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The increasing environmentally friendly approach of using renewable materials has led to vegetable tannins having an important role as tanning agents in the leather industry. Tannins are complex ph...

Chromium in the leather tanning industry can have an impact on workers� health. Kidney disease is often referred to as a side effect from exposure to chromium. Measurement of creatinine and BUN level is a method of examining kidney function. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of chromium exposure on creatinine and BUN level in leather tanning workers in small leather industry in Magetan. This type of research is observational with cross sectional design. The sample of the study was 13 exposed worker groups namely chromium operators and 13 unexposed groups namely administrative workers. The results showed that there were differences in the average levels of urine chromium in chromium operators and administrative workers (p-value = 0,000), there were differences in the average creatinine levels in chromium operators and administrative workers (p-value = 0,031), and there were no difference in the average level of BUN in chromium operators and administrative workers (p-value = 0,644). There were no influence of chromium levels in urine on the increase in creatinine levels (p-value = 0,189) and BUN (p-value = 0,854) in tanning workers, with a significance value of p-value> 0,05. The conclusion of this study had that chromium was no effect on creatinine and BUN levels. High levels of urine chromium in tanning workers indicate a health risk that requires control effort. Suggestion given is that the tanners need periodic health examination, keep personal hygiene before and after working as well as using Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). © INRA and Springer-Verlag France 2015.

The leather industry transforms raw hides and skins into high-performance leather products. This transformation requires a high usage of chemicals. About 90% of all leather products are tanned by basic chromium sulphate tanning agents. The use of large quantities of tanning agent causes elevated chromium and sulphate concentrations in the wastewater of conventional tanneries. This article focuses on the reduction of tanning agent consumed by the chromium tanning procedure. Compressed carbon dioxide is used to intensify the process. Carbon dioxide-intensified tanning at 60 bar allows the production of high-quality leather by using about 50 wt% less of tanning agent compared to the conventional tanning process. The chromium and sulphate concentrations in the wastewater generated by the tanning process are highly reduced. Results of full skin tanning (bull skin; up to 10 square metre per skin) in a high-pressure reactor with a volume of 1700-L are presented for the first time.

3 Figuras.-- Información suplementaria disponible en línea en la web del editor., The development of renewable and non-toxic tanning agents substantially contributes toward the sustainable expansion of the leather industry. Herein, we report a green methodology to synthesize a novel tanning agent consisting of Al-oligosaccharides complexes produced via an efficient AlCl3-catalyzed cellulose depolymerization. Our experimental procedure allowed the production of a high purity tanning agent by the effective removal of the cellulose-decomposed small oxygenates and macromolecular oligosaccharides, via a liquid–liquid extraction using THF as the solvent. This also promoted the decolorization of the leather and enabled the efficient penetration of Al into the collagen matrix of skin. On this matter, experimental work combined with theoretical modeling were used to elucidate the tanning mechanism. In a first step, [Al(OH)1(H2O)4]2+ and [Al(OH)2(H2O)2]+ species weakly interacted or coordinated with the O-1 bond of the oligosaccharides produced. This interaction efficiently prevented the overload of Al species onto the leather surface, thus enhancing their penetration into leather matrix. Then, the active Al species were released from the Al-oligosaccharides complex and strongly coordinated with the –NH2 groups of the collagen fibers present in the leather, which helped to stabilize the fiber bundles, and therefore, contributed to achieve a satisfactory tanning performance., This work is financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 21978176 and 21536007), the National Key R&D Program (2017YFB0308500) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No. 2019SCU12059). Javier Remón Núñez would like to express his gratitude to the Spanish Ministry “Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities” for the Juan de la Cierva fellowship (FJCI-2016-30847) awarded.

Leather making is one of the most widespread industries in the world. The production of leather goods generates different types of solid wastes and wastewater. These wastes will pollute the environment and threat the health of human beings if they are not well treated. Consequently, the treatment of pollution caused by the wastes from leather tanning is really important. In comparison with the disposal of leather wastewater, the treatment of leather solid wastes is more intractable. Hence, the treatment of leather solid wastes needs more innovations. To keep up with the rapid development of the modern leather industry, various innovative techniques have been newly developed. In this mini–review article, the major achievements in the treatment of leather solid wastes are highlighted. Emphasis will be placed on the treatment of chromium-tanned solid wastes; some new approaches are also discussed. We hope that this mini-review can provide some valuable information to promote the broad understanding and effective treatment of leather solid wastes in the leather industry.

