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Objective To investigate the oral health behavior of urban and rural students in the 12~15 year age group in Guangdong Province, aiming to provide informational support for adolescent oral health care. Methods A multistage stratified sampling method with equal capacity and simple random sampling was applied to obtain representative samples. A total of 7 680 students aged 12 to 15 were selected from Guangdong Province, with 1 920 in each age group of 12, 13, 14 and 15 years; half were male and half were female, and half were from urban areas and half were from rural areas. According to the Fourth National Oral Health Epidemiology Questionnaire Survey Program, a standard questionnaire was designed to conduct on-the-spot investigations on sugar intake, brushing, dental floss usage, fluoride toothpaste usage. Results ① Eating before a meal and before bed: the proportion of sweet snacks, sweet drinks and sugary drinks consumed ≥2 times/day was higher in the rural group than in the urban group (P < 0.001), with only sugary drinks consumed significantly differently by age (P < 0.001). ② The rural group had a significantly lower proportion of brushing ≥ 2 times/day, flossing habits and fluoride toothpaste habits than the urban group (P < 0.001), whereas only fluoride toothpaste habits were significantly different across age groups (P < 0.001). Conclusions Among the students aged 12 to 15 in Guangdong Province, the rural group had a higher proportion of consuming desserts, sweet drinks and sweetened drinks. The proportion of brushing ≥ 2 times/day was lower, and the usage rate of floss and fluoride toothpaste was lower.

As one of the most common chronic diseases of the oral cavity, caries gradually accumulate over the lifetime and affect approximately 80% of the world population. The epidemiological characteristics of the disease are specific in terms of regional distribution, temporal distribution and population distribution. Caries prevalence and mean decayed, missing and filled permanent teeth (mean DMFT) scores are the most commonly used indexes in oral epidemiology. Caries prevalence is used to describe the frequency of caries over a certain period of time. In addition, DMFT scores reflect the severity of caries in the population. The caries prevalence and the severity of caries are assessed as part of a dynamic process. In developing countries, caries prevalence is higher among urban populations than among rural populations. Currently, the epidemic characteristics of caries in urban and rural areas are changing, and the caries prevalence of urban residents is lower than that of rural residents. This article is a chronological review of the Oral Health Epidemiological Surveys of China from 1983 to 2015, the Preventive Dentistry study and other related studies. It is concluded that the epidemic characteristics of caries in urban and rural areas in China have changed from a higher caries prevalence in urban areas compared to that in rural areas to a lower caries prevalence in urban areas compared to that in rural areas. Several factors, such as the dynamic development of differences in dietary habits, economic levels and access to oral medical resources of urban and rural residents might have led to changes in caries prevalence in urban and rural areas. The caries prevalence of rural residents has increased greatly, which indicates that the caries prevention efforts of the relevant departments should be focused more on rural areas in the future.

Objective To research the root and root canal morphology of maxillary second permanent molars in the Guangfu population of the Lingnan area. Methods A total of 1220 maxillary second permanent molars were collected from the 723 CBCT images of the Guangfu population. The root and root canal configurations were observed and count⁃ ed, and the morphological characteristics and changes were compared and analyzed. Results The maxillary second permanent molars included 709 three⁃root molars, 417 double root molars, 68 single root molars and 26 four⁃root mo⁃ lars. The difference in the detection rate of each root type in different sex and age groups was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Root canal morphdogy of maxillary second permanent molars: type Ⅷ (3⁃3) was the most common type of root canals in single root molars, accounting for 63.25%. Significant differences in the detection rates of canal configura⁃ tions were noted among the three subtypes of fused root canals in double root molars (P < 0.01). Root canal morphology of the mesiobuccal root of the three⁃root molars was mainly typeⅠ (1⁃1), significantly accounting for 78.84%. Signifi⁃ cant sex and age differences were noted in the detection rate of type Ⅰ and Ⅳ root canals (P < 0.01). In addition, 75.86% of maxillary second permanent molars had symmetrical roots, and 73.64% of the bilateral teeth had symmetrical roots and canals. Conclusion The root and root canal morphology of maxillary second permanent molars in the Guang⁃ fu population in the Lingnan area are different compared with other areas at home and abroad.

