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Series of Ni‐based nanocatalysts were fabricated for the HDO of lignin‐derived guaiacol to cyclohexane via a single‐source Ni−Fe−Al layered double hydroxide precursor route and characterized by XRD, BET, TEM, XAS, XPS, H2‐TPR, H2‐TPD, NH3‐TPD, and pyridine absorbed in situ FT‐IR. As‐fabricated bimetallic NiFe nanocatalyst bearing a Fe/Ni molar ratio of 0.5 : 3 attained a higher cyclohexane yield of 70.5 % under mild reaction conditions (i. e., 230 °C and 1.0 MPa of initial hydrogen pressure), compared to monometallic Ni and other NiFe bimetallic nanocatalysts, as well as monometallic Ni and bimetallic NiFe catalysts prepared by the impregnation method. Combination of experimental results and density functional theory calculations manifested that interfacial FeOx species profoundly facilitated the demethoxylation processes of guaiacol and 2‐methoxycyclohexanol intermediate, while both bimetallic NiFe sites and interfacial FeOx species greatly promoted the dehydroxylation of cyclohexanol intermediate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a new hybrid composite of hydroxyapatite and Ca–Al layered double hydroxide (HAP-LDH) was successfully assembled via an in situ growth route, by which large quantities of small needle-like HAP crystals in situ grew over the lateral surface of large platelet-like CaAl-LDH particles, and applied to immobilize Au nanoparticles for base-free aerobic glucose oxidation in water to produce gluconic acid using molecular oxygen. A combination of characterization techniques and catalytic experiments revealed that the activity of supported Au catalysts was strongly associated with the composition of supports, and the hybrid HAP-LDH supported one with a Au loading amount of about 0.2 wt% delivered a high gluconic acid yield of ＞98% under optimal reaction conditions, along with a quite high turnover frequency value of ∼20 225 h−1. High efficiency of the as-formed Au/HAP-LDH was mainly ascribed to cooperation between favorable surface Au species (Au0/Auδ+) and abundant basic sites. Furthermore, the present catalyst also presented good structural stability, because of the novel hybrid three-dimensional nano/microstructure of the HAP-LDH composite support facilitating the stabilization of active Au species and components of the support. The present synthesis strategy of employing a hybrid composite support provides a new way to design stable and high-performance supported metal nanocatalysts for a variety of advanced heterogeneous catalytic processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tuning the surface properties of supported metal catalysts is of vital importance for governing their catalytic performances in nanocatalysis. Here, we report highly dispersed nanometric gold nanoparticles (NPs) supported on Ni–Ti layered double hydroxides (NiTi-LDHs), which were employed in solvent-free and base-free selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol. A series of characterization techniques demonstrated that defect-rich NiTi-LDHs could efficiently stabilize Au NPs and decrease surface electron density of Au NPs. The as-formed Au/NiTi-LDH catalyst with a Ni/Ti molar ratio of 3 : 1 and an Au loading of 0.71 wt% yielded the highest turnover frequency value of ∼4981 h−1 at 120 °C among tested Au/NiTi-LDH catalysts with different Ni/Ti molar ratios, along with a high benzaldehyde selectivity of 98%. High catalytic efficiency of the catalyst was mainly correlated with surface cooperation between unique defects (i.e. defective Ti3+ species and oxygen vacancies) and abundant hydroxyl groups on the brucite-like layers of the NiTi-LDH support, which could lead to the preferential adsorption and activation of an alcohol hydroxyl moiety in benzyl alcohol and oxygen molecule, as well as the formation of more electron-deficient Ni3+ and Au0 species on the catalyst surface. Furthermore, the present Au/NiTi-LDH catalyst tolerated the oxidation of a wide variety of substrate structures into the corresponding aldehydes, acids or ketones. Our primary results illustrate that defect-rich NiTi-LDHs are promising supports which can efficiently modify surface structure and electronic properties of supported metal catalysts and consequently improve their catalytic performances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In the present study, we report a facile synthetic approach for supported copper nanocatalysts with a thin nitrogen‐doped carbon (CN) overlayer. This Cu@CN catalyst was