angioni, C, Appel, L, Appelbee, C, Arena, P, Ariola, M, Arnichand, H, Arshad, S, Ash, A, Ashikawa, N, Aslanyan, V, Asunta, O, Auriemma, F, Austin, Y, Avotina, L, Axton, M, Ayres, C, Bacharis, M, Baciero, A, Baiã¡o, D, Bailey, S, Baker, A, Balboa, I, Balden, M, Balshaw, N, Bament, R, Banks, J, Baranov, Y, Barnard, M, Barnes, D, Barnes, M, Barnsley, R, Baron Wiechec, A, Barrera Orte, L, Baruzzo, M, Basiuk, V, Bassan, M, Bastow, R, Batista, A, Batistoni, P, Baughan, R, Bauvir, B, Baylor, L, Bazylev, B, Beal, J, Beaumont, P, Beckers, M, Beckett, B, Becoulet, A, Bekris, N, Beldishevski, M, Bell, K, Belli, F, Bellinger, M, Belonohy, Ã, Ben Ayed, N, Benterman, N, Bergsã¥ker, H, Bernardo, J, Bernert, M, Berry, M, Bertalot, L, Besliu, C, Beurskens, M, Bieg, B, Bielecki, J, Biewer, T, Bigi, M, Bãlkovã¡, P, Binda, F, Bisoffi, A, Bizarro, J, Bjã¶rkas, C, Blackburn, J, Blackman, K, Blackman, T, Blanchard, P, Blatchford, P, Bobkov, V, Boboc, A, Bodnã¡r, G, Bogar, O, Bolshakova, I, Bolzonella, T, Bonanomi, N, Bonelli, F, Boom, J, Booth, J, Borba, D, Borodin, D, Borodkina, I, Botrugno, A, Bottereau, C, Boulting, P, Bourdelle, C, Bowden, M, Bower, C, Bowman, C, Boyce, T, Boyd, C, Boyer, H, Bradshaw, J, Braic, V, Bravanec, R, Breizman, B, Bremond, S, Brennan, P, Breton, S, Brett, A, Brezinsek, S, Bright, M, Brix, M, Broeckx, W, Brombin, M, Broså‚awski, A, Brown, D, Brown, M, Bruno, E, Bucalossi, J, Buch, J, Buchanan, J, Buckley, M, Budny, R, Bufferand, H, Bulman, M, Bulmer, N, Bunting, P, Buratti, P, Burckhart, A, Buscarino, A, Busse, A, Butler, N, Bykov, I, Byrne, J, Cahyna, P, Calabrã², G, Calvo, I, Camenen, Y, Camp, P, Campling, D, Cane, J, Cannas, B, Capel, A, Card, P, Cardinali, A, Carman, P, Carr, M, Carralero, D, Carraro, L, Carvalho, B, Carvalho, I, Carvalho, P, Casson, F, Castaldo, C, Catarino, N, Caumont, J, Causa, F, Cavazzana, R, Cave Ayland, K, Cavinato, M, Cecconello, M, Ceccuzzi, S, Cecil, E, Cenedese, A, Cesario, R, Challis, C, Chandler, M, Chandra, D, Chang, C, Chankin, A, Chapman, I, Chapman, S, Chernyshova, M, Chitarin, G, Ciraolo, G, Ciric, D, Citrin, J, Clairet, F, Clark, E, Clark, M, Clarkson, R, Clatworthy, D, Clements, C, Cleverly, M, Coad, J, Coates, P, Cobalt, A, Coccorese, V, Cocilovo, V, Coda, S, Coelho, R, Coenen, J, Coffey, I, Colas, L, Collins, S, Conka, D, Conroy, S, Conway, N, Coombs, D, Cooper, D, Cooper, S, Corradino, C, Corre, Y, Corrigan, G, Cortes, S, Coster, D, Couchman, A, Cox, M, Craciunescu, T, Cramp, S, Craven, R, Crisanti, F, Croci, G, Croft, D, Crombã©, K, Crowe, R, Cruz, N, Cseh, G, Cufar, A, Cullen, A, Curuia, M, Czarnecka, A, Dabirikhah, H, Dalgliesh, P, Dalley, S, Dankowski, J, Darrow, D, Davies, O, Davis, W, Day, C, Day, I, De Bock, M, De Castro, A, De La Cal, E, De La Luna, E, De Masi, G, De Pablos, J, De Temmerman, G, De Tommasi, G, De Vries, P, Deakin, K, Deane, J, Degli Agostini, F, Dejarnac, R, Delabie, E, Den Harder, N, Dendy, R, Denis, J, Denner, P, Devaux, S, Devynck, P, Di Maio, F, Di Siena, A, Di Troia, C, Dinca, P, D'Inca, R, Ding, B, Dittmar, T, Doerk, H, Doerner, R, Donnã©, T, Dorling, S, Dormido Canto, S, Doswon, S, Douai, D, Doyle, P, Drenik, A, Drewelow, P, Drews, P, Duckworth, P, Dumont, R, Dumortier, P, Dunai, D, Dunne, M, Äžuran, I, Durodiã©, F, Dutta, P, Duval, B, Dux, R, Dylst, K, Dzysiuk, N, Edappala, P, Edmond, J, Edwards, A, Edwards, J, Eich, T, Ekedahl, A, El Jorf, R, Elsmore, C, Enachescu, M, Ericsson, G, Eriksson, F, Eriksson, J, Eriksson, L, Esposito, B, Esquembri, S, Esser, H, Esteve, D, Evans, B, Evans, G, Evison, G, Ewart, G, Fagan, D, Faitsch, M, Falie, D, Fanni, A, Fasoli, A, Faustin, J, Fawlk, N, Fazendeiro, L, Fedorczak, N, Felton, R, Fenton, K, Fernades, A, Fernandes, H, Ferreira, J, Fessey, J, Fã©vrier, O, Ficker, O, Field, A, Fietz, S, Figueiredo, A, Figueiredo, J, Fil, A, Finburg, P, Firdaouss, M, Fischer, U, Fittill, L, Fitzgerald, M, Flammini, D, Flanagan, J, Fleming, C, Flinders, K, Fonnesu, N, Fontdecaba, J, Formisano, A, Forsythe, L, Fortuna, L, Fortuna Zalesna, E, Fortune, M, Foster, S, Franke, T, Franklin, T, Frasca, M, Frassinetti, L, Freisinger, M, Fresa, R, Frigione, D, Fuchs, V, Fuller, D, Futatani, S, Fyvie, J, Gã¡l, K, Galassi, D, Gaå‚azka, K, Galdon Quiroga, J, Gallagher, J, Gallart, D, Galvã¡o, R, Gao, X, Gao, Y, Garcia, J, Garcia Carrasco, A, GarcÃa MuÃ±oz, M, Gardarein, J, Garzotti, L, Gaudio, P, Gauthier, E, Gear, D, Gee, S, Geiger, B, Gelfusa, M, Gerasimov, S, Gervasini, G, Gethins, M, Ghani, Z, Ghate, M, Gherendi, M, Giacalone, J, Giacomelli, L, Gibson, C, Giegerich, T, Gil, C, Gil, L, Gilligan, S, Gin, D, Giovannozzi, E, Girardo, J, Giroud, C, Giruzzi, G, Glã¶ggler, S, Godwin, J, Goff, J, Gohil, P, Goloborod'Ko, V, Gomes, R, Goncalves, B, Goniche, M, Goodliffe, M, Goodyear, A, Gorini, G, Gosk, M, Goulding, R, Goussarov, A, Gowland, R, Graham, B, Graham, M, Graves, J, Grazier, N, Grazier, P, Green, N, Greuner, H, Grierson, B, Griph, F, Grisolia, C, Grist, D, Groth, M, Grove, R, Grundy, C, Grzonka, J, Guard, D, Guã©rard, C, Guillemaut, C, Guirlet, R, Gurl, C, Utoh, H, Hackett, L, Hacquin, S, Hagar, A, Hager, R, Hakola, A, Halitovs, M, Hall, S, Hallworth Cook, S, Hamlyn Harris, C, Hammond, K, Harrington, C, Harrison, J, Harting, D, Hasenbeck, F, Hatano, Y, Hatch, D, Haupt, T, Hawes, J, Hawkes, N, Hawkins, J, Hawkins, P, Haydon, P, Hayter, N, Hazel, S, Heesterman, P, Heinola, K, Hellesen, C, Hellsten, T, Helou, W, Hemming, O, Hender, T, Henderson, M, Henderson, S, Henriques, R, Hepple, D, Hermon, G, Hertout, P, Hidalgo, C, Highcock, E, Hill, M, Hillairet, J, Hillesheim, J, Hillis, D, Hizanidis, K, Hjalmarsson, A, Hobirk, J, Hodille, E, Hogben, C, Hogeweij, G, Hollingsworth, A, Hollis, S, Homfray, D, Horã¡ä ek, J, Hornung, G, Horton, A, Horton, L, Horvath, L, Hotchin, S, Hough, M, Howarth, P, Hubbard, A, Huber, A, Huber, V, Huddleston, T, Hughes, M, Huijsmans, G, Hunter, C, Huynh, P, Hynes, A, Iglesias, D, Imazawa, N, Imbeaux, F, Imrãå¡ek, M, Incelli, M, Innocente, P, Irishkin, M, Ivanova Stanik, I, Jachmich, S, Jacobsen, A, Jacquet, P, Jansons, J, Jardin, A, Jã¤rvinen, A, Jaulmes, F, Jednorã³g, S, Jenkins, I, Jeong, C, Jepu, I, Joffrin, E, Johnson, R, Johnson, T, Johnston, J, Joita, L, Jones, G, Jones, T, Hoshino, K, Kallenbach, A, Kamiya, K, Kaniewski, J, Kantor, A, Kappatou, A, Karhunen, J, Karkinsky, D, Karnowska, I, Kaufman, M, Kaveney, G, Kazakov, Y, Kazantzidis, V, Keeling, D, Keenan, T, Keep, J, Kempenaars, M, Kennedy, C, Kenny, D, Kent, J, Kent, O, Khilkevich, E, Kim, H, Kinch, A, King, C, King, D, King, R, Kinna, D, Kiptily, V, Kirk, A, Kirov, K, Kirschner, A, Kizane, G, Klepper, C, Klix, A, Knight, P, Knipe, S, Knott, S, Kobuchi, T, Kã¶chl, F, Kocsis, G, Kodeli, I, Kogan, L, Kogut, D, Koivuranta, S, Kominis, Y, Kã¶ppen, M, Kos, B, Koskela, T, Koslowski, H, Koubiti, M, Kovari, M, Kowalska StrzÈ©ciwilk, E, Krasilnikov, A, Krasilnikov, V, Krawczyk, N, Kresina, M, Krieger, K, Krivska, A, Kruezi, U, Ksiaå¼ek, I, Kukushkin, A, Kundu, A, Kurki Suonio, T, Kwak, S, Kwiatkowski, R, Kwon, O, Laguardia, L, Lahtinen, A, Laing, A, Lam, N, Lambertz, H, Lane, C, Lang, P, Lanthaler, S, Lapins, J, Lasa, A, Last, J, Å aszyå„ska, E, Lawless, R, Lawson, A, Lawson, K, Lazaros, A, Lazzaro, E, Leddy, J, Lee, S, Lefebvre, X, Leggate, H, Lehmann, J, Lehnen, M, Leichtle, D, Leichuer, P, Leipold, F, Lengar, I, Lennholm, M, Lerche, E, Lescinskis, A, Lesnoj, S, Letellier, E, Leyland, M, Leysen, W, Li, L, Liang, Y, Likonen, J, Linke, J, Linsmeier, C, Lipschultz, B, Liu, G, Liu, Y, Lo Schiavo, V, Loarer, T, Loarte, A, Lobel, R, Lomanowski, B, Lomas, P, Lã¶nnroth, J, Lã³pez, J, LÃ³pez Razola, J, Lorenzini, R, Losada, U, Lovell, J, Loving, A, Lowry, C, Luce, T, Lucock, R, Lukin, A, Luna, C, Lungaroni, M, Lungu, C, Lungu, M, Lunniss, A, Lupelli, I, Lyssoivan, A, Macdonald, N, Macheta, P, Maczewa, K, Magesh, B, Maget, P, Maggi, C, Maier, H, Mailloux, J, Makkonen, T, Makwana, R, Malaquias, A, Malizia, A, Manas, P, Manning, A, Manso, M, Mantica, P, Mantsinen, M, Manzanares, A, Maquet, P, Marandet, Y, Marcenko, N, Marchetto, C, Marchuk, O, Marinelli, M, Marinucci, M, Markoviä , T, Marocco, D, Marot, L, Marren, C, Marshal, R, Martin, A, Martin, Y, MartÃn De Aguilera, A, Martãnez, F, MartÃn SolÃs, J, Martynova, Y, Maruyama, S, Masiello, A, Maslov, M, Matejcik, S, Mattei, M, Matthews, G, Maviglia, F, Mayer, M, Mayoral, M, May Smith, T, Mazon, D, Mazzotta, C, Mcadams, R, Mccarthy, P, Mcclements, K, Mccormack, O, Mccullen, P, Mcdonald, D, Mcintosh, S, Mckean, R, Mckehon, J, Meadows, R, Meakins, A, Medina, F, Medland, M, Medley, S, Meigh, S, Meigs, A, Meisl, G, Meitner, S, Meneses, L, Menmuir, S, Mergia, K, Merrigan, I, Mertens, P, Meshchaninov, S, Messiaen, A, Meyer, H, Mianowski, S, Michling, R, Middleton Gear, D, Miettunen, J, Militello, F, Militello Asp, E, Miloshevsky, G, Mink, F, Minucci, S, Miyoshi, Y, Mlynã¡å™, J, Molina, D, Monakhov, I, Moneti, M, Mooney, R, Moradi, S, Mordijck, S, Moreira, L, Moreno, R, Moro, F, Morris, A, Morris, J, Moser, L, Mosher, S, Moulton, D, Murari, A, Muraro, A, Murphy, S, Asakura, N, Na, Y, Nabais, F, Naish, R, Nakano, T, Nardon, E, Naulin, V, Nave, M, Nedzelski, I, Nemtsev, G, Nespoli, F, Neto, A, Neu, R, Neverov, V, Newman, M, Nicholls, K, Nicolas, T, Nielsen, A, Nielsen, P, Nilsson, E, Nishijima, D, Noble, C, Nocente, M, Nodwell, D, Nordlund, K, Nordman, H, Nouailletas, R, Nunes, I, Oberkofler, M, Odupitan, T, Ogawa, M, O'Gorman, T, Okabayashi, M, Olney, R, Omolayo, O, O'Mullane, M, Ongena, J, Orsitto, F, Orszagh, J, Oswuigwe, B, Otin, R, Owen, A, Paccagnella, R, Pace, N, Pacella, D, Packer, L, Page, A, Pajuste, E, Palazzo, S, Pamela, S, Panja, S, Papp, P, Paprok, R, Parail, V, Park, M, Parra Diaz, F, Parsons, M, Pasqualotto, R, Patel, A, Pathak, S, Paton, D, Patten, H, Pau, A, Pawelec, E, Paz Soldan, C, Peackoc, A, Pearson, I, Pehkonen, S, Peluso, E, Penot, C, Pereira, A, Pereira, R, Pereira Puglia, P, Perez Von Thun, C, Peruzzo, S, Peschanyi, S, Peterka, M, Petersson, P, Petravich, G, Petre, A, Petrella, N, Petrå¾ilka, V, Peysson, Y, Pfefferlã©, D, Philipps, V, Pillon, M, Pintsuk, G, Piovesan, P, Pires Dos Reis, A, Piron, L, Pironti, A, Pisano, F, Pitts, R, Pizzo, F, Plyusnin, V, Pomaro, N, Pompilian, O, Pool, P, Popovichev, S, Porfiri, M, Porosnicu, C, Porton, M, Possnert, G, Potzel, S, Powell, T, Pozzi, J, Prajapati, V, Prakash, R, Prestopino, G, Price, D, Price, M, Price, R, Prior, P, Proudfoot, R, Pucella, G, Puglia, P, Puiatti, M, Pulley, D, Purahoo, K, Pã¼tterich, T, Rachlew, E, Rack, M, Ragona, R, Rainford, M, Rakha, A, Ramogida, G, Ranjan, S, Rapson, C, Rasmussen, J, Rathod, K, Rattã¡, G, Ratynskaia, S, Ravera, G, Rayner, C, Rebai, M, Reece, D, Reed, A, Rã©fy, D, Regan, B, Regaã±a, J, Reich, M, Reid, N, Reimold, F, Reinhart, M, Reinke, M, Reiser, D, Rendell, D, Reux, C, Reyes Cortes, S, Reynolds, S, Riccardo, V, Richardson, N, Riddle, K, Rigamonti, D, Rimini, F, Risner, J, Riva, M, Roach, C, Robins, R, Robinson, S, Robinson, T, Robson, D, Roccella, R, Rodionov, R, Rodrigues, P, Rodriguez, J, Rohde, V, Romanelli, F, Romanelli, M, Romanelli, S, Romazanov, J, Rowe, S, Rubel, M, Rubinacci, G, Rubino, G, Ruchko, L, Ruiz, M, Ruset, C, Rzadkiewicz, J, Saarelma, S, Sabot, R, Safi, E, Sagar, P, Saibene, G, Saint Laurent, F, Salewski, M, Salmi, A, Salmon, R, Salzedas, F, Samaddar, D, Samm, U, Sandiford, D, Santa, P, Santala, M, Santos, B, Santucci, A, Sartori, F, Sartori, R, Sauter, O, Scannell, R, Schlummer, T, Schmid, K, Schmidt, V, Schmuck, S, Schneider, M, Schã¶pf, K, Schwã¶rer, D, Scott, S, Sergienko, G, Sertoli, M, Shabbir, A, Sharapov, S, Shaw, A, Shaw, R, Sheikh, H, Shepherd, A, Shevelev, A, Shumack, A, Sias, G, Sibbald, M, Sieglin, B, Silburn, S, Silva, A, Silva, C, Simmons, P, Simpson, J, Simpson Hutchinson, J, Sinha, A, Sipilã¤, S, Sips, A, Sirã©n, P, Sirinelli, A, Sjã¶strand, H, Skiba, M, Skilton, R, Slabkowska, K, Slade, B, Smith, N, Smith, P, Smith, R, Smith, T, Smithies, M, Snoj, L, Soare, S, Solano, E, Somers, A, Sommariva, C, Sonato, P, Sopplesa, A, Sousa, J, Sozzi, C, Spagnolo, S, Spelzini, T, Spineanu, F, Stables, G, Stamatelatos, I, Stamp, M, Staniec, P, Stankå«nas, G, Stan Sion, C, Stead, M, Stefanikova, E, Stepanov, I, Stephen, A, Stephen, M, Stevens, A, Stevens, B, Strachan, J, Strand, P, Strauss, H, Strã¶m, P, Stubbs, G, Studholme, W, Subba, F, Summers, H, Svensson, J, Åšwiderski, Å, Szabolics, T, Szawlowski, M, Szepesi, G, Suzuki, T, Tã¡l, B, Tala, T, Talbot, A, Talebzadeh, S, Taliercio, C, Tamain, P, Tame, C, Tang, W, Tardocchi, M, Taroni, L, Taylor, D, Taylor, K, Tegnered, D, Telesca, G, Teplova, N, Terranova, D, Testa, D, Tholerus, E, Thomas, J, Thomas, P, Thompson, A, Thompson, C, Thompson, V, Thorne, L, Thornton, A, Thrysã¸e, A, Tigwell, P, Tipton, N, Tiseanu, I, Tojo, H, Tokitani, M, Tolias, P, Tomeå¡, M, Tonner, P, Towndrow, M, Trimble, P, Tripsky, M, Tsalas, M, Tsavalas, P, Tskhakaya Jun, D, Turner, I, Turner, M, Turnyanskiy, M, Tvalashvili, G, Tyrrell, S, Uccello, A, Ul Abidin, Z, Uljanovs, J, Ulyatt, D, Urano, H, Uytdenhouwen, I, Vadgama, A, Valcarcel, D, Valentinuzzi, M, Valisa, M, Vallejos Olivares, P, Valovic, M, Van De Mortel, M, Van Eester, D, Van Renterghem, W, Van Rooij, G, Varje, J, Varoutis, S, Vartanian, S, Vasava, K, Vasilopoulou, T, Vega, J, Verdoolaege, G, Verhoeven, R, Verona, C, Verona Rinati, G, Veshchev, E, Vianello, N, Vicente, J, Viezzer, E, Villari, S, Villone, F, Vincenzi, P, Vinyar, I, Viola, B, Vitins, A, Vizvary, Z, Vlad, M, Voitsekhovitch, I, Vondrã¡ä ek, P, Vora, N, Vu, T, Pires De Sa, W, Wakeling, B, Waldon, C, Walkden, N, Walker, M, Walker, R, Walsh, M, Wang, E, Wang, N, Warder, S, Warren, R, Waterhouse, J, Watkins, N, Watts, C, Wauters, T, Weckmann, A, Weiland, J, Weisen, H, Weiszflog, M, Wellstood, C, West, A, Wheatley, M, Whetham, S, Whitehead, A, Whitehead, B, Widdowson, A, Wiesen, S, Wilkinson, J, Williams, J, Williams, M, Wilson, A, Wilson, D, Wilson, H, Wilson, J, Wischmeier, M, Withenshaw, G, Withycombe, A, Witts, D, Wood, D, Wood, R, Woodley, C, Wray, S, Wright, J, Wu, J, Wukitch, S, Wynn, A, Xu, T, Yadikin, D, Yanling, W, Yao, L, Yavorskij, V, Yoo, M, Young, C, Young, D, Young, I, Young, R, Zacks, J, Zagorski, R, Zaitsev, F, Zanino, R, Zarins, A, Zastrow, K, Zerbini, M, Zhang, W, Zhou, Y, Zilli, E, Zoita, V, Zoletnik, S, Zychor, I, Materials Physics, Department of Physics, European Commission, Litaudon, X., Abduallev, S., Abhangi, M., Abreu, P., Afzal, M., Aggarwal, K. M., Ahlgren, T., Ahn, J. H., Aho-Mantila, L., Aiba, N., Airila, M., Albanese, R., Aldred, V., Alegre, D., Alessi, E., Aleynikov, P., Alfier, A., Alkseev, A., Allinson, M., Alper, B., Alves, E., Ambrosino, G., Ambrosino, R., Amicucci, L., Amosov, V., Andersson Sundén, E., Angelone, M., Anghel, M., Angioni, C., Appel, L., Appelbee, C., Arena, P., Ariola, M., Arnichand, H., Arshad, S., Ash, A., Ashikawa, N., Aslanyan, V., Asunta, O., Auriemma, F., Austin, Y., Avotina, L., Axton, M. D., Ayres, C., Bacharis, M., Baciero, A., Baião, D., Bailey, S., Baker, A., Balboa, I., Balden, M., Balshaw, N., Bament, R., Banks, J. W., Baranov, Y. F., Barnard, M. A., Barnes, D., Barnes, M., Barnsley, R., Baron Wiechec, A., Barrera Orte, L., Baruzzo, M., Basiuk, V., Bassan, M., Bastow, R., Batista, A., Batistoni, P., Baughan, R., Bauvir, B., Baylor, L., Bazylev, B., Beal, J., Beaumont, P. S., Beckers, M., Beckett, B., Becoulet, A., Bekris, N., Beldishevski, M., Bell, K., Belli, F., Bellinger, M., Belonohy, É., Ben Ayed, N., Benterman, N. A., Bergsåker, H., Bernardo, J., Bernert, M., Berry, M., Bertalot, L., Besliu, C., Beurskens, M., Bieg, B., Bielecki, J., Biewer, T., Bigi, M., Bílková, P., Binda, F., Bisoffi, A., Bizarro, J. P. S., Björkas, C., Blackburn, J., Blackman, K., Blackman, T. R., Blanchard, P., Blatchford, P., Bobkov, V., Boboc, A., Bodnár, G., Bogar, O., Bolshakova, I., Bolzonella, T., Bonanomi, N., Bonelli, F., Boom, J., Booth, J., Borba, D., Borodin, D., Borodkina, I., Botrugno, A., Bottereau, C., Boulting, P., Bourdelle, C., Bowden, M., Bower, C., Bowman, C., Boyce, T., Boyd, C., Boyer, H. J., Bradshaw, J. M. A., Braic, V., Bravanec, R., Breizman, B., Bremond, S., Brennan, P. D., Breton, S., Brett, A., Brezinsek, S., Bright, M. D. J., Brix, M., Broeckx, W., Brombin, M., Brosławski, A., Brown, D. P. D., Brown, M., Bruno, E., Bucalossi, J., Buch, J., Buchanan, J., Buckley, M. A., Budny, R., Bufferand, H., Bulman, M., Bulmer, N., Bunting, P., Buratti, P., Burckhart, A., Buscarino, A., Busse, A., Butler, N. K., Bykov, I., Byrne, J., Cahyna, P., Calabrò, G., Calvo, I., Camenen, Y., Camp, P., Campling, D. C., Cane, J., Cannas, B., Capel, A. J., Card, P. J., Cardinali, A., Carman, P., Carr, M., Carralero, D., Carraro, L., Carvalho, B. B., Carvalho, I., Carvalho, P., Casson, F. J., Castaldo, C., Catarino, N., Caumont, J., Causa, F., Cavazzana, R., Cave-Ayland, K., Cavinato, M., Cecconello, M., Ceccuzzi, S., Cecil, E., Cenedese, A., Cesario, R., Challis, C. D., Chandler, M., Chandra, D., Chang, C. S., Chankin, A., Chapman, I. T., Chapman, S. C., Chernyshova, M., Chitarin, G., Ciraolo, G., Ciric, D., Citrin, J., Clairet, F., Clark, E., Clark, M., Clarkson, R., Clatworthy, D., Clements, C., Cleverly, M., Coad, J. P., Coates, P. A., Cobalt, A., Coccorese, V., Cocilovo, V., Coda, S., Coelho, R., Coenen, J. W., Coffey, I., Colas, L., Collins, S., Conka, D., Conroy, S., Conway, N., Coombs, D., Cooper, D., Cooper, S. R., Corradino, C., Corre, Y., Corrigan, G., Cortes, S., Coster, D., Couchman, A. S., Cox, M. P., Craciunescu, T., Cramp, S., Craven, R., Crisanti, F., Croci, G., Croft, D., Crombé, K., Crowe, R., Cruz, N., Cseh, G., Cufar, A., Cullen, A., Curuia, M., Czarnecka, A., Dabirikhah, H., Dalgliesh, P., Dalley, S., Dankowski, J., Darrow, D., Davies, O., Davis, W., Day, C., Day, I. E., De Bock, M., de Castro, A., de la Cal, E., de la Luna, E., De Masi, G., de Pablos, J. L., De Temmerman, G., De Tommasi, G., de Vries, P., Deakin, K., Deane, J., Degli Agostini, F., Dejarnac, R., Delabie, E., den Harder, N., Dendy, R. O., Denis, J., Denner, P., Devaux, S., Devynck, P., Di Maio, F., Di Siena, A., Di Troia, C., Dinca, P., D’Inca, R., Ding, B., Dittmar, T., Doerk, H., Doerner, R. P., Donné, T., Dorling, S. 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P., Grazier, N., Grazier, P., Green, N. R., Greuner, H., Grierson, B., Griph, F. S., Grisolia, C., Grist, D., Groth, M., Grove, R., Grundy, C. N., Grzonka, J., Guard, D., Guérard, C., Guillemaut, C., Guirlet, R., Gurl, C., Utoh, H. H., Hackett, L. J., Hacquin, S., Hagar, A., Hager, R., Hakola, A., Halitovs, M., Hall, S. J., Hallworth Cook, S. P., Hamlyn-Harris, C., Hammond, K., Harrington, C., Harrison, J., Harting, D., Hasenbeck, F., Hatano, Y., Hatch, D. R., Haupt, T. D. V., Hawes, J., Hawkes, N. C., Hawkins, J., Hawkins, P., Haydon, P. W., Hayter, N., Hazel, S., Heesterman, P. J. L., Heinola, K., Hellesen, C., Hellsten, T., Helou, W., Hemming, O. N., Hender, T. C., Henderson, M., Henderson, S. S., Henriques, R., Hepple, D., Hermon, G., Hertout, P., Hidalgo, C., Highcock, E. G., Hill, M., Hillairet, J., Hillesheim, J., Hillis, D., Hizanidis, K., Hjalmarsson, A., Hobirk, J., Hodille, E., Hogben, C. H. A., Hogeweij, G. M. D., Hollingsworth, A., Hollis, S., Homfray, D. A., Horáček, J., Hornung, G., Horton, A. R., Horton, L. D., Horvath, L., Hotchin, S. P., Hough, M. R., Howarth, P. J., Hubbard, A., Huber, A., Huber, V., Huddleston, T. M., Hughes, M., Huijsmans, G. T. A., Hunter, C. L., Huynh, P., Hynes, A. M., Iglesias, D., Imazawa, N., Imbeaux, F., Imríšek, M., Incelli, M., Innocente, P., Irishkin, M., Ivanova-Stanik, I., Jachmich, S., Jacobsen, A. S., Jacquet, P., Jansons, J., Jardin, A., Järvinen, A., Jaulmes, F., Jednoróg, S., Jenkins, I., Jeong, C., Jepu, I., Joffrin, E., Johnson, R., Johnson, T., Johnston, Jane, Joita, L., Jones, G., Jones, T. T. C., Hoshino, K. K., Kallenbach, A., Kamiya, K., Kaniewski, J., Kantor, A., Kappatou, A., Karhunen, J., Karkinsky, D., Karnowska, I., Kaufman, M., Kaveney, G., Kazakov, Y., Kazantzidis, V., Keeling, D. L., Keenan, T., Keep, J., Kempenaars, M., Kennedy, C., Kenny, D., Kent, J., Kent, O. N., Khilkevich, E., Kim, H. T., Kim, H. S., Kinch, A., King, C., King, D., King, R. F., Kinna, D. J., Kiptily, V., Kirk, A., Kirov, K., Kirschner, A., Kizane, G., Klepper, C., Klix, A., Knight, P., Knipe, S. J., Knott, S., Kobuchi, T., Köchl, F., Kocsis, G., Kodeli, I., Kogan, L., Kogut, D., Koivuranta, S., Kominis, Y., Köppen, M., Kos, B., Koskela, T., Koslowski, H. R., Koubiti, M., Kovari, M., Kowalska-Strzęciwilk, E., Krasilnikov, A., Krasilnikov, V., Krawczyk, N., Kresina, M., Krieger, K., Krivska, A., Kruezi, U., Książek, I., Kukushkin, A., Kundu, A., Kurki-Suonio, T., Kwak, S., Kwiatkowski, R., Kwon, O. J., Laguardia, L., Lahtinen, A., Laing, A., Lam, N., Lambertz, H. T., Lane, C., Lang, P. T., Lanthaler, S., Lapins, J., Lasa, A., Last, J. R., Łaszyńska, E., Lawless, R., Lawson, A., Lawson, K. D., Lazaros, A., Lazzaro, E., Leddy, J., Lee, S., Lefebvre, X., Leggate, H. J., Lehmann, J., Lehnen, M., Leichtle, D., Leichuer, P., Leipold, F., Lengar, I., Lennholm, M., Lerche, E., Lescinskis, A., Lesnoj, S., Letellier, E., Leyland, M., Leysen, W., Li, L., Liang, Y., Likonen, J., Linke, J., Linsmeier, Ch., Lipschultz, B., Liu, G., Liu, Y., Lo Schiavo, V. P., Loarer, T., Loarte, A., Lobel, R. C., Lomanowski, B., Lomas, P. J., Lönnroth, J., López, J. M., López-Razola, J., Lorenzini, R., Losada, U., Lovell, J. J., Loving, A. B., Lowry, C., Luce, T., Lucock, R. M. A., Lukin, A., Luna, C., Lungaroni, M., Lungu, C. P., Lungu, M., Lunniss, A., Lupelli, I., Lyssoivan, A., Macdonald, N., Macheta, P., Maczewa, K., Magesh, B., Maget, P., Maggi, C., Maier, H., Mailloux, J., Makkonen, T., Makwana, R., Malaquias, A., Malizia, A., Manas, P., Manning, A., Manso, M. E., Mantica, P., Mantsinen, M., Manzanares, A., Maquet, Ph., Marandet, Y., Marcenko, N., Marchetto, C., Marchuk, O., Marinelli, M., Marinucci, M., Markovič, T., Marocco, D., Marot, L., Marren, C. A., Marshal, R., Martin, A., Martin, Y., Martín de Aguilera, A., Martínez, F. J., Martín-Solís, J. R., Martynova, Y., Maruyama, S., Masiello, A., Maslov, M., Matejcik, S., Mattei, M., Matthews, G. F., Maviglia, F., Mayer, M., Mayoral, M. L., May-Smith, T., Mazon, D., Mazzotta, C., Mcadams, R., Mccarthy, P. J., Mcclements, K. G., Mccormack, O., Mccullen, P. A., Mcdonald, D., Mcintosh, S., Mckean, R., Mckehon, J., Meadows, R. C., Meakins, A., Medina, F., Medland, M., Medley, S., Meigh, S., Meigs, A. G., Meisl, G., Meitner, S., Meneses, L., Menmuir, S., Mergia, K., Merrigan, I. R., Mertens, Ph., Meshchaninov, S., Messiaen, A., Meyer, H., Mianowski, S., Michling, R., Middleton-Gear, D., Miettunen, J., Militello, F., Militello-Asp, E., Miloshevsky, G., Mink, F., Minucci, S., Miyoshi, Y., Mlynář, J., Molina, D., Monakhov, I., Moneti, M., Mooney, R., Moradi, S., Mordijck, S., Moreira, L., Moreno, R., Moro, F., Morris, A. W., Morris, J., Moser, L., Mosher, S., Moulton, D., Murari, A., Muraro, A., Murphy, S., Asakura, N. N., Na, Y. S., Nabais, F., Naish, R., Nakano, T., Nardon, E., Naulin, V., Nave, M. F. F., Nedzelski, I., Nemtsev, G., Nespoli, F., Neto, A., Neu, R., Neverov, V. S., Newman, M., Nicholls, K. J., Nicolas, T., Nielsen, A. H., Nielsen, P., Nilsson, E., Nishijima, D., Noble, C., Nocente, M., Nodwell, D., Nordlund, K., Nordman, H., Nouailletas, R., Nunes, I., Oberkofler, M., Odupitan, T., Ogawa, M. T., O’Gorman, T., Okabayashi, M., Olney, R., Omolayo, O., O’Mullane, M., Ongena, J., Orsitto, F., Orszagh, J., Oswuigwe, B. I., Otin, R., Owen, A., Paccagnella, R., Pace, N., Pacella, D., Packer, L. W., Page, A., Pajuste, E., Palazzo, S., Pamela, S., Panja, S., Papp, P., Paprok, R., Parail, V., Park, M., Parra Diaz, F., Parsons, M., Pasqualotto, R., Patel, A., Pathak, S., Paton, D., Patten, H., Pau, A., Pawelec, E., Paz Soldan, C., Peackoc, A., Pearson, I. J., Pehkonen, S. -P., Peluso, E., Penot, C., Pereira, A., Pereira, R., Pereira Puglia, P. P., Perez von Thun, C., Peruzzo, S., Peschanyi, S., Peterka, M., Petersson, P., Petravich, G., Petre, A., Petrella, N., Petržilka, V., Peysson, Y., Pfefferlé, D., Philipps, V., Pillon, M., Pintsuk, G., Piovesan, P., Pires dos Reis, A., Piron, L., Pironti, A., Pisano, F., Pitts, R., Pizzo, F., Plyusnin, V., Pomaro, N., Pompilian, O. G., Pool, P. J., Popovichev, S., Porfiri, M. T., Porosnicu, C., Porton, M., Possnert, G., Potzel, S., Powell, T., Pozzi, J., Prajapati, V., Prakash, R., Prestopino, G., Price, D., Price, M., Price, R., Prior, P., Proudfoot, R., Pucella, G., Puglia, P., Puiatti, M. E., Pulley, D., Purahoo, K., Pütterich, Th., Rachlew, E., Rack, M., Ragona, R., Rainford, M. S. J., Rakha, A., Ramogida, G., Ranjan, S., Rapson, C. J., Rasmussen, J. J., Rathod, K., Rattá, G., Ratynskaia, S., Ravera, G., Rayner, C., Rebai, M., Reece, D., Reed, A., Réfy, D., Regan, B., Regaña, J., Reich, M., Reid, N., Reimold, F., Reinhart, M., Reinke, M., Reiser, D., Rendell, D., Reux, C., Reyes Cortes, S. D. A., Reynolds, S., Riccardo, V., Richardson, N., Riddle, K., Rigamonti, D., Rimini, F. G., Risner, J., Riva, M., Roach, C., Robins, R. J., Robinson, S. A., Robinson, T., Robson, D. W., Roccella, R., Rodionov, R., Rodrigues, P., Rodriguez, J., Rohde, V., Romanelli, F., Romanelli, M., Romanelli, S., Romazanov, J., Rowe, S., Rubel, M., Rubinacci, G., Rubino, G., Ruchko, L., Ruiz, M., Ruset, C., Rzadkiewicz, J., Saarelma, S., Sabot, R., Safi, E., Sagar, P., Saibene, G., Saint-Laurent, F., Salewski, M., Salmi, A., Salmon, R., Salzedas, F., Samaddar, D., Samm, U., Sandiford, D., Santa, P., Santala, M. I. K., Santos, B., Santucci, A., Sartori, F., Sartori, R., Sauter, O., Scannell, R., Schlummer, T., Schmid, K., Schmidt, V., Schmuck, S., Schneider, M., Schöpf, K., Schwörer, D., Scott, S. D., Sergienko, G., Sertoli, M., Shabbir, A., Sharapov, S. E., Shaw, A., Shaw, R., Sheikh, H., Shepherd, A., Shevelev, A., Shumack, A., Sias, G., Sibbald, M., Sieglin, B., Silburn, S., Silva, A., Silva, C., Simmons, P. A., Simpson, J., Simpson-Hutchinson, J., Sinha, A., Sipilä, S. K., Sips, A. C. C., Sirén, P., Sirinelli, A., Sjöstrand, H., Skiba, M., Skilton, R., Slabkowska, K., Slade, B., Smith, N., Smith, P. G., Smith, R., Smith, T. J., Smithies, M., Snoj, L., Soare, S., Solano, E. R., Somers, A., Sommariva, C., Sonato, P., Sopplesa, A., Sousa, J., Sozzi, C., Spagnolo, S., Spelzini, T., Spineanu, F., Stables, G., Stamatelatos, I., Stamp, M. F., Staniec, P., Stankūnas, G., Stan-Sion, C., Stead, M. J., Stefanikova, E., Stepanov, I., Stephen, A. V., Stephen, M., Stevens, A., Stevens, B. D., Strachan, J., Strand, P., Strauss, H. R., Ström, P., Stubbs, G., Studholme, W., Subba, F., Summers, H. P., Svensson, J., Świderski, Ł., Szabolics, T., Szawlowski, M., Szepesi, G., Suzuki, T. T., Tál, B., Tala, T., Talbot, A. R., Talebzadeh, S., Taliercio, C., Tamain, P., Tame, C., Tang, W., Tardocchi, M., Taroni, L., Taylor, D., Taylor, K. A., Tegnered, D., Telesca, G., Teplova, N., Terranova, D., Testa, D., Tholerus, E., Thomas, J., Thomas, J. D., Thomas, P., Thompson, A., Thompson, C. -A., Thompson, V. K., Thorne, L., Thornton, A., Thrysøe, A. S., Tigwell, P. A., Tipton, N., Tiseanu, I., Tojo, H., Tokitani, M., Tolias, P., Tomeš, M., Tonner, P., Towndrow, M., Trimble, P., Tripsky, M., Tsalas, M., Tsavalas, P., Tskhakaya jun, D., Turner, I., Turner, M. M., Turnyanskiy, M., Tvalashvili, G., Tyrrell, S. G. J., Uccello, A., Ul-Abidin, Z., Uljanovs, J., Ulyatt, D., Urano, H., Uytdenhouwen, I., Vadgama, A. P., Valcarcel, D., Valentinuzzi, M., Valisa, M., Vallejos Olivares, P., Valovic, M., Van De Mortel, M., Van Eester, D., Van Renterghem, W., van Rooij, G. J., Varje, J., Varoutis, S., Vartanian, S., Vasava, K., Vasilopoulou, T., Vega, J., Verdoolaege, G., Verhoeven, R., Verona, C., Verona Rinati, G., Veshchev, E., Vianello, N., Vicente, J., Viezzer, E., Villari, S., Villone, F., Vincenzi, P., Vinyar, I., Viola, B., Vitins, A., Vizvary, Z., Vlad, M., Voitsekhovitch, I., Vondráček, P., Vora, N., Vu, T., Pires de Sa, W. W., Wakeling, B., Waldon, C. W. F., Walkden, N., Walker, M., Walker, R., Walsh, M., Wang, E., Wang, N., Warder, S., Warren, R. J., Waterhouse, J., Watkins, N. W., Watts, C., Wauters, T., Weckmann, A., Weiland, J., Weisen, H., Weiszflog, M., Wellstood, C., West, A. T., Wheatley, M. R., Whetham, S., Whitehead, A. M., Whitehead, B. D., Widdowson, A. M., Wiesen, S., Wilkinson, J., Williams, J., Williams, M., Wilson, A. R., Wilson, D. J., Wilson, H. R., Wilson, J., Wischmeier, M., Withenshaw, G., Withycombe, A., Witts, D. M., Wood, D., Wood, R., Woodley, C., Wray, S., Wright, J., Wright, J. C., Wu, J., Wukitch, S., Wynn, A., Xu, T., Yadikin, D., Yanling, W., Yao, L., Yavorskij, V., Yoo, M. G., Young, C., Young, D., Young, I. D., Young, R., Zacks, J., Zagorski, R., Zaitsev, F. S., Zanino, R., Zarins, A., Zastrow, K. D., Zerbini, M., Zhang, W., Zhou, Y., Zilli, E., Zoita, V., Zoletnik, S., Zychor, I., Andersson SundÃ©n, E., Baiã¡o, D., Belonohy, Ã. ., Bergsã¥ker, H., Bãlkovã¡, P., Bjã¶rkas, C., Bodnã¡r, G., Broså awski, A., Calabrã², G., Crombã©, K., De Castro, A., De La Cal, E., De La Luna, E., De Pablos, J. L., De Vries, P., Den Harder, N., D'Inca, R., Donnã©, T., Duckworth, P. h., Ä uran, I., Durodiã©, F., Eich, T. h., Fã©vrier, O., Gã¡l, K., Gaå azka, K., Galvã¡o, R., GarcÃa-MuÃ±oz, M., Gardarein, J. -. L., Glã¶ggler, S., Goloborod'Ko, V., Goncalves, B., Guã©rard, C., Horã¡ä ek, J., Imrãå¡ek, M., Jã¤rvinen, A., Jednorã³g, S., Kã¶chl, F., Kã¶ppen, M., Kowalska-StrzÈ©ciwilk, E., Ksiaå¼ek, I., Å aszyå ska, E., Linsmeier, C. h., Lã¶nnroth, J., Lã³pez, J. M., LÃ³pez-Razola, J., Maquet, P. h., Markoviä , T., MartÃn De Aguilera, A., Martãnez, F. J., MartÃn-SolÃs, J. R., Mertens, P. h., Mlynã¡å , J., O'Gorman, T., O'Mullane, M., Pehkonen, S. -. P., Perez Von Thun, C., Petrå¾ilka, V., Pfefferlã©, D., Pires Dos Reis, A., Pã¼tterich, T. h., Rattã¡, G., Rã©fy, D., Regaã±a, J., Schã¶pf, K., Schwã¶rer, D., Sipilã¤, S. K., Sirã©n, P., Sjã¶strand, H., Stankå«nas, G., Strã¶m, P., Å widerski, Å. ., Tã¡l, B., Thompson, C. -. A., Thrysã¸e, A. S., Tomeå¡, M., Tskhakaya Jun, D., Van Rooij, G. J., Vondrã¡ä ek, P., Pires De Sa, W. W., Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), Hôpital de Rangueil, CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse], Laboratoire de microbiologie et génétique moléculaires (LMGM), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Dipartimento di Energia [Milano] (DENG), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Centrale de Marseille (ECM)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Research Centre Julich (FZJ), Institute for Plasma Research, Instituto Superior Tecnico Lisboa, Queen's University Belfast, University of Helsinki, CEA, Department of Applied Physics, School services, SCI, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, VTT, University of Naples Federico II, Universidad Nacional de Educacion a Distancia, CNR, Russian Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Universita degli Studi di Napoli Parthenope, Ente Per Le Nuove Tecnologie L'energia e l'ambiente, Troitsk Institute for Innovation and Fusion Research, Uppsala University, National Institute for Cryogenics and Isotopic Technology, Max-Planck-Institut fur Plasmaphysik, University of Catania, Fusion for Energy Joint Undertaking, National Institutes of Natural Sciences - National Institute for Fusion Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, University of Latvia, Imperial College London, CIEMAT, University of Oxford, EUROfusion Programme Management Unit, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology KIT, University of York, Royal Institute of Technology, Maritime University of Szczecin, H. Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Czech Academy of Sciences, University of Trento, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Comenius University, University of Milan - Bicocca, National Institute for Optoelectronics, Fourth State Research, University of Texas at Austin, Belgian Nuclear Research Center, National Centre for Nuclear Research (NCBJ), Princeton University, CNRS, University of Cagliari, University of Warwick, Soltan Institute for Nuclear Studies, FOM Institute DIFFER, National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, Ghent University, J. Stefan Institute, Universite de Lorraine, CAS - Institute of Plasma Physics, University of California at San Diego, Koninklijke Militaire School - Ecole Royale Militaire, Horia Hulubei National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, School services, ELEC, Department of Signal Processing and Acoustics, Automaatio- ja systeemitekniik, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Second University of Naples, Warsaw University of Technology, Universita della Basilicata, Barcelona Supercomp. Center, Universidad de Sevilla, Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Fisicas, Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Sähkötekniikan laitos, University of Rome Tor Vergata, RAS - Ioffe Physico Technical Institute, General Atomics, University of Innsbruck, Fusion and Plasma Physics, University of Toyama, University of Strathclyde, National Technical University of Athens, Universita della Tuscia, Technical University of Denmark, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul National University, University College Cork, Vienna University of Technology, University of Opole, Daegu University, National Fusion Research Institute, Dublin City University, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, PELIN LLC, Arizona State University, Universidad Complutense, University of Basel, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Consorzio CREATE, Demokritos National Centre for Scientific Research, Purdue University, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, School Services, ARTS, Department of Design, University of California Office of the President, Universidade de Sao Paulo, School Services, BIZ, Department of Information and Service Management, Lithuanian Energy Institute, HRS Fusion, Politecnico di Torino, University of Cassino, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto-yliopisto, Aalto University, and Faculdade de Engenharia