Since an epidemic occur of Corona Virus Disease 2019(COVID-19) in December, 2019, all the dental healthcare service providers in our country have been greatly impacted. The strategy of managing the dental clinics is quite different from that of the medical healthcare clinics, and the key point of the administration of those dental healthcare providers is to focus on the management of outpatient care because they only supply just a little bit of inpatient care service but quite an large amount of outpatient care service. So we think the next step is to make plausible and effective scenarios to protect our dental healthcare staff and patients against corona virus infection during the treatments procedures after the reopening all of our dental clinics. To overcome this harsh condition, the infection prevention and control strategies adopted by the Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University were designed to be flexible and could be adjusted promptly according to the national and local governmental orders and latest guidelines released by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. All these prevention procedures and protocols were customized to fit our own situation and have been updated for several times based on the latest global pandemic reports. After going through the hardest time in the past four months, it’s considered that our COVID-19 prevention rules have been proved to be efficient and work well. Further more, it has made massive progress for the hospital in improving the capability of dealing with this state of emergency, especially by previewing and triaging patients strictly to cut off the possible coronavirus spreading from the original step, enhancing the standard precautions and those specific protocols made for minimizing the droplets, aerosol and contact transmission of COVID-19 indoors. Besides, a daily supervision system was set up as a routine job and a team of qualified infection prevention specialists were assigned to check and report every incorrect details during the whole procedure of dental practice. Meanwhile, the safety and well-being of the public and our medical workers could be also guaranteed through following those detailed prevention scenarios.

As a professional method to prevent decayed teeth and an oral public health project, pit and fissure seal⁃ ant is widely used domestically. How to evaluate the effect and benefit of the community pit and fissure closure project, especially the community full coverage pit and fissure closure project, requires investigation. The Guangzhou Children′s Pit and Fissure Sealing Project was carried out in an orderly manner and was administered normatively. A retrospective cohort study with use of a sample survey was used in this program. According to cavity occurrence and reservations of sealant in the first permanent molar, the samples were divided into the following two groups: the sealing group with indi⁃ cation and the sealing group without indication. Reservations of sealant, cavity incidence, reduced incidence, net profit, cost⁃effectiveness and cost⁃benefits of the program were evaluated. Some promotable experiences were summarized dur⁃ ing this project. Various relevant theories and reports of the pit and fissure sealant project evaluation were reviewed and previous studies were discussed in this article. By analyzing the methods and results of the pit and fissure sealant proj⁃ ect in Guangzhou, suggestions are made for project evaluation, especially sample grouping and evaluation indicators, which was refer to a further study for the pit and fissure sealing project.

Objective To understand the level and current status of oral health knowledge among people aged 35⁃44 years in Guangdong Province and to provide a reference for oral health education in Guangdong Province. Methods An equal⁃sized, stratified, multistage, random sampling design was applied to obtain representative sample groups consisting of 288 Guangdong residents aged 35⁃44 years in four urban areas and four rural areas with a gender ratio of one to one. According to the Guideline of the 4th National Oral Health Survey, a questionnaire survey was conducted, and a statistical analysis of the questionnaire responses related to oral health knowledge was performed. Results In total, 288 people participated in the survey, of which 95.8 percent were aware that“Oral health is very important to their own lives, and the prevention of oral diseases depends on themselves first” , 76.0% recognized that“Regular oral examination is very necessary” , and 66.7% disagreed that“Teeth were innate and had little to do with their own protection” . The percentages of participants that agreed with the statements“Eating sugar can cause dental caries” ,“Oral disease may affect general health” ,“Bacteria may cause dental caries”and“Bacteria may cause gum inflammation”were 87.2% , 84.7%, 80.9%, and 80.2%, respectively. However, the rates of awareness that teeth could be protected by fluoride and by pit and fissure sealant were only 36.8% and 18.8%, respectively. Conclusion General knowledge of oral health care was relatively high among adults aged 35 ⁃ 44 years in Guangdong Province, but knowledge of fluoride, pit and fissure sealing and caries prevention was relatively low. Oral health education should be continuously improved, especially regarding the popularization of oral health knowledge.

