Search

This research has been carried out, in part, thanks to the Project PsyTool “Sport Psychology as a Strategic Tool for Prevention and training on Grassroots Sports” Erasmus+ Sport Programme. Application Nr.: 567199-EPP-1-2015-2-ES-SPO-SCP.

El objetivo de este trabajo es el entrenamiento psicológico en el control del nivel óptimo de activación fisiológica para la mejora del rendimiento. En este estudio de caso único (N = 1), el participante es un jugador de fútbol de 23 años, perteneciente a la segunda categoría provincial de aficionados de la Federación Andaluza de Fútbol. El entrenamiento se dividió en tres fases en relación con el nivel de activación y el rendimiento, (1) autoconocimiento: el participante debía aprender a conocer su propio nivel de activación. En esta fase, realizaba diferentes ejercicios físicos y a continuación se le preguntaba por su Frecuencia Cardíaca (FC), brindándole, posteriormente, feedback de la misma; (2) definición del nivel de activación: en la que se trataba de averiguar con qué FC alcanzaba el mejor rendimiento al recorrer un circuito ad hoc (nivel de activación óptimo); (3) autorregulación: durante la que se le entrenó a autorregular su propia FC para que pudiera alcanzar su nivel de activación óptimo y alcanzar así un buen rendimiento. Los resultados indican un aprendizaje del autoconocimiento y autorregulación del nivel óptimo de activación del jugador, a través de la aplicación de feedback y la utilización del pulsómetro. El mejor rendimiento se produjo cuando las pulsaciones oscilaban entre 161 y 166 p/m. Se concluye que el entrenamiento psicológico en autorregulación del nivel óptimo de activación fisiológica contribuye a la mejora del rendimiento, tal y como ha quedado demostrado en el presente trabajo. The objective of this work was psychological training for controlling the optimal level of physiological activation to improve performance. In this single case study (N = 1), the participant was a 23-year-old male who played soccer in a team competing in the second provincial amateur category of the Andalusian Soccer Federation. Training was divided into three phases related to the level of activation and performance, (1) self-knowledge: the participant had to learn to know his own activation level. In this phase, he performed different physical exercises and was then asked about his heart rate (HR) and subsequently given feedback on it; (2) definition of the activation level: the objective was to try and find out with which HR he achieved the best performance when following an ad hoc circuit (optimal activation level); (3) self-regulation: during this phase, the subject was trained to self-regulate his own HR so that he could reach his optimal activation level and thus achieve good performance. The results suggest that the player learned self-knowledge and self-regulation of his optimal activation level through application of feedback and use of the heart rate monitor. The best performance occurred when the pulse rate ranged from 161 to 166 bpm. It is concluded that psychological training in self-regulation of the optimal level of physiological activation contributes to improve performance, as has been shown in this work. O objetivo deste trabalho é o treino psicológico no controlo do nível ideal de ativação fisiológica para a melhoria do desempenho. Neste estudo de caso único (N = 1), o participante é um jogador de futebol de 23 anos de idade, pertencente à segunda categoria regional de amadores da Federação de Futebol da Andaluzia. O treino foi dividido em três fases relativamente ao nível de ativação e desempenho: (1) autoconhecimento: o participante teve de aprender a conhecer o seu próprio nível de ativação. Nesta fase, realizou diferentes exercícios físicos e, em seguida, foi questionado sobre a sua frequência cardíaca (FC), dando-lhe posteriormente feedback sobre a mesma; (2) definição do nível de ativação: em que se tratava de descobrir em que FC alcançava o melhor desempenho ao percorrer um circuito ad hoc (nível de ativação ideal); (3) autorregulação: durante a qual foi treinado para autorregular a sua FC, a fim de alcançar o seu nível ideal de ativação e, assim, alcançar um bom desempenho. Os resultados indicam uma aprendizagem do autoconhecimento e da autorregulação do nível de ativação ideal do jogador, através da aplicação de feedback e da utilização do monitor de frequência cardíaca. O melhor desempenho ocorreu quando as pulsações variaram entre 161 e 166 p/m. Conclui-se que o treino psicológico em autorregulação do nível ideal de ativação fisiológica contribui para a melhoria do desempenho, conforme demonstrado no presente trabalho.

espanolRESUMEN El modelo predominante del burnout asume tres dimensiones: agotamiento emocional (AE), despersonalizacion (D) y (falta de) logro personal (LP). Hasta la fecha, enfoques conductuales-contextuales han explorado el papel de la flexibilidad psicologica en el burnout, pero no el rol de variables interpersonales como las del modelo Consciencia, valentia y amor (ACL, por sus siglas en ingles) de la psicoterapia analitica funcional. En este estudio, 269 trabajadores espanoles de salud mental cumplimentaron un formulario que exploraba la contribucion del ACL, mas alla de la flexibilidad psicologica, para comprender el burnout. Los resultados principales muestran que la flexibilidad psicologica predice las tres dimensiones del burnout. Con respecto al modelo ACL, el amor fue el predictor mas fuerte de D, despues de la flexibilidad psicologica; las tres dimensiones del ACL contribuyen a predecir el LP. En este trabajo se presenta brevemente un modelo conductual-contextual que integra estos hallazgos y sus implicaciones para mejorar las intervenciones para reducir el burnout en profesionales de salud mental. EnglishABSTRACT The predominant model of burnout posits three dimensions: emotional exhustion (EE), depersonalization (D), and (a lack of) personal accomplishment (PA). To date, contextual behavioral approaches have explored the role of psychological flexibility within this model of burnout but has not focused on the role of interpersonal variables, such as suggested by the Awareness, Courage, and Love (ACL) model of Functional Analytic Psychotherapy. In this study, 269 Spanish mental health workers completed a questionnaire study exploring the unique contribution of ACL, over and above psychological flexibility, to understanding burnout. Results indicated that psychological flexibility predicted all three dimensions of burnout. Regarding ACL, love was the strongest predictor of D over and above psychological flexibility and all three ACL dimensions contributed to PA prediction. We briefly present a contextual-behavioral model that integrates these findings with implications for improving interventions to reduce burnout in mental health practitioners.

From the consolidation of the psychology of sport as an independent scientific discipline at an international level, a great advance was developed that also favoured the consolidation of the applied field and the intervention, into two distinct political-geographic areas: the Eastern countries and the Western block. In both the performances began with the elite sport, and the figure of the psychologist as a member of the sports team. In 1979 the publication of Rainer Martens' article On Jackets and Jocks (Martens, 1979) mobilized the reflection of both researchers and applied psychologists. From its publication to the present day, this text became a reference text, especially when it came to direct interventions with athletes, and led to a reflection on the methodological difference between research and direct intervention. However, previously, in 1987, Martens himself had recommended and warned of the need to establish links between both spheres, academic and applied, to strengthen and give consistency to the psychology of sport (Garcia-Ucha and Martinez, 2014). A partir de la consolidación de la Psicología del Deporte como disciplina científica independiente a nivel internacional, se desarrolló un gran avance que favoreció también la consolidación del ámbito aplicado y de intervención, con dos áreas político- geográficas diferenciadas: los países del Este y el bloque occidental. En ambos se iniciaron actuaciones directas con el deporte de élite, y la figura del psicólogo como miembro del staff en los equipos deportivos fue estabilizándose. En 1979 la publicación del artículo de Rainer Martens, About smocks and jocks (Martens, 1979), movilizó la reflexión tanto de investigadores como de psicólogos aplicados. Desde su publicación hasta la actualidad, este texto se convirtió en un texto de referencia, especialmente a la hora de plantear intervenciones directas con deportistas, y propició que se estableciera una reflexión sobre la diferencia metodológica que debía darse entre investigación e intervención directa. Sin embargo ya anteriormente, en 1987, el propio Martens había recomendado y alertado de la necesidad de establecer nexos entre ambos ámbitos, académico y aplicado, para fortalecer y otorgar consistencia a la psicología del deporte (García-Ucha, y Martínez, 2014).