Subjects: Technology, fusion, Física [Ciências exactas e naturais], Tokamak, Nuclear engineering, DIAGNOSTICS, 01 natural sciences, ILW, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, Ilw, [SPI.MECA.MEFL]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Mechanics [physics.med-ph]/Fluids mechanics [physics.class-ph], Plasma, H-Mode Plasmas, law, ITER, Disruption Prediction, COLLISIONALITY, EDGE LOCALIZED MODES, Diagnostics, Operation, JET, plasma, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Condensed Matter Physics, Physics, Jet (fluid), JET, plasma, fusion, ITER, Divertor, Settore FIS/01 - Fisica Sperimentale, Fusion, Plasma and Space Physics, DENSITY PEAKING, Carbon Wall, H-MODE PLASMAS, [ SPI.MECA.MEFL ] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Mechanics [physics.med-ph]/Fluids mechanics [physics.class-ph], Density Peaking, Neutron transport, Facing Components, Collisionality, 114 Physical sciences, Física, Física, Nuclear physics, Physical sciences [Natural sciences], Fusion, plasma och rymdfysik, Pedestal, 0103 physical sciences, Nuclear fusion, ddc:530, Neutron, 010306 general physics, Fusion, Physics, Physical sciences, Nuclear and High Energy Physic, Edge Localized Modes, QC717, Física [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC], Reactors de fusió, Física, FACING COMPONENTS, Fusion reactors, Jet, CARBON WALL, DISRUPTION PREDICTION, OPERATION, ddc:600
Abstract: The 2014–2016 JET results are reviewed in the light of their significance for optimising the ITER research plan for the active and non-active operation. More than 60 h of plasma operation with ITER first wall materials successfully took place since its installation in 2011. New multi-machine scaling of the type I-ELM divertor energy flux density to ITER is supported by first principle modelling. ITER relevant disruption experiments and first principle modelling are reported with a set of three disruption mitigation valves mimicking the ITER setup. Insights of the L–H power threshold in Deuterium and Hydrogen are given, stressing the importance of the magnetic configurations and the recent measurements of fine-scale structures in the edge radial electric. Dimensionless scans of the core and pedestal confinement provide new information to elucidate the importance of the first wall material on the fusion performance. H-mode plasmas at ITER triangularity (H = 1 at ßN ~ 1.8 and n/nGW ~ 0.6) have been sustained at 2 MA during 5 s. The ITER neutronics codes have been validated on high performance experiments. Prospects for the coming D–T campaign and 14 MeV neutron calibration strategy are reviewed. This work has been carried out within the framework of the EUROfusion Consortium and has received funding from the Euratom research and training programme 2014–2018 under grant agreement No 633053. Peer Reviewed Article signat per 1.173 autors/es: X. Litaudon35, S. Abduallev39, M. Abhangi46, P. Abreu53, M. Afzal7, K.M. Aggarwal29, T. Ahlgren101, J.H. Ahn8, L. Aho-Mantila112, N. Aiba69, M. Airila112, R. Albanese105, V. Aldred7, D. Alegre93, E. Alessi45, P. Aleynikov55, A. Alfier12, A. Alkseev72, M. Allinson7, B. Alper7, E. Alves53, G. Ambrosino105, R. Ambrosino106, L. Amicucci90, V. Amosov88, E. Andersson Sundén22, M. Angelone90, M. Anghel85, C. Angioni62, L. Appel7, C. Appelbee7, P. Arena30, M. Ariola106, H. Arnichand8, S. Arshad41, A. Ash7, N. Ashikawa68, V. Aslanyan64, O. Asunta1, F. Auriemma12, Y. Austin7, L. Avotina103, M.D. Axton7, C. Ayres7, M. Bacharis24, A. Baciero57, D. Baião53, S. Bailey7, A. Baker7, I. Balboa7, M. Balden62, N. Balshaw7, R. Bament7, J.W. Banks7, Y.F. Baranov7, M.A. Barnard7, D. Barnes7, M. Barnes27, R. Barnsley55, A. Baron Wiechec7, L. Barrera Orte34, M. Baruzzo12, V. Basiuk8, M. Bassan55, R. Bastow7, A. Batista53, P. Batistoni90, R. Baughan7, B. Bauvir55, L. Baylor73, B. Bazylev56, J. Beal110, P.S. Beaumont7, M. Beckers39, B. Beckett7, A. Becoulet8, N. Bekris35, M. Beldishevski7, K. Bell7, F. Belli90, M. Bellinger7, É. Belonohy62, N. Ben Ayed7, N.A. Benterman7, H. Bergsåker42, J. Bernardo53, M. Bernert62, M. Berry7, L. Bertalot55, C. Besliu7, M. Beurskens63, B. Bieg61, J. Bielecki47, T. Biewer73, M. Bigi12, P. Bílková50, F. Binda22, A. Bisoffi31, J.P.S. Bizarro53, C. Björkas101, J. Blackburn7, K. Blackman7, T.R. Blackman7, P. Blanchard33, P. Blatchford7, V. Bobkov62, A. Boboc7, G. Bodnár113, O. Bogar18, I. Bolshakova60, T. Bolzonella12, N. Bonanomi97, F. Bonelli56, J. Boom62, J. Booth7, D. Borba35,53, D. Borodin39, I. Borodkina39, A. Botrugno90, C. Bottereau8, P. Boulting7, C. Bourdelle8, M. Bowden7, C. Bower7, C. Bowman110, T. Boyce7, C. Boyd7, H.J. Boyer7, J.M.A. Bradshaw7, V. Braic87, R. Bravanec40, B. Breizman107, S. Bremond8, P.D. Brennan7, S. Breton8, A. Brett7, S. Brezinsek39, M.D.J. Bright7, M. Brix7, W. Broeckx78, M. Brombin12, A. Brosławski65, D.P.D. Brown7, M. Brown7, E. Bruno55, J. Bucalossi8, J. Buch46, J. Buchanan7, M.A. Buckley7, R. Budny76, H. Bufferand8, M. Bulman7, N. Bulmer7, P. Bunting7, P. Buratti90, A. Burckhart62, A. Buscarino30, A. Busse7, N.K. Butler7, I. Bykov42, J. Byrne7, P. Cahyna50, G. Calabrò90, I. Calvo57, Y. Camenen4, P. Camp7, D.C. Campling7, J. Cane7, B. Cannas17, A.J. Capel7, P.J. Card7, A. Cardinali90, P. Carman7, M. Carr7, D. Carralero62, L. Carraro12, B.B. Carvalho53, I. Carvalho53, P. Carvalho53, F.J. Casson7, C. Castaldo90, N. Catarino53, J. Caumont7, F. Causa90, R. Cavazzana12, K. Cave-Ayland7, M. Cavinato12, M. Cecconello22, S. Ceccuzzi90, E. Cecil76, A. Cenedese12, R. Cesario90, C.D. Challis7, M. Chandler7, D. Chandra46, C.S. Chang76, A. Chankin62, I.T. Chapman7, S.C. Chapman28, M. Chernyshova49, G. Chitarin12, G. Ciraolo8, D. Ciric7, J. Citrin38, F. Clairet8, E. Clark7, M. Clark7, R. Clarkson7, D. Clatworthy7, C. Clements7, M. Cleverly7, J.P. Coad7, P.A. Coates7, A. Cobalt7, V. Coccorese105, V. Cocilovo90, S. Coda33, R. Coelho53, J.W. Coenen39, I. Coffey29, L. Colas8, S. Collins7, D. Conka103, S. Conroy22, N. Conway7, D. Coombs7, D. Cooper7, S.R. Cooper7, C. Corradino30, Y. Corre8, G. Corrigan7, S. Cortes53, D. Coster62, A.S. Couchman7, M.P. Cox7, T. Craciunescu86, S. Cramp7, R. Craven7, F. Crisanti90, G. Croci97, D. Croft7, K. Crombé15, R. Crowe7, N. Cruz53, G. Cseh113, A. Cufar81, A. Cullen7, M. Curuia85, A. Czarnecka49, H. Dabirikhah7, P. Dalgliesh7, S. Dalley7, J. Dankowski47, D. Darrow76, O. Davies7, W. Davis55,76, C. Day56, I.E. Day7, M. De Bock55, A. de Castro57, E. de la Cal57, E. de la Luna57, G. De Masi12, J. L. de Pablos57, G. De Temmerman55, G. De Tommasi105, P. de Vries55, K. Deakin7, J. Deane7, F. Degli Agostini12, R. Dejarnac50, E. Delabie73, N. den Harder38, R.O. Dendy7, J. Denis8, P. Denner39, S. Devaux62,104, P. Devynck8, F. Di Maio55, A. Di Siena62, C. Di Troia90, P. Dinca86, R. D’Inca62, B. Ding51, T. Dittmar39, H. Doerk62, R.P. Doerner9, T. Donné34, S.E. Dorling7, S. Dormido-Canto93, S. Doswon7, D. Douai8, P.T. Doyle7, A. Drenik62,81, P. Drewelow63, P. Drews39, Ph. Duckworth55, R. Dumont8, P. Dumortier58, D. Dunai113, M. Dunne62, I. Ďuran50, F. Durodié58, P. Dutta46, B. P. Duval33, R. Dux62, K. Dylst78, N. Dzysiuk22, P.V. Edappala46, J. Edmond7, A.M. Edwards7, J. Edwards7, Th. Eich62, A. Ekedahl8, R. El-Jorf7, C.G. Elsmore7, M. Enachescu84, G. Ericsson22, F. Eriksson16, J. Eriksson22, L.G. Eriksson36, B. Esposito90, S. Esquembri94, H.G. Esser39, D. Esteve8, B. Evans7, G.E. Evans7, G. Evison7, G.D. Ewart7, D. Fagan7, M. Faitsch62, D. Falie86, A. Fanni17, A. Fasoli33, J. M. Faustin33, N. Fawlk7, L. Fazendeiro53, N. Fedorczak8, R.C. Felton7, K. Fenton7, A. Fernades53, H. Fernandes53, J. Ferreira53, J.A. Fessey7, O. Février8, O. Ficker50, A. Field7, S. Fietz62, A. Figueiredo53, J. Figueiredo53,35, A. Fil8, P. Finburg7, M. Firdaouss8, U. Fischer56, L. Fittill7, M. Fitzgerald7, D. Flammini90, J. Flanagan7, C. Fleming7, K. Flinders7, N. Fonnesu90, J. M. Fontdecaba57, A. Formisano79, L. Forsythe7, L. Fortuna30, E. Fortuna-Zalesna19, M. Fortune7, S. Foster7, T. Franke34, T. Franklin7, M. Frasca30, L. Frassinetti42, M. Freisinger39, R. Fresa98, D. Frigione90, V. Fuchs50, D. Fuller35, S. Futatani6, J. Fyvie7, K. Gál34,62, D. Galassi2, K. Gałązka49, J. Galdon-Quiroga92, J. Gallagher7, D. Gallart6, R. Galvão10, X. Gao51, Y. Gao39, J. Garcia8, A. Garcia-Carrasco42, M. García-Muñoz92, J.-L. Gardarein3, L. Garzotti7, P. Gaudio95, E. Gauthier8, D.F. Gear7, S.J. Gee7, B. Geiger62, M. Gelfusa95, S. Gerasimov7, G. Gervasini45, M. Gethins7, Z. Ghani7, M. Ghate46, M. Gherendi86, J.C. Giacalone8, L. Giacomelli45, C.S. Gibson7, T. Giegerich56, C. Gil8, L. Gil53, S. Gilligan7, D. Gin54, E. Giovannozzi90, J.B. Girardo8, C. Giroud7, G. Giruzzi8, S. Glöggler62, J. Godwin7, J. Goff7, P. Gohil43, V. Goloborod’ko102, R. Gomes53, B. Gonçalves53, M. Goniche8, M. Goodliffe7, A. Goodyear7, G. Gorini97, M. Gosk65, R. Goulding76, A. Goussarov78, R. Gowland7, B. Graham7, M.E. Graham7, J. P. Graves33, N. Grazier7, P. Grazier7, N.R. Green7, H. Greuner62, B. Grierson76, F.S. Griph7, C. Grisolia8, D. Grist7, M. Groth1, R. Grove73, C.N. Grundy7, J. Grzonka19, D. Guard7, C. Guérard34, C. Guillemaut8,53, R. Guirlet8, C. Gurl7, H.H. Utoh69, L.J. Hackett7, S. Hacquin8,35, A. Hagar7, R. Hager76, A. Hakola112, M. Halitovs103, S.J. Hall7, S.P. Hallworth Cook7, C. Hamlyn-Harris7, K. Hammond7, C. Harrington7, J. Harrison7, D. Harting7, F. Hasenbeck39, Y. Hatano108, D.R. Hatch107, T.D.V. Haupt7, J. Hawes7, N.C. Hawkes7, J. Hawkins7, P. Hawkins7, P.W. Haydon7, N. Hayter7, S. Hazel7, P.J.L. Heesterman7, K. Heinola101, C. Hellesen22, T. Hellsten42, W. Helou8, O.N. Hemming7, T.C. Hender7, M. Henderson55, S.S. Henderson21, R. Henriques53, D. Hepple7, G. Hermon7, P. Hertout8, C. Hidalgo57, E.G. Highcock27, M. Hill7, J. Hillairet8, J. Hillesheim7, D. Hillis73, K. Hizanidis70, A. Hjalmarsson22, J. Hobirk62, E. Hodille8, C.H.A. Hogben7, G.M.D. Hogeweij38, A. Hollingsworth7, S. Hollis7, D.A. Homfray7, J. Horáček50, G. Hornung15, A.R. Horton7, L.D. Horton36, L. Horvath110, S.P. Hotchin7, M.R. Hough7, P.J. Howarth7, A. Hubbard64, A. Huber39, V. Huber39, T.M. Huddleston7, M. Hughes7, G.T.A. Huijsmans55, C.L. Hunter7, P. Huynh8, A.M. Hynes7, D. Iglesias7, N. Imazawa69, F. Imbeaux8, M. Imríšek50, M. Incelli109, P. Innocente12, M. Irishkin8, I. Ivanova-Stanik49, S. Jachmich58,35, A.S. Jacobsen83, P. Jacquet7, J. Jansons103, A. Jardin8, A. Järvinen1, F. Jaulmes38, S. Jednoróg49, I. Jenkins7, C. Jeong20, I. Jepu86, E. Joffrin8, R. Johnson7, T. Johnson42, Jane Johnston7, L. Joita7, G. Jones7, T.T.C. Jones7, K.K. Hoshino69, A. Kallenbach62, K. Kamiya69, J. Kaniewski7, A. Kantor7, A. Kappatou62, J. Karhunen1, D. Karkinsky7, I. Karnowska7, M. Kaufman73, G. Kaveney7, Y. Kazakov58, V. Kazantzidis70, D.L. Keeling7, T. Keenan7, J. Keep7, M. Kempenaars7, C. Kennedy7, D. Kenny7, J. Kent7, O.N. Kent7, E. Khilkevich54, H.T. Kim35, H.S. Kim80, A. Kinch7, C. king7, D. King7, R.F. King7, D.J. Kinna7, V. Kiptily7, A. Kirk7, K. Kirov7, A. Kirschner39, G. Kizane103, C. Klepper73, A. Klix56, P. Knight7, S.J. Knipe7, S. Knott96, T. Kobuchi69, F. Köchl111, G. Kocsis113, I. Kodeli81, L. Kogan7, D. Kogut8, S. Koivuranta112, Y. Kominis70, M. Köppen39, B. Kos81, T. Koskela1, H.R. Koslowski39, M. Koubiti4, M. Kovari7, E. Kowalska-Strzęciwilk49, A. Krasilnikov88, V. Krasilnikov88, N. Krawczyk49, M. Kresina8, K. Krieger62, A. Krivska58, U. Kruezi7, I. Książek48, A. Kukushkin72, A. Kundu46, T. Kurki-Suonio1, S. Kwak20, R. Kwiatkowski65, O.J. Kwon13, L. Laguardia45, A. Lahtinen101, A. Laing7, N. Lam7, H.T. Lambertz39, C. Lane7, P.T. Lang62, S. Lanthaler33, J. Lapins103, A. Lasa101, J.R. Last7, E. Łaszyńska49, R. Lawless7, A. Lawson7, K.D. Lawson7, A. Lazaros70, E. Lazzaro45, J. Leddy110, S. Lee66, X. Lefebvre7, H.J. Leggate32, J. Lehmann7, M. Lehnen55, D. Leichtle41, P. Leichuer7, F. Leipold55,83, I. Lengar81, M. Lennholm36, E. Lerche58, A. Lescinskis103, S. Lesnoj7, E. Letellier7, M. Leyland110, W. Leysen78, L. Li39, Y. Liang39, J. Likonen112, J. Linke39, Ch. Linsmeier39, B. Lipschultz110, G. Liu55, Y. Liu51, V.P. Lo Schiavo105, T. Loarer8, A. Loarte55, R.C. Lobel7, B. Lomanowski1, P.J. Lomas7, J. Lönnroth1,35, J. M. López94, J. López-Razola57, R. Lorenzini12, U. Losada57, J.J. Lovell7, A.B. Loving7, C. Lowry36, T. Luce43, R.M.A. Lucock7, A. Lukin74, C. Luna5, M. Lungaroni95, C.P. Lungu86, M. Lungu86, A. Lunniss110, I. Lupelli7, A. Lyssoivan58, N. Macdonald7, P. Macheta7, K. Maczewa7, B. Magesh46, P. Maget8, C. Maggi7, H. Maier62, J. Mailloux7, T. Makkonen1, R. Makwana46, A. Malaquias53, A. Malizia95, P. Manas4, A. Manning7, M.E. Manso53, P. Mantica45, M. Mantsinen6, A. Manzanares91, Ph. Maquet55, Y. Marandet4, N. Marcenko88, C. Marchetto45, O. Marchuk39, M. Marinelli95, M. Marinucci90, T. Markovič50, D. Marocco90, L. Marot26, C.A. Marren7, R. Marshal7, A. Martin7, Y. Martin33, A. Martín de Aguilera57, F.J. Martínez93, J. R. Martín-Solís14, Y. Martynova39, S. Maruyama55, A. Masiello12, M. Maslov7, S. Matejcik18, M. Mattei79, G.F. Matthews7, F. Maviglia11, M. Mayer62, M.L. Mayoral34, T. May-Smith7, D. Mazon8, C. Mazzotta90, R. McAdams7, P.J. McCarthy96, K.G. McClements7, O. McCormack12, P.A. McCullen7, D. McDonald34, S. McIntosh7, R. McKean7, J. McKehon7, R.C. Meadows7, A. Meakins7, F. Medina57, M. Medland7, S. Medley7, S. Meigh7, A.G. Meigs7, G. Meisl62, S. Meitner73, L. Meneses53, S. Menmuir7,42, K. Mergia71, I.R. Merrigan7, Ph. Mertens39, S. Meshchaninov88, A. Messiaen58, H. Meyer7, S. Mianowski65, R. Michling55, D. Middleton-Gear7, J. Miettunen1, F. Militello7, E. Militello-Asp7, G. Miloshevsky77, F. Mink62, S. Minucci105, Y. Miyoshi69, J. Mlynář50, D. Molina8, I. Monakhov7, M. Moneti109, R. Mooney7, S. Moradi37, S. Mordijck43, L. Moreira7, R. Moreno57, F. Moro90, A.W. Morris7, J. Morris7, L. Moser26, S. Mosher73, D. Moulton7,1, A. Murari12,35, A. Muraro45, S. Murphy7, N.N. Asakura69, Y.S. Na80, F. Nabais53, R. Naish7, T. Nakano69, E. Nardon8, V. Naulin83, M.F.F. Nave53, I. Nedzelski53, G. Nemtsev88, F. Nespoli33, A. Neto41, R. Neu62, V.S. Neverov72, M. Newman7, K.J. Nicholls7, T. Nicolas33, A.H. Nielsen83, P. Nielsen12, E. Nilsson8, D. Nishijima99, C. Noble7, M. Nocente97, D. Nodwell7, K. Nordlund101, H. Nordman16, R. Nouailletas8, I. Nunes53, M. Oberkofler62, T. Odupitan7, M.T. Ogawa69, T. O’Gorman7, M. Okabayashi76, R. Olney7, O. Omolayo7, M. O’Mullane21, J. Ongena58, F. Orsitto11, J. Orszagh18, B.I. Oswuigwe7, R. Otin7, A. Owen7, R. Paccagnella12, N. Pace7, D. Pacella90, L.W. Packer7, A. Page7, E. Pajuste103, S. Palazzo30, S. Pamela7, S. Panja46, P. Papp18, R. Paprok50, V. Parail7, M. Park66, F. Parra Diaz27, M. Parsons73, R. Pasqualotto12, A. Patel7, S. Pathak46, D. Paton7, H. Patten33, A. Pau17, E. Pawelec48, C. Paz Soldan43, A. Peackoc36, I.J. Pearson7, S.-P. Pehkonen112, E. Peluso95, C. Penot55, A. Pereira57, R. Pereira53, P.P. Pereira Puglia7, C. Perez von Thun35,39, S. Peruzzo12, S. Peschanyi56, M. Peterka50, P. Petersson42, G. Petravich113, A. Petre84, N. Petrella7, V. Petržilka50, Y. Peysson8, D. Pfefferlé33, V. Philipps39, M. Pillon90, G. Pintsuk39, P. Piovesan12, A. Pires dos Reis52, L. Piron7, A. Pironti105, F. Pisano17, R. Pitts55, F. Pizzo79, V. Plyusnin53, N. Pomaro12, O.G. Pompilian86, P.J. Pool7, S. Popovichev7, M.T. Porfiri90, C. Porosnicu86, M. Porton7, G. Possnert22, S. Potzel62, T. Powell7, J. Pozzi7, V. Prajapati46, R. Prakash46, G. Prestopino95, D. Price7, M. Price7, R. Price7, P. Prior7, R. Proudfoot7, G. Pucella90, P. Puglia52, M.E. Puiatti12, D. Pulley7, K. Purahoo7, Th. Pütterich62, E. Rachlew25, M. Rack39, R. Ragona58, M.S.J. Rainford7, A. Rakha6, G. Ramogida90, S. Ranjan46, C.J. Rapson62, J.J. Rasmussen83, K. Rathod46, G. Rattá57, S. Ratynskaia82, G. Ravera90, C. Rayner7, M. Rebai97, D. Reece7, A. Reed7, D. Réfy113, B. Regan7, J. Regaña34, M. Reich62, N. Reid7, F. Reimold39, M. Reinhart34, M. Reinke110,73, D. Reiser39, D. Rendell7, C. Reux8, S.D.A. Reyes Cortes53, S. Reynolds7, V. Riccardo7, N. Richardson7, K. Riddle7, D. Rigamonti97, F.G. Rimini7, J. Risner73, M. Riva90, C. Roach7, R.J. Robins7, S.A. Robinson7, T. Robinson7, D.W. Robson7, R. Roccella55, R. Rodionov88, P. Rodrigues53, J. Rodriguez7, V. Rohde62, F. Romanelli90, M. Romanelli7, S. Romanelli7, J. Romazanov39, S. Rowe7, M. Rubel42, G. Rubinacci105, G. Rubino12, L. Ruchko52, M. Ruiz94, C. Ruset86, J. Rzadkiewicz65, S. Saarelma7, R. Sabot8, E. Safi101, P. Sagar7, G. Saibene41, F. Saint-Laurent8, M. Salewski83, A. Salmi112, R. Salmon7, F. Salzedas53, D. Samaddar7, U. Samm39, D. Sandiford7, P. Santa46, M.I.K. Santala1, B. Santos53, A. Santucci90, F. Sartori41, R. Sartori41, O. Sauter33, R. Scannell7, T. Schlummer39, K. Schmid62, V. Schmidt12, S. Schmuck7, M. Schneider8, K. Schöpf102, D. Schwörer32, S.D. Scott76, G. Sergienko39, M. Sertoli62, A. Shabbir15, S.E. Sharapov7, A. Shaw7, R. Shaw7, H. Sheikh7, A. Shepherd7, A. Shevelev54, A. Shumack38, G. Sias17, M. Sibbald7, B. Sieglin62, S. Silburn7, A. Silva53, C. Silva53, P.A. Simmons7, J. Simpson7, J. Simpson-Hutchinson7, A. Sinha46, S.K. Sipilä1, A.C.C. Sips36, P. Sirén112, A. Sirinelli55, H. Sjöstrand22, M. Skiba22, R. Skilton7, K. Slabkowska49, B. Slade7, N. Smith7, P.G. Smith7, R. Smith7, T.J. Smith7, M. Smithies110, L. Snoj81, S. Soare85, E. R. Solano35,57, A. Somers32, C. Sommariva8, P. Sonato12, A. Sopplesa12, J. Sousa53, C. Sozzi45, S. Spagnolo12, T. Spelzini7, F. Spineanu86, G. Stables7, I. Stamatelatos71, M.F. Stamp7, P. Staniec7, G. Stankūnas59, C. Stan-Sion84, M.J. Stead7, E. Stefanikova42, I. Stepanov58, A.V. Stephen7, M. Stephen46, A. Stevens7, B.D. Stevens7, J. Strachan76, P. Strand16, H.R. Strauss44, P. Ström42, G. Stubbs7, W. Studholme7, F. Subba75, H.P. Summers21, J. Svensson63, Ł. Świderski65, T. Szabolics113, M. Szawlowski49, G. Szepesi7, T.T. Suzuki69, B. Tál113, T. Tala112, A.R. Talbot7, S. Talebzadeh95, C. Taliercio12, P. Tamain8, C. Tame7, W. Tang76, M. Tardocchi45, L. Taroni12, D. Taylor7, K.A. Taylor7, D. Tegnered16, G. Telesca15, N. Teplova54, D. Terranova12, D. Testa33, E. Tholerus42, J. Thomas7, J.D. Thomas7, P. Thomas55, A. Thompson7, C.-A. Thompson7, V.K. Thompson7, L. Thorne7, A. Thornton7, A.S. Thrysøe83, P.A. Tigwell7, N. Tipton7, I. Tiseanu86, H. Tojo69, M. Tokitani67, P. Tolias82, M. Tomeš50, P. Tonner7, M. Towndrow7, P. Trimble7, M. Tripsky58, M. Tsalas38, P. Tsavalas71, D. Tskhakaya jun102, I. Turner7, M.M. Turner32, M. Turnyanskiy34, G. Tvalashvili7, S.G.J. Tyrrell7, A. Uccello45, Z. Ul-Abidin7, J. Uljanovs1, D. Ulyatt7, H. Urano69, I. Uytdenhouwen78, A.P. Vadgama7, D. Valcarcel7, M. Valentinuzzi8, M. Valisa12, P. Vallejos Olivares42, M. Valovic7, M. Van De Mortel7, D. Van Eester58, W. Van Renterghem78, G.J. van Rooij38, J. Varje1, S. Varoutis56, S. Vartanian8, K. Vasava46, T. Vasilopoulou71, J. Vega57, G. Verdoolaege58, R. Verhoeven7, C. Verona95, G. Verona Rinati95, E. Veshchev55, N. Vianello45, J. Vicente53, E. Viezzer62,92, S. Villari90, F. Villone100, P. Vincenzi12, I. Vinyar74, B. Viola90, A. Vitins103, Z. Vizvary7, M. Vlad86, I. Voitsekhovitch34, P. Vondráček50, N. Vora7, T. Vu8, W.W. Pires de Sa52, B. Wakeling7, C.W.F. Waldon7, N. Walkden7, M. Walker7, R. Walker7, M. Walsh55, E. Wang39, N. Wang39, S. Warder7, R.J. Warren7, J. Waterhouse7, N.W. Watkins28, C. Watts55, T. Wauters58, A. Weckmann42, J. Weiland23, H. Weisen33, M. Weiszflog22, C. Wellstood7, A.T. West7, M.R. Wheatley7, S. Whetham7, A.M. Whitehead7, B.D. Whitehead7, A.M. Widdowson7, S. Wiesen39, J. Wilkinson7, J. Williams7, M. Williams7, A.R. Wilson7, D.J. Wilson7, H.R. Wilson110, J. Wilson7, M. Wischmeier62, G. Withenshaw7, A. Withycombe7, D.M. Witts7, D. Wood7, R. Wood7, C. Woodley7, S. Wray7, J. Wright7, J.C. Wright64, J. Wu89, S. Wukitch64, A. Wynn110, T. Xu7, D. Yadikin16, W. Yanling39, L. Yao89, V. Yavorskij102, M.G. Yoo80, C. Young7, D. Young7, I.D. Young7, R. Young7, J. Zacks7, R. Zagorski49, F.S. Zaitsev18, R. Zanino75, A. Zarins103, K.D. Zastrow7, M. Zerbini90, W. Zhang62, Y. Zhou42, E. Zilli12, V. Zoita86, S. Zoletnik113, I. Zychor65 and JET Contributorsa // EUROfusion Consortium JET, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, OX14 3DB, United Kingdom / 1 Aalto University, PO Box 14100, FIN-00076 Aalto, Finland / 2 Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, M2P2 UMR 7340, 13451, Marseille, France / 3 Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, IUSTI UMR 7343, 13013 Marseille, France / 4 Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, PIIM, UMR 7345, 13013 Marseille, France / 5 Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States of America / 6 Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Spain / 7 CCFE, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 3DB, United Kingdom / 8 CEA, IRFM, F-13108 Saint Paul Lez Durance, France / 9 Center for Energy Research, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States of America / 10 Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Fisicas, Rua Xavier Sigaud, 160, Rio de Janeiro CEP 22290-180, Brazil / 11 Consorzio CREATE, Via Claudio 21, 80125 Napoli, Italy / 12 Consorzio RFX, corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy / 13 Daegu University, Jillyang, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 712-174, Republic of Korea / 14 Departamento de Física, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 28911 Leganés, Madrid, Spain / 15 Department of Applied Physics UG (Ghent University) St-Pietersnieuwstraat 41 B-9000 Ghent, Belgium / 16 Department of Earth and Space Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden / 17 Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Cagliari, Piazza d’Armi 09123, Cagliari, Italy / 18 Department of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics Comenius University Mlynska dolina F2, 84248 Bratislava, Slovakia / 19 Department of Materials Science, Warsaw University of Technology, PL-01-152 Warsaw, Poland / 20 Department of Nuclear and Quantum Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Korea / 21 Department of Physics and Applied Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 ONG, United Kingdom / 22 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden / 23 Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden / 24 Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom / 25 Department of Physics, SCI, KTH, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden / 26 Department of Physics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland / 27 Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 2JD, United Kingdom / 28 Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom / 29 Department of Pure and Applied Physics, Queens University, Belfast, BT7 1NN, United Kingdom / 30 Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica Elettronica e Informatica, Università degli Studi di Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy / 31 Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale, University of Trento, Trento, Italy / 32 Dublin City University (DCU), Dublin, Ireland / 33 Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Swiss Plasma Center (SPC), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland / 34 EUROfusion Programme Management Unit, Boltzmannstr. 2, 85748 Garching, Germany / 35 EUROfusion Programme Management Unit, Culham Science Centre, Culham, OX14 3DB, United Kingdom / 36 European Commission, B-1049 Brussels, Belgium / 37 Fluid and Plasma Dynamics, ULB—Campus Plaine—CP 231 Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium / 38 FOM Institute DIFFER, Eindhoven, Netherlands / 39 Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institut für Energie- und Klimaforschung—Plasmaphysik, 52425 Jülich, Germany / 40 Fourth State Research, 503 Lockhart Dr, Austin, TX, United States of America / 41 Fusion for Energy Joint Undertaking, Josep Pl. 2, Torres Diagonal Litoral B3, 08019, Barcelona, Spain / 42 Fusion Plasma Physics, EES, KTH, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden / 43 General Atomics, PO Box 85608, San Diego, CA 92186-5608, United States of America / 44 HRS Fusion, West Orange, NJ, United States of America / 45 IFP-CNR, via R. Cozzi 53, 20125 Milano, Italy / 46 Institute for Plasma Research, Bhat, Gandhinagar-382 428, Gujarat State, India / 47 Institute of Nuclear Physics, Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Kraków, Poland / 48 Institute of Physics, Opole University, Oleska 48, 45-052 Opole, Poland / 49 Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion, Hery 23, 01-497 Warsaw, Poland / 50 Institute of Plasma Physics AS CR, Za Slovankou 1782/3, 182 00 Praha 8, Czechia / 51 Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, People’s Republic of China / 52 Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão Travessa R Nr.187 CEP 05508-090 Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, Brasil / 53 Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal / 54 Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute, 26 Politekhnicheskaya, St Petersburg 194021, Russian Federation / 55 ITER Organization, Route de Vinon, CS 90 046, 13067 Saint Paul Lez Durance, France / 56 Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, PO Box 3640, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany / 57 Laboratorio Nacional de Fusión, CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain / 58 Laboratory for Plasma Physics Koninklijke Militaire School—Ecole Royale Militaire, Renaissancelaan 30 Avenue de la Renaissance B-1000, Brussels, Belgium / 59 Lithuanian energy institute, Breslaujos g. 3, LT-44403, Kaunas, Lithuania / 60 Magnetic Sensor Laboratory, Lviv Polytechnic National University, Lviv, Ukraine / 61 Maritime University of Szczecin, Waly Chrobrego 1-2, 70-500 Szczecin, Poland / 62 Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, D-85748 Garching, Germany / 63 Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Teilinsitut Greifswald, D-17491 Greifswald, Germany / 64 MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Centre, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States of America / 65 National Centre for Nuclear Research (NCBJ), 05-400 Otwock-Świerk, Poland / 66 National Fusion Research Institute (NFRI), 169-148 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea / 67 National Institute for Fusion Science, Oroshi, Toki, Gifu 509-5292, Japan / 68 National Institute for Fusion Science, Toki, 509-5292, Japan / 69 National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Naka, Ibaraki 311-0193, Japan / 70 National Technical University of Athens, Iroon Politechniou 9, 157 73 Zografou, Athens, Greece / 71 NCSR ‘Demokritos’, 153 10, Agia Paraskevi Attikis, Greece / 72 NRC Kurchatov Institute, 1 Kurchatov Square, Moscow 123182, Russian Federation / 73 Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6169, United States of America / 74 PELIN LLC, 27a, Gzhatskaya Ulitsa, Saint Petersburg, 195220, Russian Federation / 75 Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, I-10129 Torino, Italy / 76 Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, James Forrestal Campus, Princeton, NJ 08543, United States of America / 77 Purdue University, 610 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States of America / 78 SCK-CEN, Nuclear Research Centre, 2400 Mol, Belgium / 79 Second University of Napoli, Consorzio CREATE, Via Claudio 21, 80125 Napoli, Italy / 80 Seoul National University, Shilim-Dong, Gwanak-Gu, Republic of Korea / 81 Slovenian Fusion Association (SFA), Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia / 82 Space and Plasma Physics, EES, KTH SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden / 83 Technical University of Denmark, Department of Physics, Bldg 309, DK-2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark / 84 The ‘Horia Hulubei’ National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Magurele-Bucharest, Romania / 85 The National Institute for Cryogenics and Isotopic Technology, Ramnicu Valcea, Romania / 86 The National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, Magurele-Bucharest, Romania / 87 The National Institute for Optoelectronics, Magurele-Bucharest, Romania / 88 Troitsk Insitute of Innovating and Thermonuclear Research (TRINITI), Troitsk 142190, Moscow Region, Russian Federation / 89 University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China / 90 Unità Tecnica Fusione, ENEA C. R. Frascati, via E. Fermi 45, 00044 Frascati (Roma), Italy / 91 Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain / 92 Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain / 93 Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Madrid, Spain / 94 Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Grupo I2A2, Madrid, Spain / 95 Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, Roma, Italy / 96 University College Cork (UCC), Ireland / 97 University Milano-Bicocca, piazza della Scienza 3, 20126 Milano, Italy / 98 University of Basilicata, Consorzio CREATE, Via Claudio 21, 80125 Napoli, Italy / 99 University of California, 1111 Franklin St., Oakland, CA 94607, United States of America / 100 University of Cassino, Consorzio CREATE, Via Claudio 21, 80125 Napoli, Italy / 101 University of Helsinki, PO Box 43, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland / 102 University of Innsbruck, Fusion@Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften (ÖAW), Innsbruck, Austria / 103 University of Latvia, 19 Raina Blvd., Riga, LV 1586, Latvia / 104 University of Lorraine, CNRS, UMR7198, YIJL, Nancy, France / 105 University of Napoli ‘Federico II’, Consorzio CREATE, Via Claudio 21, 80125 Napoli, Italy / 106 University of Napoli Parthenope, Consorzio CREATE, Via Claudio 21, 80125 Napoli, Italy / 107 University of Texas at Austin, Institute for Fusion Studies, Austin, TX 78712, United States of America / 108 University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-8555, Japan / 109 University of Tuscia, DEIM, Via del Paradiso 47, 01100 Viterbo, Italy / 110 University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom / 111 Vienna University of Technology, Fusion@Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften (ÖAW), Austria / 112 VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, PO Box 1000, FIN-02044 VTT, Finland / 113 Wigner Research Centre for Physics, PO Box 49, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary
Published: 2017
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6. Status of the JET high frequency pellet injector