Objective To investigate the dental fluorosis status of permanent teeth of a 12⁃year⁃old population of Guangdong Province to provide informational support for oral health care in Guangdong. Methods An equal ⁃ sized cross⁃sectional random⁃sample assessment was carried out among 1 920 urban and rural residents of Guangdong Prov⁃ ince, half male and half female, aged 12 years. We examined the dental fluorosis status of complete permanent teeth crown based on a health survey and the criteria of clinical dental fluorosis from the fourth national oral health survey. The data were analyzed by SAS9.2 to investigate the prevalence and community fluorosis index as well as gender and ur⁃ ban and rural differences, and compared with the prevalence of fluorosis in Guangdong Province in 2005 and 1995. Re⁃ sults In the 12⁃year⁃old population, the prevalence of dental fluorosis was 5.05%, and the community fluorosis index was 0.108. There was no significant difference between genders（P > 0.05）, but there was a significant difference be⁃ tween subjects from urban and rural areas（P < 0.05）. There were significant differences among prevalence of dental flu⁃ orosis and community fluorosis index in 1995, 2005 and 2015—2016（P < 0.05）. Conclusion The prevalence of den⁃tal fluorosis and the community fluorosis index of 12 ⁃ year ⁃ old people of Guangdong Province are relatively low, but there is an upward trend.

Objective To investigate the current status of gingival bleeding and dental calculus in the 12⁃ to 74⁃ year old population in Guangdong Province with the aim of providing information to support oral health care. Methods A stratified, multistage, random sampling design was used to obtain 7 provincially representative sample groups consist⁃ing of 8, 544 Guangdong residents aged 12, 13, 14, 15, 35⁃44, 55⁃64 and 65⁃74 years old with a 50/50 gender ratio. The status of gingival bleeding and dental calculus in the whole mouth was assessed according to the Guidelines of the Fourth National Oral Health Survey using a CPI probe. The resulting data were analyzed using the SAS9.2 package. Results The prevalence of gingival bleeding in residents aged 12, 13, 14, 15, 35⁃44, 55⁃64 and 65⁃74 years old was 43.75%, 42.76%, 49.06%, 39.38%, 81.94%, 90.97%, and 84.03%, respectively, while the average number of teeth with gingival bleeding per person was 1.95, 2.07, 2.59, 2.39, 9.62, 10.36, and 9.98, respectively. In the 12⁃, 13⁃, 14⁃, and 15⁃ year⁃old groups, peak prevalence was observed at age 14 (P < 0.05). In the 35⁃74⁃year⁃old group, the prevalence and mean number of teeth with gingival bleeding per person increased with age, and both parameters reached a peak in the 55⁃64⁃year⁃old group. The prevalence of dental calculus in the 12⁃, 13⁃, 14⁃, 15⁃, 35⁃44⁃, 55⁃64⁃ and 65⁃74⁃year⁃old group was 40.57%, 41.09%, 45.05%, 54.84%, 98.96%, 97.22%, and 92.01%, respectively, and on average, each person had 1.61, 1.71, 2.14, 3.52, 20.30, 20.55, and 17.26 teeth, respectively, with dental calculus. The prevalence and mean number of teeth with dental calculus increased with age. In the 35⁃ to 74⁃ year⁃old group, the prevalence of dental calcu⁃ lus was higher in urban areas than in rural areas and the mean number of teeth with dental calculus was higher in males than in females. Otherwise, there were no significant differences in the prevalence or the mean number of teeth with den⁃ tal calculus or gingival bleeding between urban and rural areas or between males and females. Conclusion There is a high prevalence of both gingival bleeding and dental calculus in all 7 age groups in Guangdong, indicating that poor oral hygiene and gingival inflammation are common in Guangdong Province.