During adolescence there is a relatively high prevalence of weight problems and eating disorders. Furthermore, body image plays an important role in weight control and eating behaviors as well as in mental health. This study analyses the influence of body mass index, perception of being overweight, and body image satisfaction (BIS) on internalizing symptoms related to mental health in adolescents. In addition, sex, age, socioeconomic status (SES), dieting, and physical activity are taken into consideration. This research is based on the international study Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC). The sample consists of 4531 Spanish adolescents from 13 to 18 years old. Participants were selected through random multi-stage sampling stratified by conglomerates. Two instruments were employed: the HBSC questionnaire and the Youth Self-Report (Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment, ASEBA). Results demonstrated that BIS –the emotional component related to body image–was the main predictor of adolescent internalizing symptoms. In addition, results show double-inequalities according to the interaction effects of sex, age, and SES. Likewise, interesting results are shown regarding how dieting behaviors to lose or gain weight/volume and physical activity relate to body image perception and satisfaction, as well as with internalizing symptoms. This study highlights important body image aspects relevant to intervention and prevention of internalized mental health problems in adolescence. Ministerio de Sanidad, Servicios Sociales e Igualdad de España PRJ201703153

Before a test can be used in the target population, it is necessary to demonstrate that there is measurement equivalence. One way to do this is by studying differential item functioning. Objective: In this study, we used the Mantel-Haenszel procedure and logistic regression to analyze DIF in the Spanish version of the Verbal Selective Reminding Test between Spaniards, Mexicans and Hispanics in the United States. Method: Three balanced samples, matched by age, education and sex, were studied: Spaniards, Mexicans and Hispanics (616 healthy participants from Spain (n = 211), Mexico (n = 201) and the United States (n = 205). A six-trial version of the Spanish version of the Verbal Selective Reminding Test was administered and scored according to standard procedures. Results: Statistical analysis showed some differential item functioning between the samples of Spaniards, Mexicans and Hispanics. Bootstrap validation of results confirmed that the item pollo showed differential item functioning: the Mexicans and Hispanics outperformed the Spaniards, holding total score constant. The item oido also showed differential item functioning and was remembered in greater measure by the Spaniards. Conclusion: The Spanish version of the Verbal Selective Reminding Test can be used with Hispanic populations.

There are many taxonomies that try to classify and apply some consistency to the very many item types currently in existence. They all have various limitations, however, such as ambiguous classification criteria, little discrimination between format types, and referring almost exclusively to pen-and-paper or screen-based items. This paper aims to overcome these limitations by proposing a new item format taxonomy based on functional criteria. Current classifications are reviewed, the criteria they are based on are examined and their limitations are identified. The proposed alternative classification identifies four essential components of items according to function: the structure of the included content, the device used for transmission of the question to the examinee, the device for receiving the response, and the instructions to the examinee about how to understand and respond to the item. The combination of different facets of these four components allows any format of item to be classified, both existing formats and those that may appear in the future. In addition to systematically and coherently classifying items, this new taxonomy may also be of great utility in the construction and research of new items. The proposed model is illustrated by examples showing how specific items are classified, using a checklist as a guide. Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad de España PSI2014-56114-P Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad de España PSI2017-85724-P

An adequate work climate fosters productivity in organizations and increases employee satisfaction. Workers in emergency health services (EHS) have an extremely high degree of responsibility and consequent stress. Therefore, it is essential to foster a good work climate in this context. Despite this, scales with a full study of their psychometric properties (i.e., validity evidence based on test content, internal structure and relations to other variables, and reliability) are not available to measure work climate in EHS specifically. For this reason, our objective was to develop a scale tomeasure the quality of work climates in EHS.We carried out three studies. In Study 1, we used a mixed-method approach to identify the latent conceptual structure of the construct work climate. Thus, we integrated the results found in (a) a previous study, where a content analysis of seven in-depth interviews obtained from EHS professionals in two hospitals in Gibraltar Countryside County was carried out; and (b) the factor analysis of the responses given by 113 EHS professionals from these same centers to 18 items that measured the work climate in health organizations. As a result, we obtained 56 items grouped into four factors (work satisfaction, productivity/achievement of aims, interpersonal relationships, and performance at work). In Study 2, we presented validity evidence based on test content through experts’ judgment. Fourteen experts from the methodology and health fields evaluated the representativeness, utility, and feasibility of each of the 56 items with respect to their factor (theoretical dimension). Forty items met the inclusion criterion, which was to obtain an Osterlind index value greater than or equal to 0.5 in the three aspects assessed. In Study 3, 201 EHS professionals from the same centers completed the resulting 40-item scale. This new instrument produced validity evidence based on the internal structure in a second-order factormodel with four components (RMSEA=0.079, GFI = 0.97, AGFI = 0.97, CFI = 0.97; NFI = 0.95, and NNFI = 0.97); absence of differential Item Functioning (DIF) in 80% of the items; reliability (a = 0.96); and validity evidence based on relations to other variables, specifically the test-criterion relationship (r = 0.680). Finally, we discuss further developments of the instrument and its possible implications for EHS workers. Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación PSI2011-29587 Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad PSI2015-71947-REDT

Altres ajuts: This research was also funded by the project Methodological quality and effectiveness from evidence (Chilean National Fund of Scientific and Technological Development -FONDECYT-, reference number 1150096). Lastly, first author also acknowledge the support of University of Barcelona (Vice-Chancellorship of Doctorate and Research Promotion), and second author also acknowledge the support of Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Indirect observation is a recent concept in systematic observation. It largely involves analyzing textual material generated either indirectly from transcriptions of audio recordings of verbal behavior in natural settings (e.g., conversation, group discussions) or directly from narratives (e.g., letters of complaint, tweets, forum posts). It may also feature seemingly unobtrusive objects that can provide relevant insights into daily routines. All these materials constitute an extremely rich source of information for studying everyday life, and they are continuously growing with the burgeoning of new technologies for data recording, dissemination, and storage. Narratives are an excellent vehicle for studying everyday life, and quantitization is proposed as a means of integrating qualitative and quantitative elements. However, this analysis requires a structured system that enables researchers to analyze varying forms and sources of information objectively. In this paper, we present a methodological framework detailing the steps and decisions required to quantitatively analyze a set of data that was originally qualitative. We provide guidelines on study dimensions, text segmentation criteria, ad hoc observation instruments, data quality controls, and coding and preparation of text for quantitative analysis. The quality control stage is essential to ensure that the code matrices generated from the qualitative data are reliable. We provide examples of how an indirect observation study can produce data for quantitative analysis and also describe the different software tools available for the various stages of the process. The proposed method is framed within a specific mixed methods approach that involves collecting qualitative data and subsequently transforming these into matrices of codes (not frequencies) for quantitative analysis to detect underlying structures and behavioral patterns. The data collection and quality control procedures fully meet the requirement of flexibility and provide new perspectives on data integration in the study of biopsychosocial aspects in everyday contexts.

La evaluación de programas se aplica frecuentemente en ámbitos de intervención no estandarizados. Esto conlleva, entre otras, las carencias de: a) modelo teórico validado previamente; b) instrumentos de medida estándares; c) fiabilidad de las medidas. En este trabajo, se plantea que el Análisis Factorial con correlaciones policóricas y el Análisis Multinivel puede ser un procedimiento adecuado hacia el logro de la validez de constructo en contextos no estandarizados de evaluación donde, además, las variables suelen ser no cuantitativas y estar anidadas. El estudio empírico se realiza sobre una muestra de 2754 trabajadores de la Universidad de Sevilla que han respondido a una encuesta de satisfacción elaborada ad-hoc sobre la formación recibida en distintos cursos encaminados a capacitarlos para el correcto desempeño de sus funciones. Cabe destacar la complementariedad entre ambas técnicas de análisis para examinar la variabilidad diferencial aportada por variables explicativas de distinto nivel jerárquico en la predicción de la satisfacción percibida. Program evaluation is usually applied to non-standardized intervention contexts. This implies, among others, deficiencies of: a) validated theoretical models; b) non-standard measurement instruments; c) reliable measures. In this work, we show that Factor Analysis with polychoric correlations and Multilevel Analysis could be an adequate procedure to gain construct validity evidence in non-standard evaluative contexts, where the measures are not quantitative and usually are nested. The empirical study is carried out on a sample of 2754 workers of the University of Seville. They have completed a satisfaction questionnaire about training courses aimed to prepare them for the correct performance of their jobs. We highlight the complementarities between both analytical techniques to study the differential variability provided by explained variables nested in different hierarchical level to predict the perceived satisfaction.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy of neurofeedback, pharmacological treatment and behavioral therapy in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) through a controlled, randomized, multigroup design, with pre-, post- and follow-up treatment phases. The objectives of this study are: a) to analyze individual trajectories over time of each child in treatment, from specific measures of EEG (theta/beta ratio/TBR) considering age and sex and b) to determine the therapeutic effect on attentional and behavioral variables evaluated through the Integrated Visual and Auditory Continuous Performance Test. A total of 57 children (7-14 years) diagnosed with ADHD, were randomly assigned to one of the following experimental conditions: 1) 30 Theta/Beta training sessions, 2) Methylphenidate treatment and, 3) Behavior therapy administered according to a cognitive-behavioral protocol based on manuals. Data were analyzed using a Multilevel Longitudinal Regression Model. Results show that administered treatments are effective and cause similar effects on TBR variable, with no differences between them. However, significant differences were observed in the global attention (p=.002), auditory attention (p=.017) and visual attention (p=.028). Se investiga la eficacia del neurofeedback, tratamiento farmacológico y terapia deconducta en el Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con Hiperactividad (TDAH) mediante un dise˜nomultigrupo, aleatorizado y controlado con fases pre, post-tratamiento y seguimiento. Se pre-tenden los siguientes objetivos: a) analizar las trayectorias individuales a través del tiempo,de cada ni˜no en tratamiento, en la medida del EEG (theta/beta ratio/TBR), considerando edady sexo, y b) determinar el efecto terapéutico en variables atencionales y conductuales evalu-adas mediante el Integrated Visual and Auditory Continuous Performance Test. Participaron 57ni˜nos (7-14 a˜nos) diagnosticados con TDAH, asignados aleatoriamente a alguna de las siguientescondiciones experimentales: 1) 30 sesiones de entrenamiento theta/beta, 2) tratamiento conmetilfenidato y 3) terapia de conducta, según protocolo basado en manuales. Se ha empleadoel Modelo Longitudinal de Regresión Multinivel para análisis de datos. Los resultados muestranque los tratamientos administrados son eficaces y originan efectos similares en la variable TBR,no apreciándose diferencias entre los mismos. Si bien, se observan diferencias significativas enla atención global (p=.002), atención auditiva (p=.017) y atención visual (p=.028). Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación PSI2008-06008-C02-01