directly generated by a thermal decomposition of Cu‐Al layered double hydroxide (CuAl‐LDH)/melamine hybrid precursor, and employed in the liquid‐phase transfer dehydrogenation of primary aliphatic alcohols. The strategy was found to be useful for the formation of a very thin in situ formed CN overlayer of 0.5–0.7 nm in thickness on copper nanoparticles of about 8.5 nm in diameter. Compared with uncoated copper‐based catalyst derived from pristine CuAl‐LDH, as‐fabricated Cu@CN catalyst showed significantly enhanced catalytic activity, which was attributed to the surface cooperative effect among strong Lewis base sites originating from the CN layer, well‐dispersed Cu0 nanoparticles and Cu+ species, thereby greatly promoting the activation of hydroxyl group in primary aliphatic alcohols and the following abstraction and transfer of hydrogen. Most importantly, the thin CN overlayer could successfully stabilize copper nanoparticles, thus preventing the leaching and the growth of copper species over the course of the reaction. This work offers a new strategy for fabricating cost‐effective, highly efficient and extremely stable supported copper catalysts for the transfer dehydrogenation of primary aliphatic alcohols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highly dispersed and stable supported copper-based catalysts for gas-phase hydrogenation of dimethyl 1,4-cyclohexane dicarboxylate (DMCD) to 1,4-cyclohexane dimethanol (CHDM) were synthesized from a single-source Cu–Zn–Al layered double hydroxide (LDH) precursor. The catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), hydrogen temperature-programmed reduction (H 2 -TPR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), N 2 sorption, H 2 -N 2 O titration and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. The results revealed that calcination temperature for LDH precursors significantly affected the composition, structure, chemical states, and catalytic performance of copper-based catalysts. In the gas-phase selective hydrogenation of DMCD, a high CHDM yield of 95.6% was achieved over copper-based catalyst obtained at calcination temperature of 600 °C. Compared with the conventional Cu/ZnO/Al 2 O 3 and Cr 2 O 3 promoted copper-based catalysts, LDH-derived Cu-based catalysts exhibited higher catalytic performance, which was mainly attributed to the presence of highly dispersed and stable active metallic copper species, as well as a reasonable amount of Cu + species facilitating the activation of ester groups of reactants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel highly sensitive non-enzymatic glucose sensor was constructed based on gold nanoparticles decorated ternary Ni-Al layered double hydroxide/single-walled carbon nanotubes/graphene nanocomposite (Au/LDH-CNTs-G). The materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectra and Raman spectra, and the sensing performance was investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry and amperometric response. The results revealed that Au/LDH-CNTs-G nanocomposite modified glassy carbon electrode exhibited remarkable electrocatalytic performance toward glucose oxidation, with a wide linear range from 10 μM to 6.1 mM, a high sensitivity of ∼1989 μA·mM −1 ·cm −2 and a low detection limit of 1.0 μM based on a signal to noise ratio of 3, which was mainly attributed to the combined effects of enhanced electrical conductivity originating from three-dimensional intertwined CNTs-graphene network, good accessibility to active reaction sites from NiAl-LDH and more electron transfer passages provided by Au nanoparticles highly dispersed on the surface. What's more, as-constructed non-enzymatic sensor showed good reproducibility, repeatability, stability and anti-interference property, and was also used to practically analyze glucose concentration in human serum samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The in situ growth of Ni-containing layered double hydroxide(LDH)microcrystallites on microspherical γ-alumina support was carriedout through the surface activation of support followed by a homogeneouscoprecipitation process, and carbon nanomaterials were synthesizeddirectly over as-grown supported LDH samples via catalytic chemicalvapor deposition of acetylene. As compared to that prepared by theconventional impregnation, supported LDH samples calcined at 700 °Cpossessed higher metal dispersion, which was attributed to well-developedtwo-dimensional structure of LDH platelets uniformly grown on thesupport surface originating from