Obiective To investigate the current status of remaining teeth and edentulous jaw arch of people aged 35⁃44, 55⁃64 and 65⁃ 74 in Guangdong province. Methods An equal⁃ sized stratified multi⁃stage randomly sampling design was applied to select a total of 288 Guangdong residents in urban and rural areas, and the subjects were between the age of 35⁃44, 55⁃64 and 65⁃74, with a gender ratio of half to half. The status of remaining teeth and edentulous jaw arch were assessed according to the Guideline for the 4th National Oral Health Survey. Results 88.89% subjects in the 35⁃44 year group had more than 28 teeth and 100% subjects had more than 20 teeth, with an average of 29.88 teeth remaining and no edentulous jaw. The average remaining teeth was 26.06 in the group of 55 ⁃ 64 year, with 87.50% subjects having more than 20 teeth, 59.03% subjects having 28 or more teeth, 4.16% subjects having single edentulous jaw arch, and 1.04% subjects having both edentulous jaw arch. 73.96% and 35.07% subjects in the group of 65⁃74 year had 20 above or 28 above remaining teeth, respectively, and the average teeth was 22.94. There were 8.34% subjects having single edentulous jaw arch and 1.39% subjects having both edentulous jaws. In the 35⁃44 and 65⁃74 year group, the prevalence of missing teeth in the female was significantly higher than the male (P < 0.05), while no significant difference was found between urban and rural areas (P > 0.05). More remaining teeth were noticed in current survey (2015) when compared to the data in 2005 (P < 0.05). Conclusion The 35⁃44 year people have few lost teeth, and over half of the elderly people have several lost teeth. Elderly people with edentulous arch are very few.

Objective To investigate current status of periodontal health in the population at the age of 15⁃74 in Guangdong province and provide information for oral health care in Guangdong. Methods A stratified multistage randomly sampling design was applied to obtain 4 provincially representative sample groups consisted of 2784 Guangdong residents, aged at 15, 35⁃44, 55⁃64 and 65⁃74 respectively, with a gender ratio of half to half. The status of probing depth (PD) and loss of attachment (LOA) of the whole mouth were assessed according to the Guideline for the fourth National Oral Health Survey by using a CPI probe, and the data obtained were analyzed with SAS9.2 package. Results The prevalence of shallow periodontal pocket in the 15, 35⁃44, 55⁃64 and 65⁃74 years old group were 0.52%, 38.54%, 49.65%, 47.22% with 0.02, 2.05, 3.74, 2.80 affected teeth on average. The corresponding percentages of deep periodontal pocket in the 4 groups were 0.05%, 3.47%, 15.97%, 9.03% with 0, 0.07, 0.31, 0.16 affected teeth on average. Prevalence and the mean affected teeth of 4⁃5 mm LOA were 0.10%, 26.74%, 33.68%, 35.07% and 0, 1.54, 4.33, 4.05. The prevalence and the mean affected teeth of 6⁃8 mm LOA were 0, 6.94%, 32.29%, 27.08% and 0, 0.24, 1.23, 0.97. The prevalence of LOA≥4 mm were 0.10%, 35.07%, 79.17%, 74.65% and the prevalence of LOA≥6 mm were 0, 8.33%, 45.49%, 39.58%. In the 35⁃74 years old group, the prevalence and the mean teeth with PD and LOA increased with age and reached a peak in 55⁃64 years old group (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in the prevalence and the mean teeth of PD and LOA between urban and rural areas. The mean teeth of PD in 35⁃44 and 55⁃64 years old groups were significant higher in the male than the female. The prevalence and the mean teeth with LOA were both significant higher in the male than the female. Conclusion The periodontal diseases indications are common in 35⁃74 years old people and most necessary at the age of 55⁃64 in Guangdong. The periodontal health may have extensive influence on oral health status in the middle⁃aged and the elder population in Guangdong.

Objective To explore the caries status of permanent teeth among 12⁃15⁃year⁃old population in Guang⁃ dong Province, and to provide information support for oral health care. Methods A cross⁃sectional survey was carried out among 7 680 urban and rural residents in Guangdong Province. Subjects were from four different age groups (aged 12, 13, 14 and 15), with 1 920 people in each group. An equal⁃sized stratified multistage randomly sampling was used, with a gender ratio of half to half in each group. According to the criteria of clinical dentition examination of the fourth national oral health survey, the crown caries of permanent teeth in the whole mouth were recorded using CPI probe. And then the prevalence, the mean DMFT (decayed⁃missing⁃filled tooth), the filled rate were calculated. Results The preva⁃ lence of crown caries in the groups of aged 12, aged 13, aged 14, aged 15 were 43.07%, 45.31%, 49.69%, 52.86%, re⁃ spectively. The mean DMFTs were 1.06, 1.13, 1.38, 1.59, respectively. The filled rates were 20.19%, 21.50%, 22.86%, 21.33%, respectively. The prevalence and the mean DMFT increased with age (P < 0.001), and both were higher than that in 2005. There were significant differences in the prevalence and the mean DMFT between urban and rural areas and between male and female (P < 0.001). Conclusion According to the criteria of the mean DMFT in 12⁃year ⁃old population of WHO, the severity of caries of permanent teeth in Guangdong was regarded as "very low". But the severity was higher than that in 2005, and the filled rate was low.