Observational studies are based on systematic observation, understood as an organized recording and quantification of behavior in its natural context. Applied to the specific area of sports, observational studies present advantages when comparing studies based on other designs, such as the flexibility for adapting to different contexts and the possibility of using non-standardized instruments as well as a high degree of development in specific software and data analysis. Although the importance and usefulness of sports-related observational studies have been widely shown, there is no checklist to report these studies. Consequently, authors do not have a guide to follow in order to include all of the important elements in an observational study in sports areas, and reviewers do not have a reference tool for assessing this type of work. To resolve these issues, this article aims to develop a checklist to measure the quality of sports-related observational studies based on a content validity study. The participants were 22 judges with at least 3 years of experience in observational studies, sports areas, and methodology. They evaluated a list of 60 items systematically selected and classified into 12 dimensions. They were asked to score four aspects of each item on 5-point Likert scales to measure the following dimensions: representativeness, relevance, utility, and feasibility. The judges also had an open-format section for comments. The Osterlind index was calculated for each item and for each of the four aspects. Items were considered appropriate when obtaining a score of at least 0.5 in the four assessed aspects. After considering these inclusion criteria and all of the open-format comments, the resultant checklist consisted of 54 items grouped into the same initial 12 dimensions. Finally, we highlight the strengths of this work. We also present its main limitation: the need to apply the resultant checklist to obtain data and, thus, increase quality indicators of its psychometric properties. For this reason, as relevant actions for further development, we encourage expert readers to use it and provide feedback; we plan to apply it to different sport areas. Fondo para el Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico de Chile-FONDECYT 1150096 Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad de España PSI2015-71947- REDT Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad de España, Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional DEP2015-66069-P Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación de España PSI2011-29587

El objetivo de este artículo es comparar la actividad investigadora, llevada a cabo por los investigadores académicos, y la actividad profesional, llevada a cabo por los profesionales de la psicología del deporte. ¿Existe relación entre los investigadores académicos y los profesionales? ¿Cuál es la situación de la investigación actual desde que Martens (1979) expusiese algunas de las deficiencias en la investigación realizada en la Psicología del Deporte? Intentaremos describir y analizar algunos aspectos para conocer ¿cuál es la distancia entre los académicos investigadores y los profesionales de la psicología del deporte en relación a la evaluación e intervención psicológica? La respuesta a esta pregunta podría explicar el impacto real de la psicología del deporte en el mundo del deporte. Es necesaria una verdadera comunicación entre los investigadores académicos-que tienen conocimientos de los principios básicos de la investigación (metodología análisis de datos)- y los profesionales de la psicología del deporte -que conocen las condiciones ecológicas y las demandas de las personas del deporte y de los deportistas. The aim of this paper is to compare research activity, carried out by academic researchers, and professional activity, carried out by professional sport psychologists. Is there any relation between them? What is the situation of current research, since Martens (1979) exposed some of its defects? We will try to describe and analyze some aspects to know how close or how far are academic researchers and professional sport psychologists with regards to sport psychological assessment or psychological intervention. The answer to this question could explain real impact of sport psychology at sport world. The field still needs a true communication between academic researchers-who know the basic principles of research (methodology and statistical analysis)-and professional sport psychologists-who know the ecological conditions and the demands of actual sports men and women and athletes.

Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad PSI2015-71947-REDT Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico FONDECYT (Chile) 1150096

El equilibrio es un aspecto fundamental para las actividades de la vida diaria y para el deporte. El deterioro en esta capacidad puede ocasionar trastornos o lesiones por caídas. El objetivo de esta intervención es determinar la influencia de un programa de ejercicios propioceptivos con feedback externo auditivo sobre la mejora del equilibrio. Participaron ocho mujeres (M = 38 años, DE = 11.45) que realizaban ejercicio constante, dividas en dos grupos. Grupo 1 programa y feedback auditivo, grupo 2 solo programa. Se creó un equipo de feedback auditivo que fue utilizado para el grupo 1. En los resultados el Grupo 1 tuvo la mejoría significativa en equilibrio medido con los siguientes test: Functional Reach (p = .036), Get Up and Go (p = .021) y Test Dinámico en Barra (p = .044). De acuerdo a los resultados obtenidos, los dos grupos presentan una mejoría en el equilibrio por el programa propioceptivo, pero es el grupo 1 con feedback auditivo, el que tuvo la mayor mejoría. El programa propioceptivo unido a feedback auditivo puede mejorar significativamente el equilibrio. Balance is an essential aspect of daily living and sport appearance. The deterioration of this capacity may cause disorder or injury from falls. The objective of this intervention is to determine the influence of proprioceptive exercise program with external auditory feedback on balance improvement. It involved eight women ( M = 38 years, SD = 11.45) who performed constant exercise, divided into two groups. Group 1 program and auditory feedback, group 2 single program. A team of auditory feedback that was used for group 1 was created. Results in Group 1 had a significant improvement in measured equilibrium with the following tests: Functional Reach ( p = .036), Get Up and Go ( p = .021) and Dynamic Bar test ( p = .044). According to the results, the two groups displayed an improvement in the balance by the proprioceptive program, but it was group 1, with auditory feedback, which shown the greatest improvement. The proprioceptive program along with auditory feedback can improve balance significantl O equilíbrio é um aspecto fundamental para as actividades da vida diária e para o esporte. A deterioração desta capacidade pode originar perturbações ou lesões devido a quedas. O objectivo desta intervenção é determinar a influência de um programa de exercícios propioceptivos com feedback auditivo externo sobre a melhoria do equilíbrio. Participaram no estudo oito mulheres ( M = 38 anos, DP = 11.45) que realizavam exercício constante, divididas em dois grupos. Grupo 1 programa e feedback auditivo, Grupo 2 apenas programa. Foi criada uma equipa de feedback auditivo que foi utilizada para o Grupo 1. Os resultados indicam que o Grupo 1 apresentou uma melhoria significativa do equilíbrio medido através dos seguintes testes: Functional Reach ( p = .036), Get Up and Go ( p = .021) e Teste Dinâmico em Barra ( p = .044). De acordo com os resultados obtidos, ambos os grupos apresentam uma melhoria no equilíbrio através do programa propioceptivo, contudo, o Grupo 1 com feedback auditivo, foi o que teve uma melhoria superior. O programa propioceptivo, juntamente com o feedback auditivo, pode melhorar significativamente o equilíbrio

El sentido de coherencia (sense of coherence, SOC) es un constructo novedoso en Psicología, pero emparentado con otros que nos son más cercanos (como el de resiliencia); la adolescencia parece ser un momento evolutivo especialmente indicado para explorarlo. Este trabajo, además de realizar un análisis descriptivo del SOC en adolescentes españoles y de su relación con indicadores de salud positiva, se interesó de manera específica en estudiar el papel de las relaciones entre los progenitores como elemento influyente en el desarrollo del SOC en la adolescencia. La muestra estuvo formada por 7580 adolescentes escolarizados de entre 13 y 18 años, que participaron en la edición 2010 del estudio Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) en España. Los resultados muestran que la calidad de las relaciones entre los progenitores tiene una influencia significativa en el desarrollo del SOC de sus hijos y que dicha influencia se debe en cierta medida a su importancia en la creación de un clima familiar satisfactorio para los adolescentes. En concreto, se encontró un efecto de mediación parcial de la variable satisfacción con las relaciones familiares en la relación entre la percepción de la calidad de la relación entre los padres y el SOC de los adolescentes The sense of coherence (SOC) is a new construct in Psychology, but related to others that we are more familiar with (as resilience). Adolescence seems to be a particularly suitable developmental stage to explore it. This work, apart from conducting descriptive analysis of SOC and studying its relationship with positive health indicators in Spanish adolescents, was specifically interested in examining the role of marital relationships as influent elements in SOC’s development during adolescence. Sample consisted of 7,580 adolescents between the ages of 13 and 18, who had taken part in the 2010 edition of the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children study in Spain. Results showed that the quality of marital relationships had a significant influence on the adolescent children’s SOC and that this influence could partially be attributed to their importance in the development of a positive family climate for adolescents. Specifically, satisfaction with family relationships acted as a partial mediator in the relationship between the perception of the quality of marital relationships and adolescents’ SOC.