Author: Jet-Efda Contributors, A. Geraud, T. Alarcon, D. Garnier, R. Mooney, I. Vinyar, D. Frigione, M. Lennholm, P. Bennett, Peter Lang, A. Lukin, JET-EFDA Contributors, and Frigione, D.
Subjects: ELM mitigation, Deuterium pellet injector, Pellet fuelling, JET-EP2, Jet (fluid), Materials science, Mechanical Engineering, Nuclear engineering, Nozzle, Plastics extrusion, Pellets, Plasma, Injector, law.invention, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, law, Pellet, Thermal, General Materials Science, Civil and Structural Engineering
Abstract: A new high frequency pellet injector, part of the JET programme in support of ITER, has been installed on JET at the end of 2007. Its main objective is the mitigation of the Edge Localized Modes (ELMs), responsible for unacceptable thermal loads on the wall when their amplitude is too high. The injector was also required to have the capability to inject pellets for plasma fuelling. To reach this double goal, the injector has to be capable to produce and accelerate either small pellets to trigger ELMs (pace making), allowing to control their frequency and thus their amplitude, or large pellets to fuel the plasma. Operational since the beginning of the 2009 JET experimental campaign, the injector, based on the screw extruder technology, suffered from a general degradation of its performance linked to extrusion instability. After modifications of the nozzle assembly, re-commissioning on plasma has been undertaken during the first half of 2012 and successful pellet ELM pacing was achieved, rising the intrinsic ELM frequency up to 4.5 times. © 2013 EURATOM.
Published: 2013
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7. Pacing control of sawtooth and ELM oscillations in tokamaks