Objective To investigate the current status of caries on permanent teeth in a population of 55⁃74⁃year⁃ old in Guangdong Province, thus to provide scientific basis for the establishment of oral health care policies in Guang⁃ dong. Methods An equal⁃sized stratified multi⁃stage randomly sampling design was applied to obtain representative sample groups consisted of 288 Guangdong residents each, aged at either 55⁃64 or 65⁃74 years old, with a gender ratio of half to half. The caries on the crowns and roots of permanent teeth were assessed according to "The Guideline for the 4th National Oral Health Survey"; thereafter the prevalence and mean DFT (decayed and filled tooth) of permanent teeth were calculated. Results In the population of 55⁃64⁃year⁃old, the prevalence of crown caries was 77.08%, with a mean DFT of 2.94, and a filled rate of 21.87%; while the prevalence of root caries was 59.38%, with a mean DFT of 1.82, and a filled rate of 9.18%; and the prevalence of residual roots was 46.18%. In the population of 65⁃74⁃year⁃old, the prevalence of crown caries was 81.25%, with a mean DFT of 3.45, and a filled rate of 16.40%; while the prevalence of root caries was 63.19%, with a mean DFT of 2.34, and a filled rate of 9.18%; and the prevalence of residual roots was 50.35%. In the population of 55⁃64⁃year⁃old, the prevalence and the mean DFT of crown caries were higher in female when compared to male. And the mean DFT of root caries were higher in countryside when compared to the urban oppo⁃ nents. In the population of 65⁃74⁃year⁃old, the female had higher mean DFT score in crown caries than that in male. And the prevalence of caries of root and mean DFT of root caries were higher in countryside than that in the urban oppo⁃ nents. Conclusion There was a high level of crown and root caries in Guangdong adults, while the filling rate was low, most of the involved teeth were not filled.

Objective To investigate the current status of caries on permanent teeth in adult population at the age of 35⁃44 years old in Guangdong Province, thus to provide scientific basis for the establishment of oral health care policies in Guangdong. Methods An equal⁃sized stratified multi⁃stage randomly sampling design was applied to obtain represen⁃ tative sample groups consisted of 288 Guangdong residents each, aged at 35⁃44 years old, with a gender ratio of half to half. The caries on the crowns and roots of permanent teeth were assessed according to The Guideline for the 4th National Oral Health Survey; thereafter the prevalence and mean DFT (decayed and filled tooth) of permanent teeth were calculat⁃ ed. The data obtained were analyzed using SAS9.2 package. Results In 35⁃44 year ⁃old population, the prevalence of crown caries was 71.18%, with a mean DFT of 2.76, and a filled rate of 36.78%; while the prevalence of root caries was 28.47%, with a mean DFT of 0.66, and a filled rate of 4.23%. The prevalence of caries of crown and root and mean DFT of crown caries were higher in countryside when compared to the urban opponents. And female had higher prevalence and mean DFT score in crown and root caries when compared to male. However, the mean DFT score of root caries in urban was almost the same as that in countryside. Conclusion There was a high level of crown caries in Guangdong. Although the prevalence of root caries is low, most of the involved roots was not filled.

Objective To investigate the knowledge of pupils􀆳 parents for the emergency treatment of dental trauma in Chancheng of Foshan. Methods By the method of random sampling, a total of 320 parents from 5 primary schools of Chancheng District was selected for questionnaire survey on the treatment method of children 􀆳s dental trauma. Chi square test was used for statistical analysis. Results 40.6% of the parents didn􀆳t know that the anterior teeth of a nine⁃ year⁃old child was permanent. 66.2% of parents didn􀆳t know suitable methods to deal with the avulsed tooth. 72.2% par⁃ ents didn􀆳t selected the corrected preservation medium for the avulsed tooth. 95.6% of parents believed they needed to learn more knowledge of emergency treatment for dental trauma. Conclusion The present study showed that the knowl⁃ edge of parents in Chancheng of Foshan about the emergency treatment of dental trauma is inadequate and related edu⁃ cation is necessary.