the strong interaction between brucite-likelattices and support. Furthermore, the supported catalyst from NiAl-LDHcould catalyze the growth of regular carbon nanofibers, while anotherone from NiMgAl-LDH exhibited excellent catalytic performance forthe growth of uniform carbon nanotubes due to higher metal dispersionachieved by the separating effect of amorphous metal oxide (MgO andAl2O3) phases around Ni nanoparticles. As-synthesizedsupported Ni-based catalysts are promising for practical applicationsin the production of carbon nanostructures with uniform geometricshape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The highly-dispersed copper-based catalysts for the gas-phase hydrogenation of dimethyl oxalate to ethylene glycol (EG) were prepared from a Cu-Zn-Al layered double hydroxide (LDH) precursor. Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), N adsorption-desorption, H temperature programmed reduction (H-TPR) and H-NO titration indicated that the composition, texture, and structure of resulting copper-based catalysts were profoundly affected by the calcination temperature of LDH precursor. Moreover, the as-synthesized catalyst calcined at 600 °C was found to exhibit a superior catalytic hydrogenation performance with an EG yield of 94.7 % to the other catalysts calcined at 500 and 700 °C, which should be mainly attributed to the presence of the highly-dispersed active metallic copper species over metal oxide matrix. Graphical Abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Porous magnesium ferrite film was fabricated via a single-source precursor strategy involving thermal conversion of Mg(II)Fe(III)-layered double hydroxide (MgFe-LDH) precursor film formed in situ on sulfonated silicon substrate, followed by selective etching of excessive MgO phase in the calcined precursor film. XRD and EDS analyses confirm the formation of single phase MgFe2O4 after etching of MgO. The as-formed MgFe2O4 film exhibits porous and particulate structure consisting of fused particle aggregates. AFM observation reveals the rough surface nature of the ferrite film. The magnetic characterization shows the enhanced saturation magnetization of MgFe2O4 film (c.a. 37.1emu/g), compared to that of MgFe2O4 powder synthesized by a conventional solid-state reaction. Importantly, the temperature-dependent magnetization of MgFe2O4 film exhibits unusual superparamagnetic characteristic. In addition, the film modified with organic molecule shows superhydrophobicity. Such significant magnetic and interfacial property of ferrite film can open up new opportunities for advanced applications of this material. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Novel marigold-like carbonate-type Mg–Al layered double hydroxide (MgAl-CO3-LDH) micro-nanostructures with surface curved and intercrossed nanosheets were synthesized successfully via a two-step intercalation route, which involved a primary intercalation of dodecylsulfonate (DS−) anion through urea hydrolysis, followed by exchanging interlayer DS− anions with anions in the presence of a cationic type surfactant (hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide). The possible formation mechanism of such MgAl-CO3-LDH micro-nanostructure was proposed tentatively. Furthermore, the resulting Mg–Al mixed metal oxides obtained by calcining MgAl-CO3-LDH at 500°C still maintain the three-dimensional marigold-like morphology to some extent, indicative of the high thermal stability of micro-nanostructures. The findings in this work may provide a feasible approach for the special morphosynthesis of carbonate-type LDH nanomaterials. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Zinc ferrite (ZnFe2O4) film with surface porous microstructure was fabricated successfully on sulfonated silicon substrate via a novel template-assisted route. The preparation approach involves the formation of two-phase composite (zinc ferrite and zinc oxide) film by thermal conversion of single-source Zn–Fe layered double hydroxide precursor film, which is followed by a selective leaching of self-generated ZnO template. Furthermore, as-fabricated ZnFe2O4 film exhibited greatly enhanced photocatalytic activity in the degradation of Rhodamine B under visible light irradiation, compared with ZnFe2O4 powder prepared by the conventional solid-state method. It is expected that such kind of ZnFe2O4-based film materials may have potential applications in the field of industrial photo-degradation of organic pollutants. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Ni–Al layered double hydroxides (LDHs) were successfully synthesized through a novel reduction–oxidation route, which involved a rapid reduction of Ni2+ cations and nucleation in a colloid mill, followed by an oxidation of metallic nickel nuclei and structural transformation under hydrothermal conditions in the presence of sodium carbonate. The results indicated that the concentration of sodium carbonate and hydrothermal reaction temperature had important influence on the growth of LDH phase, and NiAl-LDH crystals with high crystallinity and good homogeneity could be achieved under the optimal conditions. The possible formation mechanism of a NiAl-LDH compound was proposed tentatively. The present work provided a new method for a scale-up synthesis of a variety of well-crystallized LDH materials. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A novel nanocomposite of Zn–Al layered double hydroxide (LDH) and poly acrylic acid-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes was assembled successfully through interfacial electrostatic interaction between the positively-charged layers of LDH nanocrystallites and the negatively-charged functional groups on the surface of functionalized carbon nanotubes. The resulting glassy carbon electrode modified by as-assembled nanocomposite exhibited excellent electrochemical activity toward the oxidation of catechol. The oxidation peak potential difference of catechol and hydroquinone was achieved at modified electrode, which could effectively distinguish catechol from hydroquinone. The present work provided a new method for electrochemical determination of dihydroxybenzene isomers with high sensitivity. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

[Display omitted] • K-containing spinel-type ZnCo x Fe 2-x O 4 nanoparticles were fabricated. • Ternary ZnCo x Fe 2-x O 4 nanoparticles facilitated in situ the generation of iron-cobalt carbide. • An unprecedentedly high iron time yield to light olefins was obtained. • Fe-Co interactions boosted CO 2 hydrogenation to produce light olefins. Currently, the CO 2 conversion to light olefins is attractive in clean energy research. Despite numerous works on Co-Fe bimetallic catalysts, the lack of well-defined bulk structures with identical crystalline phase and similar textural property hinders the in-depth understanding of the roles of Fe and Co species. Herein, series of uniform K-containing spinel-type ZnCo x Fe 2-x O 4 nanoparticles (x = 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0) were successfully synthesized via a single source layered double hydroxide precursor route. Compared to ZnFe 2 O 4 and ZnCo 2 O 4 , as-fabricated ternary ZnCo 0.5 Fe 1.5 O 4 spinel nanoparticles as the catalyst exhibited an outstanding performance toward CO 2 hydrogenation to produce light olefins, with a 36.1% selectivity toward C 2 =-C 4 = products at a 49.6% conversion and an unprecedentedly high iron time yield for CO 2 conversion to light olefins (∼29.1 μmol CO2 ·g Fe −1·s−1) at the gaseous hourly space velocity of 24000 mL·g cat −1·h−1. In combination with structural characterizations and reaction results, it was unveiled that during the CO 2 hydrogenation over ternary ZnCo x Fe 2-x O 4 catalysts, the formation of electron-rich Fe0 atoms in the CoFe alloy phase significantly promoted in situ the generation of active iron-cobalt carbide, Co 2 C, and θ -Fe 3 C phases, thereby improving the reactivity of catalysts for the production of hydrocarbons and simultaneously inhibiting both the CO 2 methanation and the secondary hydrogenation of olefins. The present findings provide a clear understanding of the roles of Fe-Co interactions over ternary ZnCo x Fe 2-x O 4 catalysts for the highly efficient hydrogenation of CO 2 to produce light olefins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• MoO x -decorated Ni-based catalysts were fabricated via a single-source precursor route. • As-fabricated Ni-based catalyst was highly active for γ-valerolactone hydrogenolysis. • Surface defective MoO x species facilitated the activation of carbonyl group. • A cooperation between Ni0 species and surface defects contributed to high efficiency. Currently, highly efficient biomass upgrading over non-noble metal catalysts is of vital importance for reducing equipment and operation expenses in biorefinery industries. In this respect, the related heterogeneous catalysis demands the design and construction of mutual cooperative microstructure of catalysts to improve their catalytic performances. Here, an