Author: M. Lennholm, M Menno Lauret, de Marco Baar, Wpmh Maurice Heemels, Control Systems Technology, and Mechanical Engineering
Subjects: Physics, Tokamak, Oscillation, Sawtooth wave, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Instability, ELM pacing, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, feedback control, Nonlinear system, Amplitude, sawtooth period control, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Exponential stability, law, Control theory, Control system, pacing and period locking, 0103 physical sciences, 010306 general physics
Abstract: In tokamak plasmas, the sawtooth oscillation (ST) and the edge-localized-mode (ELM) are characterized by a phase of a slow evolution of the plasma conditions, followed by a crash-like instability that resets the plasma conditions when certain criteria of the plasma conditions are satisfied. Typically, the crashes induce losses of heat and energetic particles and may also trigger secondary instabilities. As the amplitude of the crash-like perturbation scales with the period between two crashes, period control of these oscillations is important for operations of large fusion facilities such as ITER and DEMO. In several present-day experimental facilities, a pacing control algorithm has been successfully applied for controlling the sawtooth period and the ELM period. However, a formal analysis has been lacking so far, which therefore forms the objective of the present paper. For this purpose, a reset model for the sawtooth period is introduced and, after a proper transformation a nonlinear discrete-time system is obtained, which is used for the formal analysis of pacing control. By representing the model in a Lur'e (or Lurie) form, we can derive conditions under which global asymptotic stability of the closed-loop (pacing) period control system is guaranteed. Moreover, we will show that the controller exhibits inherent robustness for model uncertainties. We envision that the analytical results in the area of pacing control of the sawtooth are also applicable to pacing period control of the ELM oscillation period. The presented reset model also explains why in recent experiments the sawtooth period locks with a periodically modulated power.
Published: 2016