Traditional diagnostic scales are based on a number of symptoms to evaluate and classify mental diseases. In many cases, this process becomes subjective, since the patient must calibrate the magnitude of his/her symptoms and therefore the severity of his/her disorder. A completely different approach is based on the study of the more vulnerable traits of cognitive disorders. In this regard, animal models of mental illness could be a useful tool to characterize indicators of possible cognitive dysfunctions in humans. Specifically, several cognitive disorders such as schizophrenia involve a dysfunction in the mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic system during development. These variations in dopamine levels or dopamine receptor sensibility correlate with many behavioral disturbances. These behaviors may be included in a specific phenotype and may be analyzed under controlled conditions in the laboratory. The present study provides an introductory overview of different quantitative traits that could be used as a possible risk indicator for different mental disorders, helping to define a specific endophenotype. Specifically, we examine different experimental procedures to measure impaired response in attention linked to sensorimotor gating as a possible personality trait involved in maladaptive behaviors. Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad PSI2012- 32445

Two-phase single-case designs, including baseline evaluation followed by an intervention, represent the most clinically straightforward option for combining professional practice and research. However, unless they are part of a multiple-baseline schedule, such designs do not allow demonstrating a causal relation between the intervention and the behavior. Although the statistical options reviewed here cannot help overcoming this methodological limitation, we aim to make practitioners and applied researchers aware of the available appropriate options for extracting maximum information from the data. In the current paper, we suggest that the evaluation of behavioral change should include visual and quantitative analyses, complementing the substantive criteria regarding the practical importance of the behavioral change. Specifically, we emphasize the need to use structured criteria for visual analysis, such as the ones summarized in the What Works Clearinghouse Standards, especially if such criteria are complemented by visual aids, as illustrated here. For quantitative analysis, we focus on the non-overlap of all pairs and the slope and level change procedure, as they offer straightforward information and have shown reasonable performance. An illustration is provided of the use of these three pieces of information: visual, quantitative, and substantive. To make the use of visual and quantitative analysis feasible, open source software is referred to and demonstrated. In order to provide practitioners and applied researchers with a more complete guide, several analytical alternatives are commented on pointing out the situations (aims, data patterns) for which these are potentially useful. Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación de España PSI2011-29587 Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico FONDECYT (Chile) 1150096

The improvement of migrant population well-being is both a goal in itself as well as a necessary component for achieving a cohesive multicultural society. To contribute to this challenge, this work (a) reviews how migrant well-being has been studied by mainstream psychology; (b) assesses its development from a critical view; and (c) proposes theoretical and methodological approaches to analyze this phenomenon from a more comprehensive perspective. Thus, we emphasize the need for developing analyses which explore the impact of oppressive contextual factors on migrants’ well-being. These analyses must go beyond individual and culturalist perspectives and consider migrants as active agents who struggle and transform the context along their acculturation process. Furthermore, these analyses have to produce specific proposals to improve migrants’ well-being. In order to achieve the former, a liberating community psychology approach together with the use of innovative methodologies of analysis (i.e. multilevel analysis and system dynamics) is proposed as the appropriate framework and tools for overcoming the mentioned challenges. Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación SEJ2006-14470 Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación PSI2011-25554 Centro de Estudios Andaluces PRJ201402367

The methodological quality of primary studies is an important issue when performing meta-analyses or systematic reviews. Nevertheless, there are no clear criteria for how methodological quality should be analyzed. Controversies emerge when considering the various theoretical and empirical definitions, especially in relation to three interrelated problems: the lack of representativeness, utility, and feasibility. In this article, we (a) systematize and summarize the available literature about methodological quality in primary studies; (b) propose a specific, parsimonious, 12-items checklist to empirically define the methodological quality of primary studies based on a content validity study; and (c) present an inter-coder reliability study for the resulting 12-items. This paper provides a precise and rigorous description of the development of this checklist, highlighting the clearly specified criteria for the inclusion of items and a substantial inter-coder agreement in the different items. Rather than simply proposing another checklist, however, it then argues that the list constitutes an assessment tool with respect to the representativeness, utility, and feasibility of the most frequent methodological quality items in the literature, one that provides practitioners and researchers with clear criteria for choosing items that may be adequate to their needs. We propose individual methodological features as indicators of quality, arguing that these need to be taken into account when designing, implementing, or evaluating an intervention program. This enhances methodological quality of intervention programs and fosters the cumulative knowledge based on meta-analyses of these interventions. Future development of the checklist is discussed. Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación de España PSI2011-29587 Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico de Chile (FONDECYT) 1150096 Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad de España PSI2015-71947-REDT

The aim of this study is to shed light on what makes women decide whether or not to continue with legal proceedings for intimate partner violence once they have commenced. Legal professionals, members of the police force, and women in Spain were interviewed to help draft a questionnaire that was applied to a sample of 345 women who had undertaken legal proceedings against their (ex)partners.Socio-demographic, emotional, and psychological variables were considered as possible predictor variables and included in a logistic regression analysis. Results show that the best equation for predicting disengagement from legal procedures includes the level of support received by the victim, contact with the aggressor, thoughts about going back with the aggressor, and a feeling of guilt. The essential role of the psychological support during the legal process is emphasized in conclusions. El objetivo de este estudio es conocer los motivos que impulsan a las mujeres a decidir si continuar o no con un procedimiento judicial que se ha iniciado por violencia de género. Se entrevistó a expertos jurídicos, a miembros de las Fuerzas y Cuerpos de Seguridad del Estado y a mujeres como paso previo a la construcción de un cuestionario que fue aplicado a 345 mujeres que habían pasado por un procedimiento judicial contra sus (ex)parejas. Se consideró como variables predictoras distintos tipos de variables sociodemográficas, emocionales y psicológicas que fueron incluidas en un modelo de regresión logística. Los resultados mostraron que la mejor ecuación para predecir el abandono del procedimiento judicial incluye el nivel de ayuda psicológica recibida por la víctima, el contacto con el agresor, el pensamiento de volver con él y el sentimiento de culpa. Se enfatiza en las conclusiones el rol esencial del apoyo psicológico durante el proceso legal.

The aim of the present study was to examine the influence of the main two elements of perfectionism (CM, concern over mistakes and PS, personal standards) on eating disorders risk factors in dancers. Based on the literature, we tested the role of CM and PS over diet and mood related symptoms, and the function of performance anxiety and body dissatisfaction as the main mediators in the model. Two hundreds and eighty one female dancers (M = 15.28; SDage = 2.32) from two Spanish dance conservatoires participated in this study. Structural modelling was used to test the hypothesized model. Results confirm the different influence of PS and CM on dieting and the presence of symptoms of mood disorders and performance anxiety just in the debilitative perfectionism path. In conclusion, the presence of CM might be key to differentiate dancers at higher risk of eating disorder due to its association with the variables traditionally associated to this. El objetivo del presente estudio fue examinar la influencia de los dos elementos principales del perfeccionismo (CM, preocupación ante los errores y PS, exigencias personales) ante los factores de riesgo de los trastornos alimentarios en bailarinas. Con apoyo en la literatura, evaluamos el rol de CM y de PS sobre la dieta y el estado de ánimo, y la función de la ansiedad de rendimiento y la insatisfacción corporal como los principales mediadores en el modelo. Doscientas ocho bailarinas (M = 15.28, DEedad = 2.32) de dos conservatorios de danza españoles participaron en este estudio. Gracias a modelos estructurales, los resultados confirman la influencia de PS y de CM en la dieta, sin embargo la vinculación entre dieta, insatisfacción corporal, estado de ánimo y la ansiedad de rendimiento solo se produce a partir del CM que es la vía del perfeccionismo debilitador. En conclusión, la presencia de CM puede ser la clave para diferenciar entre bailarines con mayor riesgo para desarrollar trastornos alimentarios debido a su asociación con variables tradicionalmente relacionadas con estos. O objectivo do presente estudo foi analisar a influência dos dois principais elementos do perfeccionismo (CM, preocupação face aos erros e PS, exigências pessoais) face aos factores de risco dos transtornos alimentares em bailarinas. Com suporte na literatura, avaliamos o papel de CM e PS sobre a dieta e o estado de humor, e a função da ansiedade relativa ao rendimento e a insatisfação corporal como os principais mediadores do modelo. Participaram no estudo duzentas e oito bailarinas (M = 15.28, DPidade = 2.32) de dois conservatórios de dança espanhóis. Através de modelos estruturais, os resultados confirmam a influência de PS e de CM na dieta, contudo a relação entre dieta, insatisfação corporal, estado de humor e ansiedade relativa ao rendimento apenas é predita através de CM que é a via do perfeccionismo debilitador. Em conclusão, a presença de CM pode ser a chave para diferenciar os bailarinos com maior risco de desenvolverem transtornos alimentares devido à sua associação com variáveis tradicionalmente relacionadas com estes.

