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Objectives: To assess the relationship between visual rehabilitation with the quality of life and visual status in children who had been diagnosed with amblyopia in the national amblyopia screening program. Methods: Information was gathered from optometric centers in the cities of Nowshahr, Chalus, and Kelardasht, or in case it was not available, from parents of participating children. The KINDL Health-Related Quality of Life Questionnaire for Children was also completed by the children. Children were examined regarding visual acuity, stereopsis, strabismus, and refractive errors. Statistical tests such as one way ANOVA and Pearson correlation coefficient were used via SPSS software version 22. Results: Overall, the researchers obtained the records of 90 children with amblyopia, of which 76 were included in the study based on the inclusion criteria. The amblyopic children who did not have an early and timely start of treatment aid and did not complete treatment were the most prevalent group (38.2%). The lowest frequency (13.2%) pertained to those who did not have a timely start of treatment but experienced a completed treatment process. The highest proportion of children with entirely uncorrected amblyopia was those who had a timely start of treatment but did not complete the treatment. The majority of amblyopic children who had a completely corrected amblyopia had strictly acted in accordance with their therapist’s prescription. In contrast, the majority of those children whose amblyopia was left completely untreated had not acted in accordance with the therapist’s prescription. The children who had started treatment early but had not completed it obtained the lowest score on quality of life. The highest mean score was observed in the children who had completed their treatment process, either with or without an early start of the treatment. Discussion: The completion of treatment seemed to be of higher importance in the correction of amblyopia and increased the quality of life than the early start of treatment. Therefore, the authorities and therapists are recommended to pay more attention to follow-ups for completion of the treatment process and its important impact on improving eyesight and children’s quality of life.

Objectives: The aim of this research was to assess the level of awareness of rehabilitation professionals employed in academic rehabilitation centers in Tehran with reference to Tele-rehabilitation technology. Methods: In this study, a descriptive cross-sectional research method was used. The research was implemented by using a researcher-designed questionnaire which was developed by the integration and cultural adaptation of different tools collected in the field of tele-health implementation feasibility. The content and face validity of the questionnaire was determined and approved by Lawsche’s method. The reliability of the questionnaire was assessed by test-retest correlation coefficient determinations. After considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria, informed consent was obtained, and the questionnaires were distributed among the study sample, which comprised of 141 rehabilitation professionals. Results: The findings show that a desirable level of awareness does not exist among rehabilitation professionals with regards to this technology. Based upon the results, only 8% of the participants had basic knowledge of this technology required in case of implementation. Discussion: Since rehabilitation professionals’ awareness and knowledge can be a major key to a better implementation and application of this technology, it seems that there is a need for some developmental and training programs, such as informative educational workshops and seminars, to help them improve their level of knowledge and awareness.

Background: Development is a process that continues from childhood to death, and most developmental changes occur during childhood. UNICEF introduced early storybook-reading (ESR) and storytelling as part of child care indicators. The aim of this study was to investigate the status of book-reading to children and its relationship with early childhood development in Iran. Methods: This is a descriptive-analytic study conducted in Tehran April-May 2017. In total, 272 mothers of children aged 3-30 months, who were referred to health centers, were selected using a convenience sampling method. Exclusion criteria was scoring below the cutoff point of any developmental domains of the Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ). ESR was assessed by checklist and child development was assessed by the ASQ. Data were analyzed using SPSS. Results: The mean number of children’s books owned was 10.23±8.642, and 84.75% had at least 3 books. The average book reading, storytelling and singing duration for children was 10±9.65, 11.48±11.756, and 23.88 ±17.880 min per day, respectively. Average book reading, storytelling, and singing duration was significantly greater in children 18-30 months than