8. Real-time control of ELM and sawtooth frequencies: similarities and differences

Author: T. R. Blackman, F.G. Rimini, Ivo S. Carvalho, E. de la Luna, D. Frigione, S. Jachmich, E. Lerche, R. C. Felton, G. Sips, L. Garzotti, A. Goodyear, M. Lennholm, Carlo Sozzi, I. T. Chapman, M. Goniche, Jet Contributors, R. Mooney, M. Tsalas, D. Grist, Peter Lang, R. J. Dumont, M. Reich, P. Beaumont, Jonathan Graves, M. F. F. Nave, H. Sheikh, I. Monakhov, J. Morris, Thomas Johnson, and JET Contributors
Subjects: pellet injeciton, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Materials science, Tokamak, ICRH heating, Automatic frequency control, real time control, Sawtooth wave, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, impurity control, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, law, Control theory, 0103 physical sciences, elm control, 010306 general physics, sawtooth control, Jet (fluid), Divertor, Plasma, Mechanics, Condensed Matter Physics, gas fuelling, 13. Climate action, Control system, Atomic physics
Abstract: ELMs and Sawteeth, located in different parts of the plasma, are similar from a control engineering point of view. Both manifest themselves through quiescent periods interrupted by periodic collapses. For both, large collapses, following long quiescent periods, have detrimental effects while short periods are associated with decreased confinement. Following the installation of the all metal ‘ITER like wall’ on JET, sawteeth and ELMs also play an important role by expelling tungsten from the core and edge of the plasma respectively. Control of tungsten has therefore been added to divertor heat load reduction, NTM avoidance and helium ash removal as reasons for requiring ELM and sawtooth control. It is therefore of interest to implement control systems to maintain the sawtooth and ELM frequencies in the desired ranges. On JET, ELM frequency control uses radial field ‘kicks’ and pellet and gas injection as actuators, while sawtooth control uses ion cyclotron resonance heating (ICRH). JET experiments have, for the first time, established feedback control of the ELM frequency, via real time variation of the injected gas flow [1]. Using this controller in conjunction with pellet injection allows the ELM frequency to be kept as required despite variations in pellet ELM triggering efficiency. JET Sawtooth control experiments have, for the first time, demonstrated that low field side ICRH, as foreseen for ITER, can shorten sawteeth lengthened by central fast ions [2]. The development of ELM and sawtooth control could be key to achieve stable high performance JET discharges with minimal tungsten content. Integrating such schemes into an overall control strategy will be required in future tokamaks and gaining experience on current tokamaks is essential.
Published: 2016
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9. Recent Advances in Sawtooth Control

Author: Jet-Efda Contributors, Olivier Sauter, I. T. Chapman, Stefano Coda, Thomas Johnson, Jonathan Graves, M. Lennholm, and JI Paley
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Jet (fluid), Materials science, Tokamak, 020209 energy, Mechanical Engineering, Cyclotron, Joint European Torus, Cyclotron resonance, 02 engineering and technology, Sawtooth wave, Plasma, Tore Supra, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, law, 0103 physical sciences, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, General Materials Science, Atomic physics, Civil and Structural Engineering
Abstract: Important advances have been made recently in the invention and application of experimental methods to control the sawtooth instability in tokamak plasmas. The primary means of control involves the application of either ion cyclotron resonance heating (ICRH), or electron cyclotron heating, with resonance very close to the q = 1 radius in the plasma core. Reported here are experiments that have successfully applied these methods to either shorten or lengthen the sawteeth deliberately, in a variety of plasma conditions, in three tokamaks: Joint European Torus (JET), TCV, and Tore Supra. It is shown that despite the sensitivity of the sawtooth period to the resonance position, sawteeth can be controlled using either real-time control of the electron cyclotron deposition, or in the case of ion cyclotron heating, very careful adjustment of the magnetic field strength and minority ion concentration. The latter technique has been guided by theoretical advances that have enabled the control of sawteeth in JET with ITER-relevant ICRH scenarios.
Published: 2011
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10. The 118-GHz Electron Cyclotron Heating System on Tore Supra

Author: F. Bouquey, H. O. Prinz, R. Lambert, Manfred Thumm, C. Darbos, R. Magne, M. Lennholm, E. Traisnel, Christophe Lievin, Andreas Arnold, and Jean-Philippe Hogge
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Materials science, 020209 energy, Cyclotron, 02 engineering and technology, Sawtooth wave, Tore Supra, 01 natural sciences, Electron cyclotron resonance, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, Nuclear magnetic resonance, Optics, Transmission line, law, Gyrotron, 0103 physical sciences, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, General Materials Science, Civil and Structural Engineering, business.industry, Mechanical Engineering, Magnetic confinement fusion, Electric power transmission, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, business
Abstract: An electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) system capable of delivering 2.4 MW cw has been designed to be built at Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique, Cadarache, for the Tore Supra (TS) experiment, to provide plasma heating and current drive by electron cyclotron resonance interaction. The planned system was composed of a generator using six gyrotrons 500 kW for 5 s or 400 kW cw working at 118 GHz. Six transmission lines made of corrugated waveguide, 63.5-mm diameter, carry the HE11 mode to one antenna composed of six fixed mirrors and three independently movable mirrors for the adjustment of the injection angles of the rf beams. The antenna was built and installed in TS, and all transmission line components ordered and installed between the gyrotron locations and the antenna. In the same way, the required six oil tanks, the six cryomagnets, and the six modulating anode devices were designed and manufactured. In parallel, after demonstration in the factory of proper operation of the prototype gyrotron, the manufacture of a first so-called series gyrotron was made. But this gyrotron experienced hard limitations (overheating inducing prohibited outgassing, parasitic oscillations) during the long-pulse tests in Cadarache, and the achieved performance was 300 kW for 110 s. A new study was then carried out in collaboration with Thales Electron Devices, the EURATOM-CEA Association, and the EURATOM-Confederation Suisse Association to understand and overcome the limitations, which led to the construction of a new modified gyrotron. During the tests in factory of this new gyrotron, the output beam showed two peaks, a pattern never predicted by simulations. The gyrotron was nevertheless transferred to Cadarache for long-pulse testing, but an arc on the windows definitely stopped the tests. To understand the cause of the observed two peaks, various low-level tests were then performed on a model of the mode converter with different shapes for the launcher, but without real improvement. Besides measurements, the use of a new software, Surf3D, based on integral equations and providing a complete three-dimensional modeling, showed that the problem mainly comes from the third mirror, whose curvature is too high and consequently not well taken into account by the calculation. These technological problems have seriously delayed the development of the gyrotrons; as a consequence, only two tubes (intermediate developments) are presently available on TS to inject 700 kW in 5-s pulses. In spite of this relatively low power, the localized absorption property of electron cyclotron waves has been used on TS in a wide variety of experiments, such as stabilization and control of the sawtooth period, perturbative transport studies by ECRH modulations, and ECRH-assisted plasma start-up.
Published: 2009
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11. Plasma Control in Tore Supra

Author: Sylvain Brémond, A. Geraud, Didier Mazon, P. Hertout, M. Lennholm, F. Saint-Laurent, D. Douai, and Ph. Moreau
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Tokamak, Computer science, 020209 energy, Mechanical Engineering, Feedback control, Nuclear engineering, Magnetic confinement fusion, 02 engineering and technology, Plasma, Tore Supra, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, law, Control system, 0103 physical sciences, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, General Materials Science, Atomic physics, Overheating (electricity), Civil and Structural Engineering, Plasma control
Abstract: The Tore Supra tokamak is devoted to long-duration, high-performance plasma research. The real-time measurements and control (RTMC) system has been developed to address the basic tokamak controls, such as plasma equilibrium and density control. Over the years, more and more sophisticated and demanding controls have been implemented, allowing the improvement of plasma performance and machine protection. This includes current profile control to enhance the performance and to avoid magnetohydrodynamic instabilities, infrared monitoring of plasma facing components to prevent overheating, and disruption detection and mitigation techniques. Most of these improvements are relevant to the plasma operation in a full steady-state regime. This paper describes the present status of the Tore Supra RTMC system, detailing recent progress and highlighting the advantages of the various control schemes implemented so far.
Published: 2009
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12. Closed Loop Sawtooth Period Control Using Variable ECCD Injection Angles on Tore Supra

Author: Francesca Turco, F.G. Rimini, R. Lambert, F. Bouquey, D. Molina, P. Moreau, R. Magne, J. L. Segui, R. J. Dumont, C. Darbos, M. Lennholm, M. Jung, G. Giruzzi, S. Song, L.-G. Eriksson, and E. Traisnel
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Materials science, 020209 energy, Mechanical Engineering, Cyclotron, Magnetic confinement fusion, 02 engineering and technology, Radius, Sawtooth wave, Electron, Tore Supra, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, Ion, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, law, 0103 physical sciences, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, General Materials Science, Atomic physics, Ion cyclotron resonance, Civil and Structural Engineering
Abstract: Closed loop control ofthe period offast ion stabilized sawtooth has been demonstrated for the first time on Tore Supra by varying the electron cyclotron current drive (ECCD) injection angles in real time. Fast ions generated by up to 4 MW of central ion cyclotron resonance heating (ICRH) increased the sawtooth period from the ohmic value of 25 ms to 60 to 100 ms. This sawtooth period was reduced to 30 ms by the addition of only 300 kW of ECCD. In ICRH heated shots where the normalized minor radius of the ECCD absorption location was swept from 0.4 to 0.05 in 4 s, the sawtooth period showed an abrupt change from 70 to 30 ms when the ECCD deposition normalized minor radius reached ∼0.2. This short period was then maintained until the absorption location moved well inside the sawtooth inversion radius at which point it abruptly returned to 70 ms. A closed loop controller was implemented that allowed the sawtooth period to be switched in real time between short and long sawteeth with a response time of the order of I s.
Published: 2009
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13. The physics of sawtooth stabilization

Author: I. T. Chapman, Robert Budny, M. De Bock, T. C. Hender, Jet-Efda Contributors, M. Lennholm, H. R. Koslowski, Y. Liang, R. J. Hastie, N. J. Conway, S. Saarelma, A. Krämer-Flecken, Stefano Coda, L.-G. Eriksson, I. Voitsekhovitch, L. C. Appel, G. T. A. Huysmans, Thomas Johnson, S. D. Pinches, S. E. Sharapov, R. Akers, Jonathan Graves, and Textor Teams
Subjects: Physics, education.field_of_study, Tokamak, Population, Cyclotron resonance, Sawtooth wave, Plasma, Kink instability, Condensed Matter Physics, Neutral beam injection, law.invention, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Physics::Plasma Physics, law, Plasma diagnostics, Atomic physics, education
Abstract: Long period sawteeth have been observed to result in low-beta triggering of neo-classical tearing modes, which can significantly degrade plasma confinement. Consequently, a detailed physical understanding of sawtooth behaviour is critical, especially for ITER where fusion-born a particles are likely to lead to very long sawtooth periods. Many techniques have been developed to control, and in particular to destabilize the sawteeth. The application of counter-current neutral beam injection (NBI) in JET has resulted in shorter sawtooth periods than in Ohmic plasmas. This result has been explained because, firstly, the counter-passing fast ions give a destabilizing contribution to the n=1 internal kink mode-which is accepted to be related to sawtooth oscillations-and secondly, the flow shear strongly influences the stabilizing trapped particles. A similar experimental result has been observed in counter-NBI heated plasmas in MAST. However, the strong toroidal flows in spherical tokamaks mean that the sawtooth behaviour is determined by the gyroscopic flow stabilization of the kink mode rather than kinetic effects. In NBI heated plasmas in smaller conventional aspect-ratio tokamaks, such as TEXTOR, the flow and kinetic effects compete to give different sawtooth behaviour. Other techniques applied to destabilize sawteeth are the application of electron cyclotron current drive (ECCD) or ion cyclotron resonance heating (ICRH). In JET, it has been observed that localized ICRH is able to destabilize sawteeth which were otherwise stabilized by a co-existing population of energetic trapped ions in the core. This is explained through the dual role of the ICRH in reducing the critical magnetic shear required to trigger a sawtooth crash, and the increase in the local magnetic shear which results from driving current near the q=1 rational surface. Sawtooth control in ITER could be provided by a combination of ECCD and co-passing off-axis negative-NBI fast ions.
Published: 2007
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14. First experimental results with the Current Limit Avoidance System at the JET tokamak

Author: G. Varano, P. McCullen, M. Lennholm, A. C. C. Sips, R. Vitelli, G. De Tommasi, E. Joffrin, F.G. Rimini, Andre Neto, P. J. Lomas, S. Jachmich, Luca Zaccarian, Alfredo Pironti, Francesco Maviglia, Sergio Galeani, DE TOMMASI, Gianmaria, S., Galeani, S., Jachmich, E., Joffrin, M., Lennholm, P. J., Loma, A. C., Neto, F., Maviglia, P., Mccullen, Pironti, Alfredo, F. G., Rimini, A. C. C., Sip, G., Varano, R., Vitelli, and L., Zaccarian
Subjects: Physics, Tokamak, Mechanical Engineering, Input allocation, Plasma, Shape control, law.invention, Nuclear magnetic resonance, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Settore ING-INF/04 - Automatica, Control theory, law, Redundancy (engineering), Nuclear fusion, Poloidal field, General Materials Science, Civil and Structural Engineering, Input allocation, Shape control, Nuclear fusion
Abstract: The Current Limit Avoidance System (CLA) has been recently deployed at the JET tokamak to avoid current saturations in the poloidal field (PF) coils when the eXtreme Shape Controller is used to control the plasma shape. In order to cope with the current saturation limits, the CLA exploits the redundancy of the PF coils system to automatically obtain almost the same plasma shape using a different combination of currents in the PF coils. In the presence of disturbances it tries to avoid the current saturations by relaxing the constraints on the plasma shape control. The CLA system has been successfully implemented on the JET tokamak and fully commissioned in 2011. This paper presents the first experimental results achieved in 2011–2012 during the restart and the ITER-like wall campaigns at JET.
Published: 2013

15. Sawtooth control in JET with ITER relevant low field side resonance ion cyclotron resonance heating and ITER-like wall

Author: J P Graves 1, M Lennholm 2, I T Chapman 3, E Lerche 4, M Reich 5, B Alper 3, V Bobkov 5, R Dumont 6, J M Faustin 1, P Jacquet 3, F Jaulmes 7, T Johnson 8, D L Keeling 3, Yueqiang Liu 3, T Nicolas 6, S Tholerus 8, T Blackman 3, I S Carvalho 9, R Coelho 9, D Van Eester 4, R Felton 3, M Goniche 6, V Kiptily 3, I Monakhov 3, M F F Nave 9, C Perez von Thun 10, R Sabot 6, C Sozzi 11, M Tsalas 7, JET EFDA Contributors 12, and Science and Technology of Nuclear Fusion
Subjects: Fusion, Materials science, Tokamak, NTMs, tungsten, MHD, Plasma, Sawtooth wave, Condensed Matter Physics, ICRH, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, Dipole, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Ion cyclotron resonance heating, law, 0103 physical sciences, High field, tokamaks, Atomic physics, Magnetohydrodynamics, 010306 general physics, sawteeth
Abstract: New experiments at JET with the ITER-like wall show for the first time that ITER-relevant low field side resonance first harmonic ion cyclotron resonance heating (ICRH) can be used to control sawteeth that have been initially lengthened by fast particles. In contrast to previous (Graves et al 2012 Nat. Commun. 3 624) high field side resonance sawtooth control experiments undertaken at JET, it is found that the sawteeth of L-mode plasmas can be controlled with less accurate alignment between the resonance layer and the sawtooth inversion radius. This advantage, as well as the discovery that sawteeth can be shortened with various antenna phasings, including dipole, indicates that ICRH is a particularly effective and versatile tool that can be used in future fusion machines for controlling sawteeth. Without sawtooth control, neoclassical tearing modes (NTMs) and locked modes were triggered at very low normalised beta. High power H-mode experiments show the extent to which ICRH can be tuned to control sawteeth and NTMs while simultaneously providing effective electron heating with improved flushing of high Z core impurities. Dedicated ICRH simulations using SELFO, SCENIC and EVE, including wide drift orbit effects, explain why sawtooth control is effective with various antenna phasings and show that the sawtooth control mechanism cannot be explained by enhancement of the magnetic shear. Hybrid kinetic-magnetohydrodynamic stability calculations using MISHKA and HAGIS unravel the optimal sawtooth control regimes in these ITER relevant plasma conditions.
Published: 2015
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16. Electron cyclotron heating and current drive studies during current ramp-up in Tore-Supra

Author: C Fenzi-Bonizec, M. Lennholm, Clarisse Bourdelle, V. Basiuk, P.R. Thomas, G. Giruzzi, G. T. Hoang, Jérôme Bucalossi, F.G. Rimini, J. L. Segui, and Roland Sabot
Subjects: Materials science, Cyclotron, Magnetic confinement fusion, Electron, Tore Supra, Condensed Matter Physics, Electron cyclotron resonance, law.invention, Temperature gradient, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Physics::Plasma Physics, law, Electron temperature, Current (fluid), Atomic physics
Abstract: In a recent series of experiments, electron cyclotron current drive (ECCD) has been successfully used, at a level of 0.75 MW, for current profile tailoring during the current ramp-up in Tore-Supra. The electron cyclotron resonance heating power deposition was varied from on-axis to off-axis and the direction of the driven current from co to counter. In these conditions, the current profile is significantly modified with respect to those typically obtained in pure ohmic scenarios. Central reversed magnetic shear conditions have been achieved with on-axis counter-ECCD, accompanied by high electron temperature gradients, exhibiting internal transport barrier features. This improved electron transport is maintained for some time on the current flat-top when combining ECCD with ion cyclotron resonance heating in a (H)D minority scheme. Integrated interpretative analysis with the CRONOS code confirms that deeply reversed magnetic shear is indeed attained by on-axis counter-ECCD in low density conditions and in combination with a relatively fast controlled current ramp. The high electron temperature gradient is found to be located inside the negative magnetic shear region.
Published: 2005
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17. Status of the ECRH system on Tore Supra

Author: Jean-Philippe Hogge, M. Jung, R. Lambert, E. Traisnel, M. Lennholm, R. Magne, G. Giruzzi, C. Darbos, J. Clary, F. Bouquey, and D. Roux
Subjects: Dummy load, Cryostat, History, Engineering, business.industry, Nuclear engineering, Cyclotron resonance, Electrical engineering, Tore Supra, Electron cyclotron resonance, Computer Science Applications, Education, law.invention, law, Gyrotron, Water cooling, Electric heating, business
Abstract: An ECRH (Electron Cyclotron Resonance Heating) system capable of delivering 2.4 MW CW is presently under construction at CEA (Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique) Cadarache, for the Tore Supra experiment to provide plasma heating and current drive by Electron Cyclotron Resonance interaction. Due to some limitations observed on the first series tube which achieved 300 kW output power for 110 s, a new study carried out in a collaboration between TED (Thales Electron Devices), the Association Euratom-CEA and the Association Euratom-Confederation Suisse has led to the construction of a new modified gyrotron. The new gyrotron, with a new launcher profile and a better cooling system is now installed in this test bed. A clear improvement in the time required to condition the tube has been observed. On the other hand poor mode purity in the output beam has resulted in the need to implement a cooling system for the waveguides transmitting the power to the dummy load. The gyrotron tests have been temporarily suspended while a new system for the automatic filling of the cryostats with liquid nitrogen and helium is being installed. The experience gained from tests operations including some of the problems related both to auxiliary equipment and to the control of the gyrotrons will be presented with a special focus on long pulse related issues.
Published: 2005
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18. Electron heat transport and ECRH modulation experiments in Tore Supra tokamak