efficient catalytic process for selective hydrogenolysis of biomass-derived γ-valerolactone (GVL) to produce 1,4-pentanediol (1,4-PDO) and 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (2-MTHF) was developed by earth-abundant nickel-based catalysts, which were derived from a molybdate intercalated Ni-Al layered double hydroxide precursor. It was found that with the elevated reduction temperature, the amount of surface defective MoO x species (0 < x < 3) was gradually increased. Especially, as-fabricated Ni-MoO x /Al 2 O 3 catalyst obtained at the reduction temperature of 600 °C delivered a 94.0% combined yield of 1,4-PDO and 2-MTHF under mild reaction conditions. It was demonstrated that over the present Ni-MoO x /Al 2 O 3 catalyst system, surface defective MoO x species could greatly facilitate the adsorption and activation of carbonyl group in GVL and thus significantly promote the cleavage of C O bond and its adjacent C O bond. This finding opens a promising door to engineer surface defective structure of high-performance supported metal catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Review: 293 refs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we fabricated nitrogen-doped carbon (NC)-combined CuMn-based catalysts derived from layered double hydroxide and melamine mixture precursor and further explored their activity in the aerobic oxidation of cyclohexylbenzene (CHB) to produce cyclohexylbenzene-1-hydroperoxide (CHBHP) using molecular oxygen as the oxidant. Series of structural characterizations demonstrated that multivalent Cu and Mn species and abundant surface defective oxygen vacancies could form in catalysts, due to comprehensive redox processes between Cu and Mn atoms upon high-temperature calcination of precursors under inert atmosphere, as well as the promotional effect of melamine added on the reduction of metal ions. As-fabricated NC-combined CuMn catalyst bearing a 1:1 Cu:Mn molar ratio showed a higher catalytic oxidation activity, in comparison to other NC-decorated CuMn-based catalysts, NC-free CuMn-based one, and pure single metal oxides (i.e. , CuO, MnO 2). It was revealed that the presence of favorable multivalent Cu and Mn ions and abundant oxygen vacancies was conducive to the effective adsorption and activation of CHB and oxygen molecules, thus accelerating the selective oxidation of CHB to form CHBHP. Moreover, surface NC overlayer on catalysts could protect surface structures of catalysts during the oxidation. The present study provides deep understanding of the roles of surface-active metal species and oxygen vacancies of CuMn-based catalysts for efficient oxidation of CHB to form CHBHP. [Display omitted] • NC-combined CuMn-based catalysts were fabricated from LDH/melamine precursors. • Cu-Mn redox processes led to the formation of multivalent metal ions and oxygen vacancies. • The enhanced oxidation of cyclohexylbenzene to its hydroperoxide was achieved. • Multivalent metal ions together with oxygen vacancies contributed to the high efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Novel carbon supported nickel catalysts were successfully prepared by in situ reduction of Ni–Al layered double hydroxide/carbon hybrid composites (NiAl-LDH/C). The results indicated that the microstructure of supported Ni catalysts was profoundly affected by the composition of composite precursors. As-synthesized supported catalysts were found to show remarkably excellent catalytic performance in the liquid-phase hydrodechlorination of chlorobenzene. The presence of the highly dispersed metallic nickel nanoparticles with relatively small particle size over carbon matrix is proposed to be responsible for the excellent hydrodechlorination activity of the catalyst, on which a chlorobenzene conversion of 98.8% could be obtained. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract Efficient and cost-effective electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) are of paramount importance for renewable energy conversion and storage. Here, we developed a facile approach for integrating two-dimensional (2D) zeolitic imidazolate framework-67 (ZIF-67) nanoarrays and CoNiAl ternary layered double hydroxide (CoNiAl-LDH) nanoplatelets onto three-dimensional (3D) nickel foam (NF) to form a 3D hierarchical ZIF-67/CoNiAl-LDH/NF electrocatalyst. Due to the unique 3D hierarchical architecture with increased electrochemical active surface area, multi-porous framework, and intimate interfacial coupling effect, the as-prepared ZIF-67/CoNiAl-LDH/NF