En este artículo se revisan los antecedentes y el estado actual del análisis experimental del comportamiento (AEC) en España. Se introduce con una explicación histórica sobre la psicología y el problema de la ciencia en España. Posteriormente se muestra el desarrollo de la psicología científica, en general, y del AEC, en particular. Se analiza “Lo que pudo ser” (1900-1936) y “Lo que fue” (1939-1953). Se reseña la importancia de “El Laboratorio de Conducta” (1970-1980). Y se efectúa un recurrido del AEC después de 1980. Finalmente, se presentan algunos programas españoles actuales de investigación en AEC: conducta adjuntiva y regulación de la conducta, y formación de clases de estímulos. This article reviews the antecedents and current status of Experimental Analysis of Behaviour (EAB) in Spain. It starts with a historical explanation of psychology and the problem of science in Spain. Later it shows the development of scientific psychology, in general, and EAB in particular. It analyses “What it could be” (1900-1936), and “What it was” (1939-1953). Reviews the relevance of the “Laboratorio de Conducta” (1970-1980), and make a route of Spanish EAB after 1980. Finally two Spanish research programs in EAB are introduced: Adjunctive behaviour and behaviour regulation, and stimulus class formation. Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología BSO2002-04322-C02-02 y BSO2002-01533

The approach to intervention programs varies depending on the methodological perspective adopted. This means that health professionals lack clear guidelines regarding how best to proceed, and it hinders the accumulation of knowledge. The aim of this paper is to set out the essential and common aspects that should be included in any program evaluation report, thereby providing a useful guide for the professional regardless of the procedural approach used. Furthermore, the paper seeks to integrate the different methodologies and illustrate their complementarity, this being a key aspect in terms of real intervention contexts, which are constantly changing. The aspects to be included are presented in relation to the main stages of the evaluation process: needs, objectives and design (prior to the intervention), implementation (during the intervention), and outcomes (after the intervention). For each of these stages the paper describes the elements on which decisions should be based, highlighting the role of empirical evidence gathered through the application of instruments to defined samples and according to a given procedure. Se encuentran diferentes posturas respecto a programas de intervención en función de la perspectiva metodológica adoptada, por lo que el profesional de la salud no dispone de unas directrices claras de actuación, dificultándose la acumulación del conocimiento. El objetivo propuesto es concretar los aspectos básicos/mínimos y comunes a explicitar en el informe de evaluación de cualquier programa, útil para el profesional, independientemente de la opción procedimental que se elija, fomentando de este modo la integración y la complementariedad entre metodologías, como respuesta a las circunstancias reales del contexto de intervención en cambio continuo. Estos aspectos se encuadran en las principales fases de evaluación: necesidades, objetivos y diseño (antes de la intervención), implementación (durante esta) y resultados (después de la intervención). En cada una de ellas, se explicita en qué elementos basar la toma de decisiones a partir de evidencias empíricas registradas mediante instrumentos en unas muestras siguiendo un procedimiento determinado.

A procedure commonly used to obtain empirical evidence in content validity studies is the calculation of the Osterlind index after gathering the expert opinions about the adequacy of the items to measure a particular dimension of the tool. The aim of this work is to compare the results obtained when experts score the degree of suitability item-dimension on the traditional 3-point rating scales with the results obtained using, alternatively, 5-point ones. 105 participants valued, on 5-point rating scales, the fitness item-dimension of 31 items to 7 dimensions that composed a questionnaire to measure satisfaction with the training received. These marks were also transformed into 3-point rating scales. Comparison between Osterlind indexes calculated using scores from 5 and 3-point rating scales shows that the new propose is more conservative than the classic procedure; i.e., items considered adequate using 3-point rating scales were removed using 5-point rating scales. Un procedimiento comúnmente usado para obtener evidencias empíricas en estudios de validez de contenido es el cálculo del índice de Osterlind tras recoger la opinión de expertos acerca de la adecuación de ítems para medir una concreta dimensión de un test. El objetivo de este trabajo es comparar los resultados obtenidos cuando los expertos puntúan el grado de adecuación ítem-dimensión sobre la tradicional escala de valoración de 3 puntos y sobre una de 5 puntos. 105 participantes valoraron, sobre escalas de valoración de 5 puntos, la adecuación de 31 ítems a 7 dimensiones de un cuestionario para medir la satisfacción con la formación recibida. Estas puntuaciones fueron posteriormente transformadas a 3 puntos de valoración. La comparación entre los índices de Osterlind calculados a partir de valoraciones sobre escalas de 5 y 3 puntos muestra que, usando las escalas de 5 puntos, se eliminaron ítems que fueron considerados adecuados usando escalas de 3. Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación de España PSI2011-29587

El presente trabajo ofrece un modelo estructural de los principales componentes del «clima laboral» a partir de una construcción de categorías realizadas mediante el registro de información no estructurada aportada por 7 informantes clave del servicio de urgencias de una organización sanitaria. Para el registro de la información se utilizaron entrevistas en profundidad. Con la intención de organizar y sistematizar la información, se realizó un análisis de contenido de la documentación aportada, transformándola a formato de texto siguiendo el método denominado «Teoría Fundamentada» (Strauss y Glaser,1980). Como resultado, se obtuvo un modelo del concepto basado en 5 componentes principales: «productividad», «relación laboral», «trabajo individual», «satisfacción laboral» y «característicasdel servicio». A diferencia de otros procedimientos de obtención de componentes principales de un concepto, éste permitió dar cuenta del proceso de construcción emergente de las distintas categorías para poder explicitar procesos de construcción del cuerpo substantivo del concepto. This paper presents a structural model of the main components of «organizational climate» from the development of categories based on the registry of non-structured information obtained from 7 key informants, members of an emergency medical service. Information was registered using in-depth interviews. In order to organize and systematize the information, a content analysis of the given documentation was carried out, after transforming it to textformat following the «Grounded Theory» (Strauss & Glaser, 1980). As a result, a model of the concept based on 5 main components was obtained: «productivity», «working relationship », «independent work», «labor satisfaction» and «characteristics of the service». This procedure to obtain the main components of a concept differs from others in that this one described the emergent process of construction of the different categories in order to make explicit the processes of construction of the substantive body of the concept. Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación PSI2011-29587