Author: J. L. Segui, A. Clémençon, X.L. Zou, R. J. Dumont, M. Lennholm, G. Giruzzi, C. Darbos, R. Magne, F. Bouquey, Céline Guivarch, and Jean-Francois Artaud
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Diffusion equation, Tokamak, Magnetic confinement fusion, Tore Supra, Condensed Matter Physics, Thermal diffusivity, Computational physics, law.invention, Physics::Plasma Physics, law, Heat transfer, Atomic physics, Convection–diffusion equation, Joule heating
Abstract: An analytical solution has been found for the simplified time-dependent transport equation in a finite cylinder. This solution represents a decomposition of the heat source in eigenmodes. Their eigenvalues represent the effectiveness of the response to temperature for each eigenmode, which are different in the stationary regime: the higher the order, the lower the effectiveness. In this case, the response to temperature appears as non-local. On the other hand, the profile resilience mainly results from two effects: the first one is that the lower order eigenmodes are more favoured than the higher order; the second one (volume effect) is that the central source (Ohmic heating) is favoured with respect to the off-axis source (electron cyclotron resonance heating, ECRH) in the contribution to the temperature profile shape. This resilience effect on the temperature profile is a basic and natural property of the diffusion equation in cylindrical geometry. The above analytical solution has been used for the determination of the heat diffusivity χ and the damping time τd for the ECRH modulation experiments in the Tore Supra tokamak. The results obtained by this analytical method have been compared to those obtained by two other methods: the FFT and the power balance methods. The FFT is the easiest and the fastest method compared to the others, but it is too sensitive to perturbations such as the sawteeth, which may cause inaccurate results. The analytical solution is the most robust method, because it simulates the whole temperature modulation; hence, the results are less sensitive to other perturbations. Furthermore it contains more information than the FFT method. For 0.2 ≤ r/a ≤ 0.7, the values of χANA are very close to those of χPB during the ECRH phase. Generally, the values of χHP, which is more 'transient', are larger than those of χANA and χPB (ECRH).
Published: 2003
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19. The ECRH/ECCD system on Tore Supra, a major step towards continuous operation

Author: G. Agarici, C. Darbos, Gilles Berger-By, X.L. Zou, E. Cellier, F. Bouquey, M. Jung, P. Bosia, M. Lennholm, M. Clapit, R. Magne, E. Traisnel, D. Roux, J. L. Segui, G. Giruzzi, and J. Clary
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Tokamak, Toroid, business.industry, Cyclotron, Magnetic confinement fusion, Tore Supra, Condensed Matter Physics, Electron cyclotron resonance, law.invention, Optics, Nuclear magnetic resonance, law, Gyrotron, Antenna (radio), business
Abstract: The 118 GHz electron cyclotron heating and current drive (ECRH/ECCD) system under development in Cadarache, France, for use on the Tore Supra tokamak (Pain M. et al 1994 Proc. 18th SOFT (Karlsruhe) pp 481–4: Darbos C. et al 2000 Proc. 21st SOFT (Madrid) pp 605–9), is designed to launch 2.4 MW of power for up to 10 min into the plasma. At present two out of six gyrotrons are installed and available for injection of up to 800 kW. This paper concentrates on the generation and transmission of the ECRH/ECCD power for very long pulse operation. The power is injected into the plasma as Gaussian beams by an antenna which, using actively cooled mirrors inside the Tore Supra vacuum vessel, allows extensive control of both the poloidal and toroidal injection angles. The toroidal field on Tore Supra is normally in the range of 3.8–4 T, which for 118 GHz gives almost central deposition at the fundamental electron cyclotron resonance. A pair of actively cooled corrugated mirrors is installed in each matching optics unit at the output of each gyrotron allowing complete control of the polarization of the wave transmitted to the antenna, with the result that pure O-mode—or pure X-mode—power injection can be achieved for all injection angles. In tokamak experiments, a world record energy of 17.8 MJ has been injected into the plasma. New upgraded gyrotrons specified to produce 400 kW for up to 10 min will be introduced over the next 3–4 years.
Published: 2003
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20. Real-time control of theq-profile in JET for steady state advanced tokamak operation

Author: D Moreau, F Crisanti, X Litaudon, D Mazon, P. De Vries, R Felton, E Joffrin, L Laborde, M Lennholm, A Murari, V Pericoli-Ridolfini, M Riva, T Tala, G Tresset, L Zabeo, K.D Zastrow, and contributors to the EFDA-JET Workprogramme
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Tokamak, Safety factor, Cyclotron, fusion reactors, Magnetic confinement fusion, Mechanics, algorithms, Condensed Matter Physics, Neutral beam injection, law.invention, fusion energy, JET, Physics::Plasma Physics, law, Real-time Control System, Control system, internal transport barriers, Atomic physics, Current density, plasma
Abstract: In order to simultaneously control the current and pressure profiles in high performance tokamak plasmas with internal transport barriers (ITB), a multi-variable model-based technique has been proposed. New algorithms using a truncated singular value decomposition (TSVD) of a linearized model operator and retaining the distributed nature of the system have been implemented in the JET control system. Their simplest versions have been applied to the control of the current density profile in reversed shear plasmas using three heating and current drive actuators (neutral beam injection, ion cyclotron resonant frequency heating and lower hybrid current drive). Successful control of the safety factor profile has been achieved in the quasi-steady-state, on a timescale of the order of the current redistribution time. How the TSVD algorithm will be used in the forthcoming campaigns for the simultaneous control of the current profile and of the ITB temperature gradient is discussed in some detail, but this has not yet been attempted in the present pioneering experiments.
Published: 2003
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21. The error field correction coils on the JET machine

Author: I. Barlow, M. Bigi, J. Bird, G. Bonizzoni, R. Buttery, R. Clay, M. De Benedetti, T. Dobbing, T. Gallagher, G. Gervasini, G. Gittini, T.C. Hender, S. Hotchin, J. Last, E. Lazzaro, M. Lennholm, S. Peruzzo, V. Riccardo, L. Rossi, A. Santagiustina, D. Starkey, A. Stevens, M. Tabellini, A. Tanga, A. Terrington, M. Vincent, P. Watkins, M. Way, and M. Williams
Subjects: Physics, Jet (fluid), Tokamak, Mechanical Engineering, Physics::Medical Physics, Mechanical engineering, law.invention, Magnetic field, Nuclear physics, Magnetic circuit, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, law, Electromagnetic coil, Harmonic, General Materials Science, Casing, Excitation, Civil and Structural Engineering
Abstract: The non-axisymmetric magnetic field, naturally present in every tokamak, constraints the machine operational space. A set of dedicated ‘Error Field Correction Coils’ (EFCC) is proposed for JET, which will replace the unreliable existing ‘saddle coils’. The new coils are specified to compensate the main harmonic contribution to error field induced modes. The EFCC structural design comprises a cable coil wound in a metallic casing supported on the JET iron magnetic circuit. Existing power supplies will drive the coils. The EFCC are expected to be installed in 2001 JET shutdown.
Published: 2001
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22. Plasma control at JET

Author: T. Budd, Filippo Sartori, A. Goodyear, M. Lennholm, F. Milani, M. Gadeberg, and R. C. Felton
Subjects: Physics, Jet (fluid), Tokamak, Toroid, Toroidal and poloidal, Plasma parameters, Mechanical Engineering, Joint European Torus, Plasma, law.invention, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Physics::Plasma Physics, law, Control theory, Control system, General Materials Science, Civil and Structural Engineering
Abstract: Joint European Torus (JET) discharges have plasma currents up to 6 MA and toroidal fields up to 4 T. The plasma parameters during discharges are determined by the action of a number of distinct systems. These systems can be divided into three groups; the toroidal and poloidal field systems; the fuelling systems; and the additional heating systems. The systems can either be programmed to follow pre-determined waveforms or they can be feedback controlled to achieve certain values of specific plasma parameters, as measured with JET diagnostics. This paper reviews the feedback control of plasma parameters using the three main digital control systems; the plasma position and current control system, the density feedback system and the real time central control system. It is planned to integrate these systems using the new asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) technology in the real time data network.
Published: 2000
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23. Conditioning and high power operation of the lower hybrid current drive launcher in JET

Author: F. Rimini, B. Fischer, J. A. Romero, J.A. Dobbing, C. Gormezano, M. Lennholm, A. Ekedahl, P. Schildand, P. Froissard, F. X. Söldner, and P. Finburg
Subjects: Physics, Power transmission, Jet (fluid), Tokamak, Divertor, Nuclear engineering, Joint European Torus, Plasma, Condensed Matter Physics, Power (physics), law.invention, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, law, Electric field
Abstract: The full lower hybrid current drive (LHCD) system on the Joint European Torus (JET) has been operational since the start of the pumped divertor phase of JET in 1994. By a campaign of vacuum conditioning in the beginning of operation, the power transmission and conditioning of the fuli launcher was speeded up, as compared with the prototype launcher used in 1990/91. After vents of the tokamak, the conditioning can be recovered by -300 vacuum pulses over 3-4 days. Even after extensive conditioning and with efficient pumping, the power handling of the fuli LHCD system on plasma is limited by the maximum electric field in the waveguides, the limit being 400-500 kV/m.
Published: 1998
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24. Latest JET results in deuterium and deuterium - tritium plasmas

Author: I. D. Young, N. Bainbridge, N. Dolgetta, R. A. M. Van der Linden, Philip Andrew, S. M. Scott, C. Caldwell-Nichols, R. Reichle, D. Campling, J. Mills, D.F.H. Start, P. G. Doyle, L.-G. Eriksson, A. Taroni, F.G. Rimini, T. Winkel, G. Corrigan, P. Breger, J. J. Davis, W. Zwingmann, M. Cox, L. Scibile, M. Gadeberg, B. Alper, S. Knipe, M.L. Watkins, P. Schild, C. D. Challis, A. Meigs, T. Lovegrove, C. Ingesson, E. Traneus, E. Deksnis, R. Mohanti, P. Miele, D.J. Ward, D. Stork, L. Galbiati, H. E. Clarke, M.A. Pick, B. Fischer, A. M. Edwards, L. Svensson, R. König, W. Parsons, M. De Benedetti, P. Noll, S. Papastergiou, N. C. Hawkes, B. Esposito, D. Ciric, G. McCracken, F. Hurd, A. Burt, R.D. Monk, J.K. Ehrenberg, J.P. Christiansen, A. Vadgama, J. M. Adams, R. D. Gill, J.G. Cordey, A. Gibson, Wolfgang Kerner, P. E. Stott, D. O'Brien, D. Bond, D. Young, T. Elevant, G. Vlases, M. Fichtmuller, R. Ostrom, M. von Hellermann, J. Tait, B. Haist, J.C.M. de Haas, P. Smith, R. Giannella, R. Claesen, N. P. Hawkes, M. Ottaviani, G. Fishpool, A. Howman, P. A. McCullen, A. C. Bell, A. Tabasso, R. Simonini, K. Guenther, N. Zornig, Q. Yu, V. Schmidt, N. Deliyanakis, J. How, Y. Baranov, I. Coffey, Michael Loughlin, S. A. Arshad, B. Patel, B. E. Keen, L. Lauro-Taroni, A. Kaye, P. Kupschus, D. Chiron, Shane Cooper, P. Chuilon, H. Altmann, M. Brandon, T. T. C. Jones, Y. Ul'Haq, D.V. Bartlett, F. Junique, F. Soldner, B. Ingram, C. Terella, R. Smith, G. Newbert, C. Lowry, B. Schunke, B.J.D. Tubbing, L. D. Horton, J. Jacquinot, N. G. Kidd, P. Card, J.P. Coad, P.R. Thomas, P. Barker, F. Nave, A. Sibley, P. Stangeby, T. P. Hughes, R. Parkinson, G.A. Cottrell, C. F. Maggi, S. E. Sharapov, R. Saunders, C. Gowers, A. Gondhalekar, J.A. Hoekzema, D. Wilson, A. Tanga, H. Brelen, E. Springmann, A.W. Edwards, S. J. Davies, K. Fullard, D. Martin, L. Roquemore, Ambrogio Fasoli, R. Walton, P.D. Morgan, A. Peacock, G. Murphy, J. G. Krom, W. Zhang, M. Salisbury, S. Clement, C. Gormezano, P. Nielsen, K. D. Lawson, G. Conway, M. J. Watson, D. Godden, O. Pogutse, G. Saibene, H. Guo, T. Wade, J. W. Farthing, J. L. Hemmerich, P. Svensson, S. Puppin, S. K. Erents, J.A. Dobbing, M. Johnson, P. Strachen, Henrik Bindslev, L. Rossi, P. Twyman, K. Blackler, H. Jaeckel, T. Bonicelli, S. E. Dorling, G. Matthews, M. L. Browne, B. Schokker, P. van Belle, A. C. Maas, J. F. Jaeger, H. Duquenoy, A. Rolfe, H. McBryan, P. Ageladarakis, Filippo Sartori, O.N. Jarvis, S. Ericsson, T. Hender, A. Paynter, T. Businaro, V. Riccardo, M. Huart, M. J. Mantsinen, F. Milani, A. Rossi, M. Keilhacker, P. Brennan, P. J. Lomas, Robin Barnsley, Annika Ekedahl, M. Endler, G. Radford, J. F. Junger, A. V. Chankin, P. Stubberfield, Jan Egedal, E. M. Jones, N. Davies, H.P.L. de Esch, B. Balet, D.D.R. Summers, C. Perry, A. Santagiustina, G. T. A. Huysmans, V. V. Parail, K. Thomsen, D. Bailey, J. Mart, A. Dines, M. Irving, G.J. Sadler, V.P. Bhatnagar, E. Righi, E. Oord, R. Stagg, A. C. C. Sips, W. J. Brewerton, R. T. Ross, H. D. Falter, F. Jensen, Sean Conroy, V. Marchese, Nicholas Watkins, M. Lennholm, J. Spence, M.F. Stamp, T. Budd, P. J. Harbour, M. Schmid, M. Buzio, B. Macklin, S. L. Dmitrenko, P. Smeulders, R. Middleton, D.H.J. Goodall, F.B. Marcus, J. Dorr, S. J. Cox, K.-D. Zastrow, A. Perevezentsev, A. J. Bickley, R. J. H. Pearce, D. N. Borba, M. Tabellini, J. Lingertat, E. Bertolini, R. Cusack, R. Lasser, J. Plancoulaine, N. Peacock, M. Wheatley, J. Ellis, M. Baronian, R. Prentice, A. Haigh, W. Obert, and C. J. Hancock
Subjects: Jet (fluid), Materials science, Plasma, Condensed Matter Physics, Ion, law.invention, Nuclear physics, Shear (sheet metal), Ignition system, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Deuterium, Physics::Plasma Physics, law, Tritium, Neutron
Abstract: All major JET systems have been fully commissioned for D-T and the DTE1 series of experiments has started with the D-T fuel mixture and operating conditions foreseen for ITER. In the area of ITER physics, significant results have been produced in both D-D and D-T. In D-D, the LH threshold power database has been extended, the bounds on edge-electron temperature and density in ELMy H-modes have been defined and the advantages of Types I and III ELMy discharges have been compared. In D-T plasmas, the isotope effect on H-mode threshold power and transport has been determined so that a more accurate assessment can be made of the ignition margin and heating requirements for ITER. Trace tritium experiments have provided first particle transport measurements and an assessment of the ITER reference ion-cyclotron resonance-frequency heating scenarios has been started, In the area of fusion performance, record D-D neutron yields have been obtained by controlling the plasma and current profiles in hot ion ELM-free H-modes and optimized shear modes. In D-T, internal transport barriers have been readily established in optimized shear discharges and Alfven eigenmodes have been observed.
Published: 1997
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25. Functional dependence of the lower hybrid power absorption coefficient in JET

Author: J.A. Dobbing, P. Schild, C. Gormezano, Annika Ekedahl, F.G. Rimini, B. Fischer, M. Lennholm, Y. Baranov, J. A. Romero, V Pericoli-Ridolfini, and F. X. Söldner
Subjects: Jet (fluid), Tokamak, Materials science, Divertor, Flux, Plasma, Condensed Matter Physics, law.invention, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Physics::Plasma Physics, law, Attenuation coefficient, Deposition (phase transition), Atomic physics, Absorption (electromagnetic radiation)
Abstract: The fraction of the coupled lower hybrid (LH) power absorbed in divertor plasmas in JET has been determined experimentally with a method utilizing the time derivative of the total stored energy (plasma and magnetic). This method can account for the power absorbed inside a normalized flux coordinate . The experimental LH absorption coefficient reaches 100% at low plasma densities, , and decreases to 25% at . The LH wave accessibility to the plasma core has been found to play an important role in determining the power absorption and the radial deposition profile. The decreasing absorption is correlated with a gradual shift of the LH power deposition profile, as determined by the hard x-ray profiles, towards the plasma periphery. Similar behaviour is found in ray-tracing + Fokker - Planck code calculations. The frequency spectrum of the LH pump wave, as determined by a probe outside the tokamak vessel, broadens strongly as the wave accessibility is reduced and the absorption drops.
Published: 1997
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26. ELM pacing and trigger investigations at JET with the new ITER-like wall

Author: D. Garnier, G. Kocsis, F. Köchl, S. Saarelma, L. Garzotti, T. Alarcon, R. Mooney, P. Bennett, R. Neu, Peter Lang, B. Sieglin, Jet-Efda Contributors, M. Lennholm, Gábor Cseh, D. Frigione, A. Géraud, JET-EFDA Contributors, and Frigione, D.
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Materials science, law, Nuclear engineering, digestive, oral, and skin physiology, Pellet, Pellets, Injector, Plasma, Condensed Matter Physics, Penetration depth, law.invention
Abstract: During the installation of the new ITER-like wall (ILW) at JET, the high frequency pellet injector has been further improved. The launching system is now capable of delivering reliable fuelling size pellets from the magnetic outboard side up to 15 Hz repetition rate. Pacing size pellets can be produced at rates up to 50 Hz but pellet trains suffer some losses during the transfer to the plasma. A significant fraction of the pellet train can arrive at the plasma when launched from the outboard, while only a few pellets make it to the vessel inboard launching site. Stable and reliable edge-localized mode (ELM) control was achieved when using outboard fuelling size pellets. This tool was successfully applied for scenario development purposes in the ITER baseline H-mode scenario at 2.5 MA. Employed for ELM sustainment and impurity control, pellets prevented the ELM frequency from becoming so low as to cause a radiative collapse of the discharge. Despite technical limitations, injecting outboard pacing size pellets resulted in a transient enhancement of the initial ELM frequency up to a factor 4.5. This could be achieved in cases where a continuous train of sufficiently large and fast pellets were arriving in the plasma at a frequency of up to 31 Hz. Pacing size pellets were also used to investigate the ELM trigger threshold. Three basic parameters could be identified for outboard pellet launch. The ELM triggering probability increased with (i) the time elapsed since the previous ELM occurred, (ii) pellet mass and (iii) pellet speed. An indication for dependence of the ELM trigger threshold on the poloidal pellet launch position has been found; inboard launched pellets seem to reveal a higher trigger capability than pellets launched from the outboard. Finally, we compared the pellet penetration depth required for ELM triggering in the actual JET configuration with plasma-facing components to similar previous experiments performed with a carbon wall. This comparison indicates that pellet ELM triggering requires deeper penetration in the ILW configuration. © 2013 IAEA, Vienna.
Published: 2013

27. Observations of rotation in JET plasmas with electron heating by ion cyclotron resonance heating

Author: Jet-Efda Contributors, Thomas Johnson, C. Giroud, Yu-Ming Lin, J. Ongena, M. F. F. Nave, P. Mantica, W. Studholme, Volker Naulin, K. Crombé, D. Frigione, G. Calabrò, M.-L. Mayoral, Tuomas Tala, M. Lennholm, Carlo Sozzi, Torbjörn Hellsten, E. Lerche, D. Van Eester, T. W. Versloot, and Science and Technology of Nuclear Fusion
Subjects: OHMIC H-MODE, Tokamak, UPGRADE, Cyclotron, Cyclotron resonance, Rotation, ALCATOR C-MOD, MOMENTUM INPUT, law.invention, Alcator C-Mod, law, Physics::Plasma Physics, Landau damping, IMPURITY TOROIDAL ROTATION, Physics, ICRF, Condensed Matter Physics, TRANSPORT, CONVERSION, TCV TOKAMAK, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Physics and Astronomy, Physics::Space Physics, ____, Electron temperature, Atomic physics, Ion cyclotron resonance
Abstract: The rotation of L-mode plasmas in the JET tokamak heated by waves in the ion cyclotron range of frequencies (ICRF) damped on electrons, is reported. The plasma in the core is found to rotate in the counter-current direction with a high shear and in the outer part of the plasma with an almost constant angular rotation. The core rotation is stronger in magnitude than observed for scenarios with dominating ion cyclotron absorption. Two scenarios are considered: the inverted mode conversion scenarios and heating at the second harmonic 3He cyclotron resonance in H plasmas. In the latter case, electron absorption of the fast magnetosonic wave by transit time magnetic pumping and electron Landau damping (TTMP/ELD) is the dominating absorption mechanism. Inverted mode conversion is done in (3He)-H plasmas where the mode converted waves are essentially absorbed by electron Landau damping. Similar rotation profiles are seen when heating at the second harmonic cyclotron frequency of 3He and with mode conversion at high concentrations of 3He. The magnitude of the counter-rotation is found to decrease with an increasing plasma current. The correlation of the rotation with the electron temperature is better than with coupled power, indicating that for these types of discharges the dominating mechanism for the rotation is related to indirect effects of electron heat transport, rather than to direct effects of ICRF heating. There is no conclusive evidence that mode conversion in itself affects rotation for these discharges.
Published: 2012
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28. Experimental investigation of ion cyclotron range of frequencies heating scenarios for ITER's half-field hydrogen phase performed in JET