Background and Aim: Several studies have demonstrated deficits in rapid naming in dyslexic readers; however the extent of deficit is different in various orthographies. This study was intended to survey the naming speed in Persian children with dyslexia. Methods: Rapid automatized naming (RAN) task of 19 children with dyslexia were compared with 31 nondyslexic children. Participants were selected from the students of the second grade of primary schools in Tehran city, Iran, with normal intelligence [intelligence quotient]. Nondyslexic children were at the age of 7.7 to 8.7 years (mean=7.6) and dyslexics were 7.8 to 9.4 years old (mean=8.1). Reading accuracy and speed were assessed by text reading (Diagnostic Reading Test), and high frequency word, low frequency word and nonword reading (Reading and Dyslexia Test). Results: Dyslexic readers needed more time than non-dyslexics when naming objects (p

Background: Early childhood is the most important step throughout the lifespan and it is a critical period continuing to the end of 8-year-old. Mothers' knowledge is one of the important aspects of child development. The goals of this study were to determine the situation of knowledge in Iranian parents about the concept and the importance of early childhood development (ECD) and determining the sources of parental knowledge about ECD from the perspective of parents and grandparents. Methods: This qualitative study was conducted based on the directional content analysis in 2016. The purposive sampling method is utilized to select 24 participants among parents and grandparents in Tehran. The inclusion criteria consisted of speaking in Persian and having a child or grandchild

مقدمه: والدين كودكان معلول با بردن منظم فرزند خود به جلسات توان‌بخشی نقش بسزايي در موفقيت برنامه درمان فرزندشان ايفا می‌كنند، اما همه والدين به طور منظم فرزند خود را طبق وقت قبلی برای شرکت در جلسات توان‌بخشی به مراکز نمی‌برند. هدف از انجام اين مطالعه، تعيين موانع پیش روی والدين در بردن منظم کودکان خود به جلسات توان‌بخشی بود. مواد و روش‌ها: در مطالعه مقطعي حاضر با والدين 92 نفر از كودكان دچار معلوليت که در مراکز سرپایی كاردرماني، گفتاردرماني و فيزيوتراپي شهر بيرجند خدمات توان‌بخشی دریافت می‌کردند، مصاحبه شد. اين مصاحبه بر اساس پرسش‌نامه محقق ساخته متشکل از سؤالات باز و بسته صورت گرفت. روايي پرسش‌نامه با کسب نظر 11 نفر از صاحب‌نظران و محاسبه نسبت روایی محتوایی به روش Lawshe، 73/0 تأیید شده بود و پايايي آن بر اساس نتايج آزمون- باز آزمون، 89/0 بود. داده‌هاي جمع‌آوري شده به كمك نرم‌افزار SPSS نسخه 16 مورد تجزيه و تحليل قرار گرفت. بر حسب مورد از آزمون‌های 2c، Independent t و يا Fisher exact test استفاده شد. مقدار 05/0 > P به عنوان سطح معنی‌داري تفاوت‌ها در نظر گرفته شد. يافته‌ها: 44 نفر (8/47 درصد) از والدین به طور مرتب فرزند خود را برای شرکت در جلسات توان‌بخشی به مراکز می‌آوردند. بر اساس پاسخ والدين به سؤالات بسته پرسش‌نامه، از ميان 28 مانع بالقوه مورد سؤال، "هزينه زياد خدمات توان‌بخشي"، "فاصله زياد خانه تا مركز توان‌بخشي"، "دشواري حمل كودك به مركز توان‌بخشي"، "شرايط بد آب و هوايي در فصولي از سال" و "فرصت كافي نداشتن" به ترتیب بيشترين ممانعت را براي حضور منظم در جلسات درمان ايجاد كرده بودند. در بررسی ارتباط بين مواجهه با هر يک از 28 مانع مورد سؤال با حضور منظم در جلسات توان‌بخشی، تنها بين محدوديت ساعات كار مراكز توان‌بخشي و حضور منظم در جلسات توان‌بخشی ارتباط آماري معنی‌داري به دست آمد (879/0-037/0 = Cl، 181/0 = OR، 02/0 = P). نتيجه‌گيري: با توجه به اثرات مثبت حضور منظم در جلسات توان‌بخشی بر پیشرفت کودکان معلول و با در نظر گرفتن نتایج حاصل از این پژوهش، انجام پژوهش‌های مداخله‌ای توصیه می‌گردد که طی آن اثر رفع هر يک از موانع فوق بر پيروی والدين از توصیه درمانگران جهت حضور منظم در جلسات توان‌بخشی مورد بررسی قرار گيرد. کلید واژه ها: موانع پیروی، حضور منظم، جلسات توان‌بخشی، کودکان معلول