El Tapping Test es una prueba neurológica habitual en las evaluaciones de los equipos nacionales de Cuba. Nuestro objetivo fue medir el autocontrol motor con esta prueba y su respuesta psicofisiológica en deportistas de la selección nacional de esgrima de Cuba. Comparando dos versiones del Tapping Test: modo 1 (habitual de lápiz-papel) y modo 2 (versión propuesta ejecutando acción técnica con el arma). Fueron 12 participantes (Medad = 22.19 años, DE = 3.50 años). Se utilizó un equipo de registro psicofisiológico inalámbrico (Biofeedback 2000). Los resultados, indican un autocontrol motor, siendo el modo 1 significativo F(1,10) = 44.29, p < .001; ya que la cantidad de toques o golpes fueron coherentes de acuerdo al ritmo de ejecución. El modo 2 tuvo una motilidad o aceleración significativa en las diferentes fases de la prueba F(1.58,15.8) = 8.14, p = .006, además mostró un mayor nivel de activación psicofisiológica. Este grupo de esgrimistas de alto nivel a pesar del incremento en la activación mostraron un autocontrol motor, ya que controlaron su movimiento de acuerdo al ritmo que se pedía (modo 1). The Tapping Test is a common neurological means of evaluating Cuba’s national teams. Our objective was to assess self-control of motor abilities and the athletes’ psychophysiological response by comparing two versions of the tapping test: mode 1 (normal pencil and paper) and mode 2 (technical action with the épée). The participants were made up of 12 athletes from the Cuban National Fencing Team (Mage = 22.19 years, SD = 3.50 years). We used wireless psychophysiological recording equipment (Biofeedback 2000). The results show self-control of motor abilities, mode 1 being significant F(1,10) = 44.29, p < .001 as the number of touches or hits was consistent with the execution rate. Mode 2 showed a motility or significant acceleration in the different phases of the test F(1.586, 15.85) = 8146, p = .006, plus a higher level of psychophysiological activation. This high-ranking group of fencers demonstrated self-control of their motor abilities despite increased activation, controlling their movements to match the requested pace (mode 1). O Tapping Test é uma forma neurológica comum de avaliar as Selecções Nacionais de Cuba. O nosso objectivo foi avaliar o autocontrolo de competências motoras e a resposta psicofisiológica dos atletas, comparando duas versões do Tapping Test: Modo 1 (lápis e papel) e modo 2 (acção técnica com o florete). Os participantes no estudo foram 12 atletas da Selecção Cubana de Esgrima (idade M = 22.194 anos, DP = 3.507 anos). Para tal, usámos equipamentos de gravação psicofisiológica sem fios (Biofeedback 2000). Os resultados mostram autocontrolo motor, sendo o Modo 1 significativo F (1,10) = 44.29, p < .001; já que o número de toques ou golpes foram coerentes com o ritmo da execução. O Modo 2 apresentou uma motilidade ou aceleração significativa nas diferentes fases da prova F (1,586, 15,85) = 8.146, p = .006; apresentando também um maior nível de activação psicofisiológica. Este grupo de esgrimistas de alto nível demonstrou autocontrolo das suas competências motoras, apesar do aumento da activação, controlando os seus movimentos de acordo com o ritmo requerido (Modo 1).

ResumenLas tareas de cuidado a dependientes merecen ser objeto de estudio y atención por representar un factor de riesgo para la salud. Por ello analizamos los efectos de ser cuidadora familiar y asistir a un curso de control del estrés, así como la incidencia de dos covariables consideradas relevantes, como son los pensamientos disfuncionales y el tiempo prestando cuidados. Analizamos una muestra de 219 asistentes a talleres psicoeducativos a la que se aplicaron tres instrumentos: cuestionario sociodemográfico, cuestionario de salud general (GHQ28) y pensamientos disfuncionales (CPD). El análisis univariante mostró que ser cuidadora familiar repercute negativamente (p

La literatura científica advierte de la elevada presencia de trastornos mentales en el medio penitenciario. Por ello, en este trabajo nos planteamos evaluar la salud psicosocial y la autorregulación de reclusos en relación a un grupo control de participantes no reclusos; adicionalmente tratamos de conocer la incidencia de la variable tiempo de reclusión y analizar el efecto intragrupo pre-post entrenamiento en habilidades sociales y comunicativas. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 20 varones, 10 reclusos (cinco con más de un año de condena y cinco con menos) y 10 participantes sin antecedentes delictivos, a los que se les administró el cuestionario de salud GHQ-28 y la escala de autorregulación MAPA. Se aplicó la prueba no paramétrica Mann-Whitney (U) para el cálculo de probabilidades y el test de Cramer (V) como indicador del tamaño de efecto. Los resultados indicaron que la reclusión no implicó necesariamente peor salud y autorregulación, que el tiempo de condena no ejerció excesiva influencia sobre estas dos dimensiones y que el taller de habilidades sociales no pareció, según el análisis pre-postest, haber producido efectos sobre la salud y la autorregulación de los reclusos. Finalmente, se discuten algunas reflexiones generales así como nuevas propuestas para mejorar actuaciones futuras. Scientific literature indicates a high incidence of mental disorders in prisons. Thus, the aim of this study is to evaluate psychosocial health and self-regulation of inmates compared with a control group of non-inmates participants. In addition, we try to determine the incidence of the variable time spent in prison and to analyze the effect of training in social and communicative skills. The sample consisted of 20 males, 10 inmates (five with more than one year of sentence and five with less) and 10 participants with no criminal history. Participants were administered the health questionnaire GHQ-28 and the MAPA scale of self-regulation. Non-parametric Mann-Whitney (U) tests were used to calculate probabilities and Cramer's test (V) as an indicator of effect size. Results evidenced that reclusion was not necessarily associated to poorer health and self-regulation, that the influence of the length of the sentence on these two dimensions was small and that training in social and communicative skills did not produce significant effects on inmates’ health and self-regulation. To conclude, some general reflections as well as new proposals to improve future interventions are discussed

La respuesta de equivalencia – equivalencia (Barnes, Hegarty y Smeets, 1997), basada en la derivación sin entrenamiento explícito de respuestas relacionales, ha servido para fundamentar un modelo analítico – funcional de razonamiento analógico. Tradicionalmente, el procedimiento utilizado para la derivación de estas respuestas se ha basado en discriminaciones condicionales. En este trabajo se explora la utilización del procedimiento de partición para la formación de clases de equivalencia funcional de Vaughan (1988) como base para la derivación de estas relaciones más complejas en niños, investigando el papel del tipo de reforzador utilizado (primario o secundario) y la edad de los participantes (9-10 años o 12-13 años). Los resultados del experimento indican que el procedimiento de partición da lugar a la derivación de relaciones de equivalencia – equivalencia, con influencia de ambos factores: Los niños de mayor edad, y aquellos a los que se aplica reforzamiento primario aprenden la tarea en menos ensayos y derivan en mayor proporción la respuesta relacional. No se encontró interacción entre los factores. El procedimiento de partición puede aportar una nueva vía de investigación para esclarecer os prerrequisitos conductuales de esta importante habilidad. Equivalence – Equivalence responding (Barnes et al., 1997), based on derived or non-explicitly trained relational responding, supports a behaviour-analytic model of analogical reasoning. Conditional discriminations are the most common procedure used to train its prerequisites. In this exploratory work we test Vaughan’s (1988) simple discrimination procedure instead to derive Eq-Eq responses in children. Two factors were assessed: type of reinforcer used (primary or secondary) and age of participants (9-10 or 12-13 years). The procedure successfully leaded to the derivation of equivalence – equivalence responses, and both factors influenced the results: selecting older children and applying primary reinforcement leaded to faster learning and better results in the equivalence – equivalence test. No interaction between factors was found. This training procedure can provide a new way to investigate the behavioural prerequisites of this important ability

The incorporation of an immigrant population in the receiving society often takes place in the context of asymmetrical power relationships between immigrants and other groups in society. This often reduces the chances of successfully fulfilling any goals or plans that immigrants may have for their lives in the new country. In this paper we analyze how the study of migration can be enriched by Liberation Psychology, a theoretical approach which calls for the transformation of society at all levels (structural, organizational and individual) as a means to create social justice and conditions of well-being for all social groups. In addition, we analyze how the internal dynamics of several organizations working in the field of migration are actually helping to perpetuate the status quo. Finally, we highlight the potential role that organizations can play in the construction of a just multicultural society, using a Liberation Psychology approach.ResumenLa incorporación de la población inmigrante a la sociedad receptora se realiza frecuentemente bajo relaciones de poder asimétricas respecto a otros colectivos. Esto a menudo dificulta sus posibilidades para desarrollar el proyecto migratorio. En este trabajo analizamos cómo el estudio de las migraciones puede verse enriquecido por la Psicología de la Liberación, perspectiva teórica que aboga por la transformación de las sociedades en sus diferentes niveles (estructural, organizacional, e individual) como medio para alcanzar el bienestar y la justicia social para todos los colectivos. Además, analizamos cómo las dinámicas de funcionamiento de algunas organizaciones en el ámbito migratorio están ayudando a perpetuar el estatus quo. Finalmente, enfatizamos el rol que desde la Psicología de la Liberación pueden desempeñar las organizaciones como promotoras del proceso de construcción de una sociedad multicultural justa.