Author: A. Brett, Giuseppe Gorini, G. Calabrò, D. Van Eester, M. Tardocchi, I. Voitsekhovitch, A. Czarnecka, K. Crombé, C. Giroud, T. W. Versloot, M.-L. Mayoral, Carl Hellesen, A. Whitehurst, D. Brennan, M. Nocente, V. Vdovin, M.F. Stamp, E. Wooldridge, D. Frigione, Torbjörn Hellsten, W. Studholme, E. Lerche, A. Coyne, L. Pangioni, Vasile Zoita, Ph. Jacquet, T. R. Blackman, M. Maslov, R. C. Felton, M. Lennholm, Carlo Sozzi, P. Beaumont, Marco Cecconello, C. Noble, G. Sergienko, S. Knipe, I. Monakhov, Jet-Efda Contributors, J. Ongena, V. G. Kiptily, I. Coffey, I. Proverbio, A. Krasilnikov, Thomas Johnson, Science and Technology of Nuclear Fusion, Lerche, E, Eester, D, Johnson, T, Hellsten, T, Ongena, J, Mayoral, M, Frigione, D, Sozzi, C, Calabro, G, Lennholm, M, Beaumont, P, Blackman, T, Brennan, D, Brett, A, Cecconello, M, Coffey, I, Coyne, A, Crombe, K, Czarnecka, A, Felton, R, Giroud, C, Gorini, G, Hellesen, C, Jacquet, P, Kiptily, V, Knipe, S, Krasilnikov, A, Maslov, M, Monakhov, I, Noble, C, Nocente, M, Pangioni, L, Proverbio, I, Sergienko, G, Stamp, M, Studholme, W, Tardocchi, M, Vdovin, V, Versloot, T, Voitsekhovitch, I, Whitehurst, A, Wooldridge, E, and Zoita, V
Subjects: Tokamak, Materials science, Hydrogen, Cyclotron, Tokamaks, spherical tokamak, chemistry.chemical_element, law.invention, Ion, Plasma physics, law, Dielectric heating, ICR, ICP, helicon, Plasma heating by radio-frequency field, nuclear fusion, SPECTROSCOPY, magnetic confinement, plasma heating, Plasma, Condensed Matter Physics, Plasma-material interaction, FIS/01 - FISICA SPERIMENTALE, Physics and Astronomy, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Deuterium, chemistry, TOKAMAK, boundary layer effect, Electric and magnetic measurement, Atomic physics, SYSTEM, Ion cyclotron resonance, Impurities in plasmas, DT PLASMAS
Abstract: Two ion cyclotron range of frequencies ( ICRF) heating schemes proposed for the half-field operation phase of ITER in hydrogen plasmas-fundamental H majority and second harmonic He-3 ICRF heating-were recently investigated in JET. Although the same magnetic field and RF frequencies (f approximate to 42 MHz and f approximate to 52 MHz, respectively) were used, the density and particularly the plasma temperature were lower than those expected in the initial phase of ITER. Unlike for the well-performing H minority heating scheme to be used in He-4 plasmas, modest heating efficiencies (n = P-absorbed/P-launched < 40%) with dominant electron heating were found in both H plasma scenarios studied, and enhanced plasma-wall interaction manifested by high radiation losses and relatively large impurity content in the plasma was observed. This effect was stronger in the He-3 ICRF heating case than in the H majority heating experiments and it was verified that concentrations as high as similar to 20% are necessary to observe significant ion heating in this case. The RF acceleration of the heated ions was modest in both cases, although a small fraction of the 3He ions reached about 260 keV in the second harmonic He-3 heating experiments when 5MW of ICRF power was applied. Considerable RF acceleration of deuterium beam ions was also observed in some discharges of the He-3 heating experiments (where both the second and third harmonic ion cyclotron resonance layers of the D ions are inside the plasma) whilst it was practically absent in the majority hydrogen heating scenario. While hints of improved RF heating efficiency as a function of the plasma temperature and plasma dilution (with He-4) were confirmed in the H majority case, the He-3 concentration was the main handle on the heating efficiency in the second harmonic He-3 heating scenario.
Published: 2012
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29. Control of magnetohydrodynamic stability by phase space engineering of energetic ions in tokamak plasmas

Author: I. T. Chapman, Martin Jucker, Jonathan Graves, Stefano Coda, M. Lennholm, and M. Albergante
Subjects: Physics, Multidisciplinary, Tokamak, Toroid, Joint European Torus, General Physics and Astronomy, Magnetosphere, General Chemistry, Plasma, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, law.invention, Computational physics, Ion, Magnetic field, Physics::Plasma Physics, law, Physics::Space Physics, Magnetohydrodynamic drive, Atomic physics
Abstract: Virtually collisionless magnetic mirror-trapped energetic ion populations often partially stabilize internally driven magnetohydrodynamic disturbances in the magnetosphere and in toroidal laboratory plasma devices such as the tokamak. This results in less frequent but dangerously enlarged plasma reorganization. Unique to the toroidal magnetic configuration are confined 'circulating' energetic particles that are not mirror trapped. Here we show that a newly discovered effect from hybrid kinetic-magnetohydrodynamic theory has been exploited in sophisticated phase space engineering techniques for controlling stability in the tokamak. These theoretical predictions have been confirmed, and the technique successfully applied in the Joint European Torus. Manipulation of auxiliary ion heating systems can create an asymmetry in the distribution of energetic circulating ions in the velocity orientated along magnetic field lines. We show the first experiments in which large sawtooth collapses have been controlled by this technique, and neoclassical tearing modes avoided, in high-performance reactor-relevant plasmas. Tokamak plasmas suffer from magnetohydrodynamic instabilities, driven by gradients in current density or pressure, but techniques to control them are power-hungry and reduce reactor efficiency. Here, an efficient method to control such instabilities using asymmetric ion populations is demonstrated at JET.
Published: 2011

30. Optimizing ion-cyclotron resonance frequency heating for ITER: dedicated JET experiments

Author: E Lerche, D Van Eester, J Ongena, M-L Mayoral, M Laxaback, F Rimini, A Argouarch, P Beaumont, T Blackman, V Bobkov, D Brennan, A Brett, G Calabro, M Cecconello, I Coffey, L Colas, A Coyne, K Crombe, A Czarnecka, R Dumont, F Durodie, R Felton, D Frigione, M Gatu Johnson, C Giroud, G Gorini, M Graham, C Hellesen, T Hellsten, S Huygen, P Jacquet, T Johnson, V Kiptily, S Knipe, A Krasilnikov, P Lamalle, M Lennholm, A Loarte, R Maggiora, M Maslov, A Messiaen, D Milanesio, I Monakhov, M Nightingale, C Noble, M Nocente, L Pangioni, I Proverbio, C Sozzi, M Stamp, W Studholme, M Tardocchi, T W Versloot, V Vdovin, M Vrancken, A Whitehurst, E Wooldridge, V Zoita, JET EFDA Contributors, Science and Technology of Nuclear Fusion, Lerche, E, Van Eester, D, Ongena, J, Mayoral, M, Laxaback, M, Rimini, F, Argouarch, A, Beaumont, P, Blackman, T, Bobkov, V, Brennan, D, Brett, A, Calabro, G, Cecconello, M, Coffey, I, Colas, L, Coyne, A, Crombe, K, Czarnecka, A, Dumont, R, Durodie, F, Felton, R, Frigione, D, Gatu Johnson, M, Giroud, C, Gorini, G, Graham, M, Hellesen, C, Hellsten, T, Huygen, S, Jacquet, P, Johnson, T, Kiptily, V, Knipe, S, Krasilnikov, A, Lamalle, P, Lennholm, M, Loarte, A, Maggiora, R, Maslov, M, Messiaen, A, Milanesio, D, Monakhov, I, Nightingale, M, Noble, C, Nocente, M, Pangioni, L, Proverbio, I, Sozzi, C, Stamp, M, Studholme, W, Tardocchi, M, Versloot, T, Vdovin, V, Vrancken, M, Whitehurst, A, Wooldridge, E, Zoita, V, and JET EFDA, C
Subjects: System, Tokamak, Design, ion-cyclotron resonance, Web of science, Nuclear engineering, Mode Conversion, PLASMAS, Sawtooth wave, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, Plasma physics, Antenna array, Nuclear physics, Nuclear magnetic resonance, DESIGN, MODE CONVERSION, law, Scenarios, ITER, 0103 physical sciences, 010306 general physics, nuclear fusion, Electronic circuit, Physics, ICRF ANTENNAS, Jet (fluid), magnetic confinement, plasma heating, Plasma, SAWTOOTH, Condensed Matter Physics, SCENARIOS, Cardinal point, FIS/01 - FISICA SPERIMENTALE, Physics and Astronomy, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Plasmas, JET, TOKAMAK, ____, Icrf Antennas, Sawtooth, SYSTEM, Ion cyclotron resonance
Abstract: In the past years, one of the focal points of the JET experimental programme was on ion-cyclotron resonance heating (ICRH) studies in view of the design and exploitation of the ICRH system being developed for ITER. In this brief review, some of the main achievements obtained in JET in this field during the last 5 years will be summarized. The results reported here include important aspects of a more engineering nature, such as (i) the appropriate design of the RF feeding circuits for optimal load resilient operation and (ii) the test of a compact high-power density antenna array, as well as RF physics oriented studies aiming at refining the numerical models used for predicting the performance of the ICRH system in ITER. The latter include (i) experiments designed for improving the modelling of the antenna coupling resistance under various plasma conditions and (ii) the assessment of the heating performance of ICRH scenarios to be used in the non-active operation phase of ITER. © 2011 IOP Publishing Ltd.
Published: 2011
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31. Enhancing The Mode Conversion Efficiency In JET Plasmas With Multiple Mode Conversion Layers

Author: C. Noble, M. Cecconello, R. C. Felton, M. Tardocchi, T. R. Blackman, A. V. Krasilnikov, I. H. Coffey, M. Lennholm, M. Nocente, Carlo Sozzi, A. Brett, I. Proverbio, D. Brennan, C. Giroud, J. Ongena, M. Gatu Johnson, I. Monakhov, W. Studholme, D. Frigione, L. Pangioni, E. Wooldridge, S. Knipe, Yevgen O. Kazakov, G. Calabrò, Vasile Zoita, A. Czarnecka, E. Lerche, V. Vdovin, Torbjörn Hellsten, M.F. Stamp, Ph. Jacquet, M. Maslov, A. Coyne, Thomas Johnson, D. Van Eester, T. W. Versloot, Carl Hellesen, Kristel Crombé, V. G. Kiptily, Giuseppe Gorini, M.-L. Mayoral, A. Whitehurst, Jet-Efda Contributors, P. Beaumont, Yuxuan Lin, Van Eester, D, Lerche, E, Johnson, T, Hellsten, T, Ongena, J, Mayoral, M, Frigione, D, Sozzi, C, Calabro, G, Lennholm, M, Beaumont, P, Blackman, T, Brennan, D, Brett, A, Cecconello, M, Coffey, I, Coyne, A, Crombe, K, Czarnecka, A, Felton, R, Johnson, M, Giroud, C, Gorini, G, Hellesen, C, Jacquet, P, Kazakov, Y, Kiptily, V, Knipe, S, Krasilnikov, A, Lin, Y, Maslov, M, Monakhov, I, Noble, C, Nocente, M, Pangioni, L, Proverbio, I, Stamp, M, Studholme, W, Tardocchi, M, Versloot, T, Vdovin, V, Whitehurst, A, Wooldridge, E, and Zoita, V
Subjects: Physics, Jet (fluid), Tokamak, Energy conversion efficiency, Plasma, plasma transport processes, plasma collision processes, plasma diagnostics, optimisation, Ion, law.invention, Wavelength, FIS/01 - FISICA SPERIMENTALE, Physics::Plasma Physics, law, Excited state, Plasma diagnostics, Atomic physics
Abstract: The constructive interference effect described by Fuchs et al. [1] shows that the mode conversion and thereby the overall heating efficiency can be enhanced significantly when an integer number of fast wave wavelengths can be folded in between the high field side fast wave cutoff and the ion‐ion hybrid layer(s) at which the ion Bernstein or ion cyclotron waves are excited. This effect was already experimentally identified in (3He)‐D plasmas [2] and was recently tested in (3He)‐H JET plasmas. The latter is an ‘inverted’ scenario, which differs significantly from the (3He)‐D scenarios since the mode‐conversion layer is positioned between the low field side edge of the plasma and the ion‐cyclotron layer of the minority 3He ions (whereas the order in which a wave entering the plasma from the low field side encounters these layers is inverted in a ‘regular’ scenario), and because much lower 3He concentrations are needed to achieve the mode‐conversion heating regime. The presence of small amounts of 4He and D in the discharges gave rise to an additional mode conversion layer on top of the expected one associated with 3He‐H, which made the interpretation of the results more complex but also more interesting: Three different regimes could be distinguished as a function of X[3He], and the differing dynamics at the various concentrations could be traced back to the presence of these two mode conversion layers and their associated fast wave cutoffs. Whereas (1‐D and 2‐D) numerical modeling yields quantitative information on the RF absorptivity, recent analytical work by Kazakov [3] permits to grasp the dominant underlying wave interaction physics.
Published: 2011
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32. ECRH for JET: A feasibility study

Author: G. Giruzzi, P. Späh, D. Farina, A. C. C. Sips, N. Kirneva, X. Litaudon, L. D. Horton, M. Lennholm, E. de la Luna, S. Nowak, M. Jennison, A. Moro, T. Edlington, T. Gerbaud, P. Khilar, F. Rimini, V.V. Parail, W. Kasparek, A. Kuyanov, H. Braune, L. Figini, F. Bouquey, A. Parkin, D. Kislov, G. Saibene, G. Granucci, E. Trukhin, Burkhard Plaum, S. Garavaglia, A. G. Litvak, Alessandro Bruschi, V. Vdovin, Alessandro Vaccaro, J. Farthing, M. A. Henderson, Carlo Sozzi, Jet-Efda Contributors, J. Garcia, G. Denisov, Laboratoire de Physique des Plasmas (LPP), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École polytechnique (X)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École polytechnique (X)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Jet (fluid), Mechanical Engineering, Nuclear engineering, Sawtooth wave, Jet fuel, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Electron cyclotron resonance, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, Heating system, Nuclear magnetic resonance, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Installation, law, Transmission line, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-PLASM-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Plasma Physics [physics.plasm-ph], Gyrotron, 0103 physical sciences, Environmental science, General Materials Science, 010306 general physics, Civil and Structural Engineering
Abstract: International audience; For JET to fulfil its mission in preparing ITER operation, the installation of an electron cyclotron resonance heating system on JET would be desirable. The study described in this paper has investigated the feasibility of installing such a system on JET. The principal goals of such a system are: current drive over a range of radii for NTM stabilization, sawtooth control and current profile tailoring and central electron heating to equilibrate electron and ion temperatures in high performance discharges. The study concluded that a 12 gyrotron, 10 MW, system at the ITER frequency (170 GHz) adapted for fields of 2.7-3.3 T would be appropriate for the operation planned in JET. An antenna allowing toroidal and poloidal steering over a wide range is being designed, using the ITER upper launcher steering mechanism. The use of ITER diamond windows and transmission line technology is suggested while power supply solutions partially reusing existing JET power supplies are proposed. Detailed planning shows that such a system can be operational in about 5 years from the time that the decision to proceed is taken. The cost and required manpower associated with implementing such a system on JET has also been estimated. (C) 2011 EURATOM. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Commiss European Communities, B-1049 Brussels, Belgium.IRFM, CEA, F-13108 St Paul Les Durance, France.Culham Sci Ctr, CCFE, Abingdon OX14 3DB, Oxon, England.EURATOM, Max Planck IPP, D-17491 Greifswald, Germany.EURATOM, CNR, Ist Fis Plasma, I-20125 Milan, Italy.Asociac EURATOM CIEMAT, Lab Nacl Fus, Madrid 28040, Spain.Inst Appl Phys, Nizhnii Novgorod 603155, Russia.Ecole Polytech, LPTP, F-91128 Palaiseau, France.ITER Org, F-13108 St Paul Les Durance, France.Univ Stuttgart, IPF, Stuttgart, Germany.RRC Kurchatov Inst, Moscow, Russia.Fus Energy, Barcelona 08019, Spain.Karlsruhe Inst Technol, Karlsruhe, Germany.
Published: 2010
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33. Investigation of steady-state tokamak issues by long pulse experiments on Tore Supra

Author: Nicolas Crouseilles, R. Guirlet, J. Hourtoule, W. Xiao, J. L. Gardarein, Frédéric Schwander, E. Delchambre, A. Martinez, F. Bouquey, D. Boilson, M. Richou, L. Allegretti, V. Lamaison, T. Loarer, B. Lacroix, A. Vatry, W. Zwingmann, D. Ciazynski, J. Decker, P. Hertout, A. Bécoulet, R. Abgrall, M. Chatelier, B. Guillerminet, J. Lasalle, Yannick Marandet, M. Lipa, S. Nicollet, C. Reux, F. Benoit, E. Delmas, P. Reynaud, J. Y. Journeaux, F. Jullien, H. Bottollier-Curtet, Y. Buranvand, M. Schneider, D. Moreau, Karl Vulliez, M. Tena, P. Pastor, C. Le Niliot, S. Balme, G. Falchetto, V. Martin, L. Svensson, S. H. Hong, C. Laviron, M. Houry, J. M. Theis, S. Madeleine, T. Hutter, T. Salmon, L. Manenc, C. Bouchand, M. Davi, S. Rosanvallon, N. Dolgetta, Pascale Roubin, Eric Nardon, L.-G. Eriksson, B. Pégourié, D. Douai, O. Chaibi, Patrick Mollard, Didier Mazon, J. P. Gunn, Marie Farge, M. Prou, M. Thonnat, L. Begrambekov, J. Garcia, Philippe Ghendrih, L. Colas, Jacques Blum, J. Clary, P. Spuig, C. Gil, M. Kocan, Ph. Lotte, Paolo Angelino, B. Saoutic, M. Ottaviani, P. Devynck, X. Courtois, L. Doceul, Gilles Berger-By, Patrick Tamain, Marc Missirlian, K. Schneider, Yanick Sarazin, Lena Delpech, J.M. Ané, Pascale Hennequin, A. Durocher, Patrick Maget, P. Huynh, David Henry, P. Decool, Marc Goniche, F. Clairet, Julien Hillairet, A. Geraud, J. Signoret, Stéphane Heuraux, P. Bayetti, T. Gerbaud, X. L. Zou, Y. Peysson, H. Parrat, L. Million, Jérôme Bucalossi, S. Hacquin, Clarisse Bourdelle, F. Samaille, Bernard Bertrand, E. Sonnendruker, G. Chevet, A. Simonin, Ph. Cara, J. L. Maréchal, J. Johner, M. S. Benkadda, J. C. Hatchressian, R. Magne, J. Schlosser, A. Grosman, F. Brémond, R. Masset, Estelle Gauthier, S. Song, G. Giruzzi, M. Nannini, Caroline Hernandez, H.P.L. de Esch, P. Garibaldi, R. J. Dumont, Stanislas Pamela, M. Geynet, C. Nguyen, L. Zani, A. Casati, Cyrille Honoré, G. Gros, Fabrice Rigollet, A. Argouarch, Yann Corre, A. Marcor, H. Dougnac, E. Tsitrone, C. Grisolia, D. Pacella, Guillaume Latu, Céline Martin, T. Aniel, G. Darmet, R. Daviot, J.P. Martins, J. L. Farjon, P. Magaud, A. Ekedahl, Francesca Turco, D. Elbeze, P. Beyer, S. Carpentier, Roger Reichle, F. Faisse, X. Litaudon, R. Guigon, F.G. Rimini, F. Linez, L. Gargiulo, C. Fenzi-Bonizec, G. Marbach, Alexandre Torre, P. Monier-Garbet, N. Ravenel, Laure Vermare, J.-M. Travere, Xavier Garbet, R. Mitteau, H. Roche, C. Desgranges, V. Moncada, F. Villecroze, Jean-François Luciani, G. Ciraolo, F. Kazarian, J. Roth, C. Brosset, F. Saint-Laurent, H. Nehme, T. Parisot, Nicolas Fedorczak, F. Escourbiac, D. Guilhem, J. L. Duchateau, P. Moreau, O. Meyer, D. Yu, A. L. Pecquet, V. Petrzilka, E. Trier, Roland Sabot, G. T. A. Huysmans, G. T. Hoang, E. Joffrin, L. Meunier, P. Chantant, C. Portafaix, D. Voyer, J. C. Vallet, S. Salasca, J. L. Segui, A. Santagiustina, J.F. Artaud, G. Dunand, M. Lennholm, Frederic Imbeaux, V. Grandgirard, A. Escarguel, F. Leroux, Y. Lausenaz, P. Chappuis, V. Basiuk, F. Lott, Hinrich Lütjens, Sylvain Brémond, D. Villegas, Marina Becoulet, Institut de Recherche sur la Fusion par confinement Magnétique (IRFM), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Centre de Physique Théorique [Palaiseau] (CPHT), École polytechnique (X)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Mathématiques de Bordeaux (IMB), Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux (Bordeaux INP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Jean Lamour (IJL), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Association EURATOM-CEA (CEA/DSM/DRFC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École polytechnique (X), and Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux (Bordeaux INP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, fusion, Tokamak, MHD, Nuclear engineering, Cyclotron, Ultra-high vacuum, Electron, Tore Supra, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, Nuclear physics, law, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-PLASM-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Plasma Physics [physics.plasm-ph], 0103 physical sciences, 52.35, 010306 general physics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Physics, Magnetic confinement fusion, plasma heating, Plasma, Condensed Matter Physics, Magnetohydrodynamics
Abstract: The main results of the Tore Supra experimental programme in the years 2007–2008 are reported. They document significant progress achieved in the domain of steady-state tokamak research, as well as in more general issues relevant for ITER and for fusion physics research. Three areas are covered: ITER relevant technology developments and tests in a real machine environment, tokamak operational issues for high power and long pulses, and fusion plasma physics. Results presented in this paper include test and validation of a new, load-resilient concept of ion cycotron resonance heating antenna and of an inspection robot operated under ultra-high vacuum and high temperature conditions; an extensive experimental campaign (5 h of plasma) aiming at deuterium inventory and carbon migration studies; real-time control of sawteeth by electron cyclotron current drive in the presence of fast ion tails; ECRH-assisted plasma start-up studies; dimensionless scalings of transport and turbulence; transport experiments using active perturbation methods; resistive and fast-particle driven MHD studies. The potential role of Tore Supra in the worldwide fusion programme before the start of ITER operation is also discussed.
Published: 2009
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34. ELECTRON CYCLOTRON RESONANCE HEATING ASSISTED PLASMA STARTUP IN THE TORE SUPRA TOKAMAK