electrocatalyst exhibits excellent electrocatalytic activity towards OER with a small overpotential of 303 mV at 10 mA cm−2 and Tafel slope around 88 mV dec−1, much lower than those of the reported nickel- or cobalt-based OER catalysts. Moreover, the ZIF-67/CoNiAl-LDH/NF electrocatalyst also shows excellent electrochemical durability, and the hierarchical structure is well maintained with no detectable activity decay after continuous testing at 10 mA cm−2 for 8 h. The present work provides a general strategy for the rational design and synthesis of multi-functional 3D hierarchical catalyst, which is expected to exhibit superior performance in a wide range of catalysis, especially in water electrolysis. Graphical abstract Image 1 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the work, hybrid nanocomposite of Ni–Al layered double hydroxide (LDH) and carbon nanotubes (LDH/CNTs) was assembled via one-pot hydrothermally assisted coprecipitation approach and applied as the thermal stabilizer in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) resin. Various structural characterizations revealed that smaller LDH nanoplatelets could be uniformly dispersed on the surface of CNTs or closely combined with the CNTs matrix, thus forming unique hybrid nanostructure and strong LDH-CNTs interactions. The thermogravimetry (TGA), Congo red tests, and TG-fourier transform infrared (TG-FTIR) experiments for the PVC-based composites demonstrated that compared with pristine NiAl-LDH and CNTs, as-assembled LDH/CNTs nanocomposite exhibited greatly enhanced thermal stabilization effect on PVC resin. Especially, PVC/LDH/CNTs composite with 5.0 phr of LDH/CNTs additive delivered a superior thermal stabilization effect on PVC to other PVC-based composites, along with the greatly increased maximum degradation temperature and the improved removal efficiency of hydrogen chloride by about 40 °C and 64.8%, respectively. It was concluded that through the assembly of NiAl-LDH with CNTs, the enlarged LDH interlayer spacing, enhanced dispersion of NiAl-LDH component in PVC resin, and strengthened interfacial interaction between NiAl-LDH and PVC could account for the improved thermal stabilization effect of LDH/CNTs additive on PVC during the pyrolysis of PVC. • Hybrid nanocomposite of NiAl-LDH and CNTs was successfully assembled. • Strong interactions between highly dispersive LDH nanosheets and CNTs could form. • As-assembled LDH/CNTs presented excellent thermal stabilization effect on PVC resin. • LDH structure/composition and LDH-PVC interaction affected the stabilization efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Structured Cu-based film catalysts derived from LDH precursors were fabricated. • Highly efficient conversion of furfural into furfuryl alcohol and cyclopentanone. • Strong interactions between surface Cu-containing nanosheets and the substrate. • Synergy between highly dispersed Cu0 species and acidic sites was demonstrated. Presently, developing efficient and stable structured heterogenous catalysts with fabulous advantages of excellent ability for heat/mass transfer, facile recovery and separation, and superior stability is of great importance in terms of economic production of chemicals. Here, structured Cu-based film catalysts with novel surface superstructure composed of large quantities of interlaced and nearly vertically grown nanosheets for aqueous-phase hydrogenation of furfural toward the production of furfuryl alcohol (FOL) and cyclopentanone (CPO) were successfully fabricated from structured Cu-Zn-Al layered double hydroxide (CuZnAl-LDH) film precursors. As-fabricated structured Cu-based film catalyst possessing a Cu/(Zn + Cu) molar ratio of 4:5 exhibited a superior catalytic performance in the above reaction to other Zn-free and Zn-rich Cu-based film catalysts, as well as pristine CuZnAl-LDH-derived powdered one, due to the synergistic effect between highly dispersive Cu species and favorable surface acidic sites originating from LDH-derived Zn-Al mixed metal oxide (ZnAl-MMO), as well as the presence of abundant Cu-MMO interface within surface nanosheets, being responsible for the enhanced adsorption and activation of reactant and reaction intermediates. Furthermore, due to strong interactions between Cu species and MMO matrix within nanosheets and between surface nanosheets and anodic aluminum oxide/aluminum substrate, the present structured catalyst showed high structural stability and reusability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]