Introduction. This study aimed to assess rehabilitation professionals’ attitude toward implementation and application of telerehabilitation technology as a novel study in rehabilitation academic centers and affiliated clinics in Tehran.Methods. It was a descriptive cross-sectional study. To collect data, a researcher-designed questionnaire was developed. 141 rehabilitation experts participated in the study.Results. A majority of faculty members (78%) and clinicians (89.7%) either were in “definite agreement” or “somewhat agreed” with implementation and application of this technology, which demonstrates an overall positive attitude.Discussion. Based on the positive attitudes of the majority of participants toward implementation and application of this technology and their preferences in offering different telerehabilitation services, it seems that there is an appropriate and desirable acceptance and administrative culture to implement this technology among rehabilitation experts in Tehran. It is thus expected that implementation and application of this technology will be a promising experience in rehabilitation academic centers and affiliate clinics in Tehran.

Objectives: Quality of life, when referring to an individual’s health, is called health-related quality of life. The purpose of this study is to assess self-perceived hearing loss related quality of life of adolescents with hearing loss and its relationship with sex, age sub-groups or school settings with domains of quality of life. Methods: A school based survey was conducted in Tehran city. Using stratified sampling, 255 7th to 12th grade students with hearing loss, aged 11-19 years, studying in main streaming and special school sitting, were participated in the study by completing the health-related quality of life adolescent’s questionnaire. Physical, Emotional and Social health-related quality of life domain scores as well as Total health-related quality of life scores was calculated in a 0-100 scoring system. Results: As a whole, health-related quality of life of adolescents calculated to be 64.7±16.5. Students with milder hearing loss reported their quality of life (physical, emotional and social domains, as well as total quality of life) better than those with more severe hearing loss. Girls reported their physical and total health-related quality of life better than boys, and adolescents who were studied in mainstreaming reported better physical, social and total health-related quality of life. No significant differences were seen between reported health-related quality of life in early, mid or late adolescent age sub-groups. Nevertheless the power of tests was not enough to exclude differences between groups. Discussion: Findings of this study could be readily used to focus interventions on domains with more weakness in each group of adolescents. Beyond that the results could be helpful as a base line for detecting effectiveness of interventions in future.

Objectives: Speech and language development is one of the main aspects of evolution in humans and is one of the most complex brain functions such that it is referred to as one of the highest cortical functions such as thinking, reading and writing. Speech and language disorders are considered as a major public health problem because they cause many secondary complications in the childhood and adulthood period which affect one’s socioeconomic status overall. Methods: This study was conducted in two phases. The first phase was to identify all potential factors influencing delay in referral of children with speech and language disorders for receiving rehabilitation services, based on literature as well as the families’ and experts’ points of view. In the second phase of the study which was designed in a case-control manner, actual factors influencing the time of referral were compared between two groups of participants. Results: Parental knowledge of their children's problems related to speech and language had no significant impact on the on-time referral for treatment for children with speech and language disorders. After the child definite diagnosis of speech and language disorders, parents’ information about the consequences of speech and language disorders, had a significant influence on early referral for speech and language pathology services. Discussion: In this study family structure plays an important role in the early identification of children with developmental disorders. Two-parent families had access to more resources than single-parent families. In addition, single-parent families may be more involved in the work and business of life.