Author: E. Traisnel, F. Saint-Laurent, M. Lennholm, C. Darbos, J. Bucalossi, P. Hertout, and F. Bouquey
Subjects: Microwave amplifiers, Tokamak, Materials science, Nuclear magnetic resonance, law, Iter tokamak, Plasma, Electron, Tore Supra, Atomic physics, Start up, Electron cyclotron resonance, law.invention
Published: 2009
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35. Demonstration of effective control of fast-ion-stabilized sawteeth by electron-cyclotron current drive

Author: M. Jung, S. Song, R. J. Dumont, R. Magne, F.G. Rimini, D. Molina, Francesca Turco, J. L. Segui, P. Moreau, R. Lambert, M. Lennholm, G. Giruzzi, C. Darbos, L.-G. Eriksson, E. Traisnel, and F. Bouquey
Subjects: Physics, Tokamak, Cyclotron, General Physics and Astronomy, Plasma, Electron, Sawtooth wave, Instability, law.invention, Ion, Physics::Plasma Physics, law, Magnetohydrodynamic drive, Atomic physics, Computer Science::Databases
Abstract: In a tokamak plasma, sawtooth oscillations in the central temperature, caused by a magnetohydrodynamic instability, can be partially stabilized by fast ions. The resulting less frequent sawtooth crashes can trigger unwanted magnetohydrodynamic activity. This Letter reports on experiments showing that modest electron-cyclotron current drive power, with the deposition positioned by feedback control of the injection angle, can reliably shorten the sawtooth period in the presence of ions with energies >or=0.5 MeV. Certain surprising elements of the results are evaluated qualitatively in terms of existing theory.
Published: 2008

36. Modification of Sawtooth Oscillations with ICRF Waves in the JET Tokamak

Author: S. Coda, L. C. Ingesson, F. Nabais, S. E. Sharapov, Mervi Mantsinen, L.-G. Eriksson, R. Buttery, Thomas Johnson, J. Ongena, T. Hellsten, E. Westerhof, Jet-Efda Task Force H, Vasily Kiptily, M. Lennholm, C. Angioni, B. Alper, Jonathan Graves, D. Howell, M.-L. Mayoral, Jet-Efda Contributors, A. Mueck, Jet-Efda Task Force M, J.-M. Noterdaeme, Olivier Sauter, and F. Nave
Subjects: Condensed Matter::Quantum Gases, Physics, Jet (fluid), Tokamak, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Cyclotron, Sawtooth wave, Plasma, Plasma oscillation, law.invention, Condensed Matter::Soft Condensed Matter, Amplitude, Physics::Plasma Physics, law, Atomic physics, Ion cyclotron resonance
Abstract: Methods of modifying sawtooth oscillations using waves in the ion cyclotron range of frequencies (ICRF) in the JET tokamak are presented. Examples of sawtooth stabilization by ICRF-accelerated high ...
Published: 2007
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37. Sawtooth Control With ECCD On Tore Supra

Author: M. Lennholm, L.-G. Eriksson, F. Turco, F. Bouquey, C. Darbos, R. J. Dumont, A. Ekedahl, G. Giruzzi, R. Lambert, R. Magne, F. Rimini, E. Traisnel, J. L. Segui, Philip M. Ryan, and David Rasmussen
Subjects: Physics, Tokamak, law, Cyclotron, Plasma, Sawtooth wave, Tore Supra, Atomic physics, Electric current, Magnetohydrodynamics, Instability, law.invention, Computational physics
Abstract: Sawtooth control is a potentially important method for avoiding MHD instabilities triggered by sawtooth crashes, such as neoclassical tearing modes in a reactor‐size tokamak. The aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of localised current drive on Sawtooth activity. In recent experiments in the Tore Supra tokamak, Electron Cyclotron Current Drive has been observed to strongly affect the Sawtooth period, even at modest ECCD power levels. For instance, with 8 MW of ICRH long, fast ion stabilised, sawteeth were shortened from 0.6 s to 0.3 s by application of 0.6 MW of co‐ECCD. In these experiments it is estimated that only 2–3% of the total current was driven by ECCD, but this was sufficient to significantly affect the sawtooth period provided the driven current was localized accurately with respect to the q = 1 surface
Published: 2007
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38. A model-based technique for integrated real-time profile control in the JET tokamak

Author: A. A. Tuccillo, Tuomas Tala, X. Litaudon, L. Laborde, R. C. Felton, Luca Zabeo, P. de Vries, M. Lennholm, Alfredo Pironti, D. Mazon, Raffaele Albanese, D. Moreau, E. Joffrin, F. Crisanti, Marco Ariola, G. De Tommasi, Andrea Murari, J. Bucalossi, M. de Baar, Laborde, L., Mazon, D., Moreau, D., Murari, A., Felton, R., Zabeo, L., Albanese, Raffaele, Ariola, M., Bucalossi, J., Crisanti, F., DE BAAR, M., DE TOMMASI, Gianmaria, DE VRIES, P., Joffrin, E., Lennholm, M., Litaudon, X., Pironti, Alfredo, Tala, T., and Tuccillo, A.
Subjects: Physics, Steady state (electronics), Tokamak, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Condensed Matter Physics, fusion reactors, Magnetic confinement fusion, Atmospheric-pressure plasma, Decoupling (cosmology), Projection (linear algebra), law.invention, fusion energy, Control theory, law, JET, Galerkin method, tokamak, plasma
Abstract: This paper describes a new technique which has been implemented on the JET tokamak to investigate integrated real-time control of several plasma profiles simultaneously (such as current, temperature and pressure) and reports the results of the first experimental tests. The profiles are handled through their projection on a suitable basis of functions according to the Galerkin scheme. Their response to three actuators (heating and current drive powers injected in the plasma) is linearized in an experimentally deduced multi-input multi-output model. The singular value decomposition of this model operator allows us to design a distributed-parameter real-time controller which maximizes the steady state decoupling of the multiple feedback loops. It enables us to control several coupled profiles simultaneously, with some degree of fuzziness to let the plasma evolve towards an accessible non-linear state which is the closest to the requested one, despite a limited number of actuators. The first experiments using these techniques show that different current and electron temperature profiles can be obtained and sustained by the controller during a closed-loop operation time window. Future improvements and perspectives are briefly mentioned.
Published: 2005
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39. Synergy of Electron-Cyclotron and Lower-Hybrid Current Drive in Steady-State Plasmas

Author: G. T. Hoang, Gustavo Granucci, J. L. Segui, R. J. Dumont, F. Imbeaux, Patrick Maget, Gilles Berger-By, Alessandro Bruschi, F. Bouquey, R. Magne, M. Lennholm, G. Giruzzi, Ph. Bibet, J. Clary, C. Darbos, A. Ekedahl, and Jean-Francois Artaud
Subjects: Physics, Steady state, Tokamak, General Physics and Astronomy, Magnetic confinement fusion, Plasma, Electron, Tore Supra, Electron cyclotron resonance, law.invention, ___, Physics::Plasma Physics, law, Atomic physics, Current (fluid)
Abstract: Improvement (up to a factor of approximately 4) of the electron-cyclotron (EC) current drive efficiency in plasmas sustained by lower-hybrid (LH) current drive has been demonstrated in stationary conditions on the Tore Supra tokamak. This was made possible by feedback controlled discharges at zero loop voltage, constant plasma current, and constant density. This effect, predicted by kinetic theory, results from a favorable interplay of the velocity space diffusions induced by the two waves: the EC wave pulling low-energy electrons out of the Maxwellian bulk, and the LH wave driving them to high parallel velocities.
Published: 2004
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40. Improvement of the gyrotron TH 1506B for Tore Supra [Tokamak application]

Author: Christophe Lievin, Andreas Arnold, F. Bouquey, J.-P. Hogge, Stefano Alberti, M. Jung, Manfred Thumm, C. Darbos, J. Clary, R. Magne, M. Lennholm, D. Bariou, R. Lambert, D. Roux, and Francois Legrand
Subjects: Physics, Tokamak, law, business.industry, Gyrotron, Nuclear engineering, Electrical engineering, Pulse duration, Tore Supra, business, Electron cyclotron resonance, law.invention
Abstract: For heating and current drive experiments by electron cyclotron resonance interaction on the Tore Supra Tokamak, an ECRH system with a generator power of 2.4 MW (3 MW) for a pulse duration of 210 s (5 s) at a frequency of 118 GHz is presently under construction at CEA Cadarache. The generator is made of six TH 1506B gyrotrons. The main design parameters of the gyrotron are given in this paper. Prototype and first series gyrotrons are already installed on Tore Supra.
Published: 2004
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41. ECRH power injection in TORE SUPRA

Author: C. Darbos, J. Clary, M. Lennholm, A. Barbuti, D. Roux, Gilles Berger-By, X.L. Zou, G. Giruzzi, J. L. Segui, F. Bouquey, G. Agarici, R. J. Dumont, M. Jung, and R. Magne
Subjects: Engineering, business.industry, Curved mirror, Tore Supra, Laser, Power (physics), law.invention, Optics, Position (vector), law, Stepper, Antenna (radio), business, Beam (structure)
Abstract: The ECRH experiment on TORE SUPRA is designed to inject up to 3 MW of power at 118 GHz, using an antenna consisting of six fixed spherical mirrors and three mobile steering minors. The position of the mobile mirrors can be varied in real time using two stepper motors for each mobile mirror. In addition to controlling the injection angle, the position of the mobile mirrors also affects the polarisation of the injected wave. Accurate formulae to computer in real time, the stepper motor positions required to obtain the desired beam injection angles have been derived. Formulae to determine the effect on the wave polarisation, of the actual mobile mirror positions have also been determined. These formulae have been verified by precise laser measurements and by comparison of power deposition calculations and experimental results. Experiments with different values of polarisation and injection angles have been carried out in the 2001 campaign.
Published: 2003
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42. Status of the ECRH system of Tore Supra

Author: M. Lennholm, Manfred Thumm, R. Magne, M. Jung, G. Giruzzi, Christophe Lievin, F. Bouquey, J.-P. Hogge, J.L. Segui, C. Darbos, T. Petit, Stefano Alberti, E. Giguet, X.L. Zou, D. Roux, and J. Clary
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear physics, Thermonuclear fusion, Tokamak, law, Cyclotron, Pulse duration, Plasma, Radio frequency, Tore Supra, Atomic physics, Electron cyclotron resonance, law.invention
Abstract: Summary form only given. A system working at the electron cyclotron resonance frequency is under construction at CEA Cadarache for heating and current drive experiments in the thermonuclear controlled fusion field of research. This system will be able to couple 3 MW with a 5 s pulse length or 2.4 MW for up to 600 s into the plasma of the Tore Supra Tokamak at the resonant electron cyclotron frequency of 118 GHZ.
Published: 2003
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43. Operation of the 118 GHz very long pulse Gyrotron for the ECRH experiment on Tore Supra

Author: Stefano Alberti, E. Giguet, X.L. Zou, C. Darbos, G. Giruzzi, J.-P. Hogge, R. Magne, C. Lievin, F. Bouquey, M. Lennholm, Manfred Thumm, M. Jung, Ch. Portafaix, T. Petit, D. Roux, J.L. Segui, and J. Clary
Subjects: Physics, Long pulse, Nuclear magnetic resonance, Optics, law, business.industry, Gyrotron, Tore Supra, business, law.invention
Published: 2003
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44. Real-time control of the current profile in JET

Author: Guillaume Tresset, L. Zabeo, P. de Vries, V. Pericoli-Ridolfini, F. Crisanti, Didier Mazon, D. Moreau, Marco Riva, L. Laborde, R. C. Felton, M. Lennholm, K.-D. Zastrow, T. Tala, A. Murari, E. Joffrin, X. Litaudon, and Forest, Cary Brett
Subjects: Jet (fluid), Engineering, Tokamak, business.industry, Steady State theory, law.invention, Bootstrap current, Control theory, Real-time Control System, law, Physics::Plasma Physics, Control system, Current (fluid), business, Voltage
Abstract: New algorithms using a truncated singular value decomposition of a linearised model have been implemented in the JET control system. Using three heating and current drive actuators (LHCD, NBI, ICRH), successful control of the safety factor profile has been achieved in quasi steady state conditions where the loop voltage was small and a large fraction of the plasma current was carried by the bootstrap current.
Published: 2003

45. Separate and Combined Lower Hybrid and Electron Cyclotron Current Drive Experiments in Non Inductive Plasma Regimes on Tore Supra

Author: F. Bouquey, G. Berger-By, D. Mazon, G. Giruzzi, M. Lennholm, Patrick Maget, G.T. Hoang, X.L. Zou, R. Magne, J. F. Artaud, C. Darbos, J. Clary, F. Imbeaux, C. Bourdelle, Y. Peysson, G. T. A. Huysmans, J. L. Segui, and V. Basiuk
Subjects: Tokamak, law, Chemistry, Cyclotron, Cyclotron resonance, Electron, Plasma, Current (fluid), Tore Supra, Atomic physics, Lower hybrid oscillation, law.invention
Abstract: During the 2002 campaign of the TORE SUPRA tokamak, long pulses with a high fraction of Lower Hybrid Current Drive (∼80 %) have been obtained, leading to a new record of injected energy of 0.75 GJ. Specific phenomena are related to these experiments, like the onset of periodic oscillations of the core electron temperature, which is ascribed to a coupling between current drive and heat transport. In combination with LHCD, a modest amount of Electron Cyclotron (EC) Current Drive power can modify the q profile in the central part of the plasma, which has a significant impact on the behaviour of the discharge. When used in the counter‐current direction, ECCD triggers an electron transport barrier.
Published: 2003
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46. Improvement of power handling and operation of the LHCD system on JET

Author: C. Gormezano, M. Lennholm, P. Schild, M. Goniche, J.A. Dobbing, F. X. Söldner, and A. Ekedahl
Subjects: Engineering, Jet (fluid), Klystron, business.industry, Nuclear engineering, Electrical engineering, Plasma, Power (physics), law.invention, Transmission (telecommunications), law, Power handling, Current (fluid), business, Voltage
Abstract: The Lower Hybrid Current Drive (LHCD) system has been in operation since 1994. Its power handling capability and its operation have been increased by improvements and installation of feedback controls on klystron power, launcher position, plasma position, plasma internal inductance, loop voltage and gas introduction. The power is applied during the plasma formation and the current ramp-up, providing a target current profile favourable for high neutron rate performance in shear optimisation experiments. To further the design of a launcher for an ITER relevant system, high and low power tests have been carried out on a module allowing the transmission of a TE/sub 3.0/ mode.
Published: 2002
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47. Very long pulse testing of the TH 1506 B 118 GHz gyrotron

Author: E. Giguet, R. Magne, C. Lievin, M. Jung, F. Bouquey, J. Ph. Hogge, Y. Legoff, C. Darbos, M. Lennholm, D. Roux, B. Saoutic, J. Clary, A. Barbuti, Stefano Alberti, Ch. Portafaix, and Manfred Thumm
Subjects: Physics, Tokamak, Amplifier, Nuclear engineering, Cyclotron resonance, Pulse duration, Tore Supra, law.invention, Power (physics), law, Gyrotron, Electronic engineering, media_common.cataloged_instance, European union, media_common
Abstract: The gyrotron TH 1506 B has been developed under a collaboration between TED (Thales Electron Devices formerly Thomson Tubes Electroniques), the association Euratom-CEA and the association Euratom-Confederation Suisse, for application of EC waves on both Tokamaks Tore Supra and TCV. The main features of this tube are: frequency 118 GHz, output power 400 kW, pulse length 210 s (500 kW, 5 s also possible). After acceptance tests in the factory at 500 kW, 5 s, one series tube has been tested in very long pulses at Cadarache. A power of 300 kW for a pulse duration of 111 s has been successfully obtained, validating the design of the main components of the gyrotron. However, a limitation in output power with the nominal working parameters at 300 kW has been observed, and the pulse duration is limited by a strong degassing within the tube. This degassing is due to the excessive heating of the mirror tank of the gyrotron. Investigations are in progress to understand the reasons for the limitation of the output power and some calculations have been made to find how improving the cooling of the mirror tank.
Published: 2001
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48. Characterization of the 118-GHz ECRH output beam on Tore Supra

Author: Loys Courtois, R. Magne, C. Desgranges, J. Achard, J. Clary, M. Lennholm, P. Messina, Ted Jini Smail, D. Roux, Alain Becoulet, F. Bouquey, A. Barbuti, Gilles Berger-By, Francois Legrand, H. Roche, Christophe Lievin, and C. Darbos
Subjects: Electromagnetic field, Physics, business.industry, Linear polarization, Phase (waves), Electrical engineering, Optical field, Tore Supra, law.invention, Amplitude, Optics, law, Gyrotron, business, Waveguide
Abstract: The characterization of the electromagnetic field at the electron cyclotron frequency is one important point for the ECRH installation under development at the CEA Cadarache. This characterization is based on a mathematical decomposition of the electromagnetic field over the various radiating modes of an oversized corrugated waveguide. To perform this determination, which principle is given in the paper, one has to access the amplitude and the phase of the full electric field on a plane transverse to the propagation direction. It is possible to obtain amplitude and phase diagrams of the two crossed polarization at low level. At high level, in the output of a gyrotron, one uses only thermal measurements and the phase is reconstructed from the amplitude diagrams. The paper exposes a compete validation of this method and gives and results of the high level characterization.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Published: 2000
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49. Power requirements for electron cyclotron current drive and ion cyclotron resonance heating for sawtooth control in ITER

Author: M. Lennholm, R. J. Buttery, R. J. La Haye, Olivier Sauter, Martin Jucker, Jet Contributors, Timothy Goodman, Otto Asunta, V. Igochine, Jonathan Graves, I. T. Chapman, C. Zucca, Thomas Johnson, Stefano Coda, and JET EFDA Contributors
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Rational surface, Cyclotron, FOS: Physical sciences, Alpha particle, Sawtooth wave, Electron, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Potential energy, Physics - Plasma Physics, Neutral beam injection, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Computational physics, law.invention, Plasma Physics (physics.plasm-ph), Ion cyclotron resonance heating, law, 0103 physical sciences, 010306 general physics
Abstract: 13MW of electron cyclotron current drive (ECCD) power deposited inside the q = 1 surface is likely to reduce the sawtooth period in ITER baseline scenario below the level empirically predicted to trigger neo-classical tearing modes (NTMs). However, since the ECCD control scheme is solely predicated upon changing the local magnetic shear, it is prudent to plan to use a complementary scheme which directly decreases the potential energy of the kink mode in order to reduce the sawtooth period. In the event that the natural sawtooth period is longer than expected, due to enhanced alpha particle stabilisation for instance, this ancillary sawtooth control can be provided from > 10MW of ion cyclotron resonance heating (ICRH) power with a resonance just inside the q = 1 surface. Both ECCD and ICRH control schemes would benefit greatly from active feedback of the deposition with respect to the rational surface. If the q = 1 surface can be maintained closer to the magnetic axis, the efficacy of ECCD and ICRH schemes significantly increases, the negative effect on the fusion gain is reduced, and off-axis negative-ion neutral beam injection (NNBI) can also be considered for sawtooth control. Consequently, schemes to reduce the q = 1 radius are highly desirable, such as early heating to delay the current penetration and, of course, active sawtooth destabilisation to mediate small frequent sawteeth and retain a small q = 1 radius., 29 pages, 16 figures
Published: 2013
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50. High power LHCD experiments in JET

Author: V. Pericoli Ridolfini, P. Schild, A. S. Kaye, F.G. Rimini, J. A. Romero, J.A. Dobbing, Y. Baranov, M. Lennholm, F. Smits, A. Ekedahl, J.C.M. de Haas, G.J. Sadler, P. J. Lomas, R. Sartori, B. Alper, C. Gowers, T.T.C. Jones, B. Fischer, F. X. Söldner, D.F.H. Start, J. Jacquinot, C. Gormezano, L.-G. Eriksson, and A. C. C. Sips
Subjects: Physics, Jet (fluid), Klystron, law, Divertor, Electron temperature, Plasma diagnostics, Plasma, Sawtooth wave, Atomic physics, Current (fluid), law.invention
Abstract: The new Lower Hybrid Current Drive (LHCD) system has come into operation in JET in the 1994/95 experimental campaign. In this paper, results from high power experiments are presented. Power in excess of 7 MW and a maximum energy of 46 MJ have been coupled to divertor plasmas. Full current drive up to 3 MA has been achieved with LHCD alone; the CD efficiency increases with electron temperature up to 0.26 1020 A/W m−2. Current profile control experiments up to 3 MA have resulted in suppression of the sawtooth activity. At low density peaked electron temperature profiles with Te(0) in excess of 8 keV, have been observed. Experiments of combined LH profile and high performance discharges (Hot‐Ion H‐mode) will be discussed.
Published: 1996
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