El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar diferentes posiciones teóricas que sitúan como centro de debate el análisis de los aspectos diferenciales del funcionamiento mental y de las causas que generan tales diferencias. Son perspectivas que, en cierto sentido y en distinto grado, abandonan la posición hegemónica detentada por el estudio de los aparentes invariantes de la mente. Con ello se pretende resaltar algunas claves conceptuales que nos permiten entender el presente de dicha disciplina. En concreto exploraremos dos líneas de pensamiento interesadas en analizar el papel de la cultura en la vida mental. Una primera arranca de la tradición positivista y realista de la Ilustración, teniendo su versión más actualizada en la Psicología Transcultural. Una segunda proviene de posiciones relativistas como la que encarna el movimiento de la Revolución Romántica contra el racionalismo de la Ilustración. Esta toma forma en la segunda psicología de Wundt The aim of this paper is to analyse different theoretical approaches that stand out the relevance of studying the differential aspects of mental functioning and its causes. These perspectives are supposed to, in a different grade, overcome the mainstream position about the study of the invariable nature of mind. So, in this paper, we try to find some conceptual clues in order to understand the current state of Cultural Psychology. We explore two perspectives interested in analyzing the role of culture in mental life. The first one starts with the positivistic and realistic tradition of Enlightenment being Cross-cultural Psychology a modern version. The second one comes from a relativistic point of view as the one that involves the movement of Romantic Revolution against Enlightenment Rationalism. This last perspective is represented by the second psychology of Wundt

La imagen corporal en varones se muestra como elemento de interés y preocupación en los últimos años; siendo la dismorfia muscular la que centra buena parte de los esfuerzos. Se estudian aspectos diferenciales en imagen corporal, autodescripción física, ansiedad física social y algunos comportamientos relacionados en fisicoculturistas. Participan 71 (32,57%) fisico-culturistas competidores, 79 (36,24%) fisicoculturistas no competidores y 68 (31,19%) sedentarios, todos varones. Frente a los no competidores, son los competidores quienes reconocen en mayor medida compararse físicamente con compañeros del gimnasio (Chi2=9,993, p=0,002), quedarse mal tras dichas comparaciones (Chi2=21,571, p=0,000) y evitar mostrar el cuerpo fuera del entorno deportivo (Chi2=3,88, p=0,049); si bien, no se diferencian en el tiempo que pasan pensando que son poco musculosos o preocupados por su imagen (t=1,742, p=0,084). Junto a ello, este mismo grupo reconoce mayor número de comportamientos de comprobación -mirarse al espejo (t=2,644, p=0,01) y pesarse (t=2,321, p=0,022)-. En el BSQ, los tres grupos no se diferencian, salvo si son considerados los activos, de forma conjunta, frente a los sedentarios, quienes indican un mayor deseo de perder peso (t=2,241, p=0,026). Los dos grupos de activos individualmente se perciben mejor frente a los inactivos o sedentarios, tanto en Autodescripción Física (F=9,472, p=0,000), en sus dimensiones de salud (F=2,988 p=0,052), de físico global (F=17,806 p=0,000) y de autoestima (F=9,290, p=0,000), como en la Autodescripción de la Forma Física (F=39,791, p=0,000) en sus dimensiones de Condición Deportiva (F=16,889, p=0,000), Fuerza (F=50,507, p=0,000), Resistencia (F=17,576, p=0,000) y Actividad Física (F=119,405, p=0,000). Por otro lado, en las medidas de ansiedad física social son los dos grupos de activos quienes puntúan por encima de los sedentarios tanto en el valor global de la escala (F=15,353, p=0,000) como en las subescalas de confort con la presencia física (F=15,853, p=0,000) y de expectativas ante la evaluación negativa del físico (F=9,995, p=0,000) A imagem corporal dos varões é um elemento de interesse e preocupação durante os últimos anos. A dismorfia muscular centra grande parte da preocupação. São estudados aspectos diferenciais em imagem corporal, aut-descripção física, ansiedade físico-social e outros comportamentos relacionados com culturistas. Participam 71 (32,57%9 culturistas competidores, 79 (36,24%) não competidores e 68 (31,19%) sedentários. Todos são varões. Frente aos não competidores, os competidores reconhecem em grande medida compararem com parceiros do ginásio (Chi2=9,993, p=0,002), ficarem mal depois desta comparação (Chi2=21,571, p=0,000) e evitarem mostrar o corpo fora do entorno esportivo (Chi2=3,88, p=0,049), mesmo se não se diferenciam no tempo que passarem pensando o pouco musculosos que são ou preocupados pela sua imagem (t=1,742, p=0,084< 9. além disso, este grupo reconhece maior número de comportamentos de comprovação: mirar-se ao espelho (t=2.644, p=0,01) e pesar-se (t=2,321, P=0,022. No BSQ, os três grupos não são diferenciados, exceto se são considerados os ativos, em conjunto, frente aos sedentários, que manifestam maior desejo de perder peso (t=2,241, p=0,026). Individualmente, os dois grupos de ativos se consideram melhor do que os inativos ou sedentários na auto-descrição física (F09,472, p=0,000), nas suas dimensões de saúde (F=2,988, p=0,052), no físico global (F17,806, p=0,000), auto-estima (F=9,290, p=0,000), auto-descrição da forma física (F=39,791, p=0,000), nas suas dimensões de condição deportiva (F=16,889, p=0,000), força (F=50,507), p=0,000), resistência (F=17,576, p=0,000) e atividade física (F=119,405, p=0,000). Além disso, nas medidas de ansiedade físico-social, os dois grupos de ativos pontuam acima dos sedentários no valor global da escala (F=15,353, p=0,000), nas sub escalas de conforto com o aspecto físico (F=15,853, p=0,000) e das expetativas frente à avaliação negativa do aspecto físico (F=9,995, p=0,000). The male body image has been a subject of interest and concern in recent years, with muscle dysmorphia attracting most attention. This is a study of differential aspects of body image, physical self-description, social and physical anxiety, and some behaviour aspects related to bodybuilders. Seventy-one (36.24%) competing bodybuilders, 79 (36.24%) non-competing bodybuilders and 68 (31.19%) sedentary participants take part. They are all men. As opposed to the non-competitors, it is the competitors who mostly admit to comparing themselves physically with other gym colleagues (Chi2=9.993, p=0.002), who rate themselves negatively after these comparisons (Chi2=21.571, p=0.000) and who avoid showing their bodies in non-sporting environment (Chi2=3.88, p=0.049); although they don t differ in the time they spend thinking that they are not very muscular or concerned with their image (t=1,742, p=0,084). Additionally, this same group recognises a greater number of checking behaviours – looking at themselves in the mirror (t=2.644, p=0.01) and weighing themselves (t=2.321, p=0.022). In the Body Shape Questionnaire there are no differences between groups, except when the active ones are considered together as opposed to the sedentary ones, since this group showed a greater desire to lose weight (t=2.241, p=0.026). With respect to the two active groups, they see themselves better individually in comparison to the non-active and sedentary groups in Physical Self-description (F=9.472, p=0.000), health aspects (F=2.988 p=0.052), the body as a whole (F=17.806 p=0.000) and self-esteem (F=9.290, p=0.000), as well as in their Fitness Self-description (F=39.791, p=0.000), regarding aspects of fitness (F=16.889, p=0.000), strength (F=50.507, p=0.000), stamina (F=17.576, p=0.000) and physical activity (F=119.405, p=0.000). On the other hand, in terms of social physical anxiety levels, the two active groups scored higher than the sedentary group in the global value of the scale (F=15.353, p=0.000) and its two subdivisions, satisfaction with body appearance (F=15.853, p=0.000) and expectations of a negative evaluation of the body (F=9.995, p=0.000).

El objetivo fundamental de este trabajo es el de analizar cómo la relación entre factores como el género y la experiencia educativa afectan a las actitudes que mantienen hombres y mujeres sobre temas como la situación de las mujeres y los hombres y la educación de hijas e hijos. Para ello hemos realizado un análisis de las actitudes en el marco del discurso, adoptando para ello una aproximación alternativa a la que tradicionalmente se ha mantenido en este campo. Uno de nuestros mayores esfuerzos se ha ido encaminado a la elaboración de herramientas metodológicas que nos permitan analizar las actitudes de manera exhaustiva y que nos posibiliten conocer y comprender a través de qué mecanismos argumentativos se están defendiendo actitudes más o menos igualitarias con respecto a las mujeres y a las prácticas en las que éstas participan o deben participar y cómo las diferencias entre mujeres y hombres están mediadas por la experiencia educativa. En últimas, asumimos que este tipo de experiencia cultural puede favorecer nuevos modos de discurso y, consecuentemente, nuevos modos de pensamiento. The goal of this work is to analyze how the relationship between factors as gender and educative experience affects the attitudes of men and women on issues like the situation of women and men and the education of daughters and children. We have made an analysis of attitudes within the framework of speech, adopting an alternative approach in this field. One of our greater efforts is the elaboration of methodological tools that allow analyzing attitudes in an exhaustive wake to make possible to know and to comprehend what argumentative mechanisms are defending more or less equalitarian attitudes with respect to women, practices in that they participate or must participate, and how differences between women and men are mediated by educative experience. At last, we assume that this type of cultural experience can favor new ways of speech and, consequently, new ways of thought.

Se hizo un estudio sobre la relación entre la experiencia socioeducativa y el uso de acciones, de memoria (estrategias). Las participantes eran alumnas de tres niveles distintos de la educación de adultos. Se les presentaron dos conjuntos de dibujos agrupables por categorías y se les pidió que los memorizaran y recordaran. Las subfases de estudio fueron grabadas en video y analizadas. Los análisis se centraron en las estrategias empleadas para memorizar los dibujos. Se consideraron también dos medidas de recuerdo: número de elementos recordados y agrupación en el recuerdo, medida a través del índice ARC. Los resultados mostraron diferencias entre niveles educativos en el uso de la categorización como acción de estudio, así como en el recuerdo (tanto en el número de elementos recordados como en la agrupación en el recuerdo. En general, estos resultados son consistentes con los de un estudio previo de uno de los autores y con los resultados de la investigación transcultural. Ponen de manifiesto la relación entre la experiencia en actividades de educación formal y el uso de acciones (mediadas) de memoria. Apoyan también la idea de que la adquisición de estrategias de memoria no es sólo una cuestión de edad, sino de dominio de la tarea. A study about the relationship between school experience and memory actions (strategies) and the role of private speech in mediating these actions was conducted. Students from three different levels in adult education were presented with two sets of categorical pictures. Participants were asked to study and recall the pictures. Study subtasks were videotaped, and analyzed. The analysis focused on the actions employed to memorize the cards (study actions) and to recall them (number of items and clustering in recall, measured through ARC scores). Results showed differences between educational levels in the use of categorization as study action, as well as in recall (both in number of items recalled and in clustering in recall). Some microgenetic changes between phases were also observed. In general, results are consistent with those from a previous study and with findings form cross-cultural research. They show the relationship between experience in activities of formal education and the use of memory (mediated) actions. They also support the idea that the acquisition of memory strategies is not just a matter of age, but of the mastery of the task.

La Teoría del Caos proporciona una nueva forma de analizar las respuestas psicofisiológicas asociadas a los trastornos de ansiedad. Pero para poder aplicar los métodos de análisis no lineal de esta relativamente reciente teoría, primero es necesario comprobar la existencia de algún tipo de no linealidad que justifique su uso. En este estudio experimental se analiza, mediante el procedimiento de los datos vicarios, la no linealidad de las señales generadas por el sistema cardiovascular (ECG) de estudiantes con y sin miedo a volar, en diferentes condiciones de estimulación. Los errores de predicción de las series vicarias fueron siempre mayores que los de las correspondientes series empíricas (p < 0,05), demostrándose así que las señales ECG, en todos los sujetos y en todas las condiciones, presentan propiedades no lineales y que por tanto resulta adecuado analizarlas desde planteamientos no lineales para obtener conocimiento acerca de su complejidad, entropía, regularidad, etc.

El trabajo que presentamos a continuación constituye una aproximación cultural al estudio de determinadas cuestiones básicas sobre la naturaleza del pensamiento humano. En concreto, estamos interesados en demostrar la estrecha relación existente entre escenarios de actividad, modos de discurso y tipos de pensamiento. Para ello, tomamos como modelo interpretativo la hipótesis de la heterogeneidad del pensamiento verbal y diseñamos una investigación en educación de adultos para constatar las hipótesis básicas de dicho modelo. Nuestras hipótesis quedaron corroboradas. Se constató que la escolarización influye en la elección de destrezas y recursos semióticos. Encontramos que las alumnas con mayor experiencia escolar usaron destrezas con una mayor planificación y recursos semióticos más descontextualizados. Por otro lado, obtuvimos evidencias para defender la heterogeneidad del pensamiento verbal. Los alumnas de pregraduados usaron recursos psicológicos asociados tanto al escenario cotidiano como al científico en función de cómo percibían las demandas de la tarea. Y, por último, las alumnas de pregraduado han transferido conceptos científicos hacia un escenario cotidiano. Esta transferencia es posible porque las alumnas de pregraduado han reconocido diferentes demandas en la tarea y han considerado la utilidad del uso de los conceptos científicos en un escenario cotidiano con estas restricciones This work constitutes a cultural approach to the study of certain basic questions on the nature of the human thought. The basic aim is to analyze the narrow relation between activity settings, modes of discourse and types of thinking. We took the hypothesis of the heterogeneity of the verbal thinking as an interpretative model. We designed a research in adult education to analyze the basic hypotheses of this model. Our hypotheses were corroborated. Thus, the influence of schooling in the election of ways of thinking and semiotic tools were established. We found that the students with more experience in school activities used more planned strategies and more decontextualized semiotic tools fot task resolution. In addition, we obtained evidence to defend the heterogeneity of the verbal thinking. Students with more school experiences used semiotic tools associated to the everyday settings as well as tools associated to the formal settings. Finally, students transferred scientific concepts towards an everyday setting. This transference is possible because these students have recognized different demands in the task and have considered the utility of the use of scientific concepts in everyday settings.

En el presente trabajo se intenta establecer si alguno de los componentes dei clásico Patrón de Conducta Tipo A (PCTA) puede seguir siendo utilizado con alguna credibilidad a la hora de localizar el eventual riesgo de trastomo coronario. La muestra estuvo conformada por mujeres que habían sufrido un infarto de miocardio. Utilizando el Factor S del Jenkins Activity Survey, se formaron dos grupos de mujeres: con alta y baja puntuación. A todas se les registro la tasa cardíaca durante una prueba de esfuerzo, midiendo, además, la incidência sintomatológica diversa a lo largo de tres meses tras la alta en el Hospital. Nuestros resultados nos permiten sugerir que el Factor S del JAS, que mide prisa e impaciência, parece un critério apropiado para investigar el riesgo de enfermedad coronaria. Así, Ias mujeres que puntuaron alto en este factor mostraban perfiles psicofisiológicos específicos cartacterizados por la lenta recuperación tras la tarea o fase de esfuerzo. Además, estas mujeres experimentaron una mayor incidência de sintomas psicológicos. Se discute que Ias mujeres Tipo A parecen encontrarse más sensibilizadas en la percepción de Ias situaciones de estrés, y sus conseqüências. The present work tries to settle down if some of the components of Type A Behavior Pattern (TABP) can be used with some credibility to locate an eventual risk of coronary dysfunction. The sample was composed by women that had suffered a myocardial infarct. Using the S Factor of the Jenkins Activity Survey, two groups of women were formed: with high and low score. To all these women the heart rate during a test of effort was measured, and also, the incidence of diverse symptoms along three months after the hospital depart. Our results allow us to suggest that the Factor S of the JAS, which measures speed and impatience, seems an appropriate approach to investigate the risk of coronary illness. So, the women that punctuated high in this factor showed specific psychophysiological profiles, in which a slow recovery after the effort phase was observed. Also, these women experienced a higher incidence of psychological symptoms. This fact makes us suggest that Type A women seem to be more sensitive in the perception of the stress situations.

This article reviews the evolution of the Sport Psychology, from its full inclusion in the disciplines of study of the sports phenomenon, to the variability of studies that are currently being developed in this field. The previous researches carried out, the international recognition, and the consolidation of Sport Psychology as scientific research field are reviewed. At the same time, the interdisciplinary nature is reflected through José María Cagigal, who during his career studied the connection of psycho-pedagogical knowledge as a phenomenon immersed and intrinsic to sports. That evolution has lasted to the present maintaining the classic variables of study in high performance sports, such as the motivation or the anxiety; but also introducing new fields of study such as health and / or the promotion of physical activity; all without forgetting the importance of establishing a good connection between research and application, and without losing the scientific rigor of validation and reliability both in the works carried out and in the instruments used in research. En este artículo se revisa la evolución de la psicología Del deporte, desde su inclusión de pleno derecho en las disciplinas de estudio del fenómeno deportivo, hasta la variabilidad de estudios que en este campo se desarrollan actualmente. Se recogen los antecedentes en investigación y el momento de reconocimiento internacional y, casi podríamos decir, de consolidación como campo de investigación científica. A su vez se recoge su carácter interdisciplinar, aunado en aquel momento en la figura de José María Cagigal, que estudio a través de toda su carrera la conexión del conocimiento psicopedagógico como algo inmerso e intrínseco al deporte. Esa evolución ha llegado hasta nuestros días manteniendo las variables clásicas de estudio en deporte de alto rendimiento, como la motivación o la ansiedad; pero introduciendo también nuevos ámbitos de estudio como la salud y/o la promoción de la actividad física; todo ello sin olvidar la importancia de establecer una buena conexión entre investigación y aplicación, y sin perder el rigor científico de validación y fiabilidad tanto en los trabajos realizados, como en los instrumentos utilizados para la investigación.