Leather manufacturing and processing leads to the formation of solid waste and wastewater effluent containing toxic and hazardous chemicals; the waste from leather industry leads to harmful effects on living beings and environment. The waste includes used animal skin and effluent containing chemicals such as chlorides, sulfates, hydrocarbons, amines, aldehydes, and so on, along with heavy metals including arsenic and chromium used in leather tanning process. These toxic wastes have the potential to be utilized in energy production to reduce the negative impact on the environment. The two methods, namely upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reaction and biomethanation, through which the toxic waste may be utilized to generate heat and energy are also stated.

Entrepreneurship and competitiveness are interesting topics in regional economic development. The study aims to examine the effect of entrepreneurship on competitiveness in the leather industry. The study was applied to the leather tanning industry in Indonesia. The research method is based on a survey of 42 leather tanning companies, data analysis using the Partial Least Square. The research findings the effect of Entrepreneurship on Competitiveness has a low correlation. The cause of the low level of Entrepreneurship in SMIs is mainly in achievement motivation, leadership and business orientation factors. Therefore it is suggested to employers and the government to encourage entrepreneurial skills through entrepreneurship education, facilitation of capital and marketing and building partnerships in the leather industry.

PT Budi Makmur is one of the made leather industry that located in Yogyakarta. It processing a raw leather which from goat leather that processed into wolves, shoes, etc. PT Budi Makmur also produce water waste that flows to the river and if the waste is not produced in the right way, the waste will be very dangerous for the ecosystem in that river.The aim of this research are to know the process of the liquid waste producing leather tanning, the parameter of the liquid waste before and after through the producing process (COD, BOD, TSS dan pH) , and the condition of the liquid waste producing leather tanning.The kind of this research is descriptive. The research done by collecting the field data an laboratorium, and then analyzed and compared with the existing theory and quality of the liquid waste producing leather tanning.The result show that the source of the waste produce from the leather tranning. Liquid waste that produced is about 8.000-12.000 gallon per 1.000 wet leather pond that produced. The quality of the influent is BOD 1.946mg/lt, COD 1965mg/lt, TSS 1.774mg/ltd and pH 7.50. The quality of the effluent is BOD 98.61mg/lt, COD 100mg/lt, TSS 1130mg/lt and pH 7,49. The step of the liquid waste processing are: filtering ink, equalitation ink, sedimentation, aeration and active mud.The writer conclude that PT Budi Makmur has already optimal to decrease the content that contained in the leather-liquid waste producing but the effluent that is produced still exceed the exsisting standart quality. The suggestion to PT Budi Makmur is to more care about the liquid waste producing.

The present work aimed the study of atmospheric deposition of toxic elements near to a tannery industry by collecting black material deposited on leaf surfaces of cinnamon trees (Cinnamomum zeylanicum). Elements such as As, Ba, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, Sb, V, and Zn were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). For comparison purpose, black particles deposited on the leaf surface of lemon trees (Citrus lemon) collected away from the tannery industry were also analyzed. Results showed that the amount of toxic elements found in the black particles collected near tannery area was significantly higher than the amount of those measured in the comparison site. Enrichment factors (EF) of As and Cr were markedly impacted by anthropogenic emissions, whereas the other elements were moderately/slightly enriched. Cluster analysis (CA) identified the leather industry as the anthropogenic source, while As possibly comes from the wide use of pesticides and herbicides in agricultural practices. The results indicated that emissions from the leather industry and agricultural activities are the main source of pollution in this area.

Vietnam's rapidly increasing leather and footwear export trade has made a significant contribution to the country's economic development over recent years. However, the rapid growth of the leather industry causes considerable pollution, which poses increased risks to the environment and human health. A number of policies have been introduced by the government of Vietnam to mitigate the environmental pollution from the tanning industry. They include requirements for tanneries to (i) submit environmental impact assessment reports, (ii) install wastewater treatment systems, and (iii) pay wastewater fees. However, many tanneries in Vietnam did not comply with these regulations. This study aimed at investigating the compliance of Vietnam's tanneries with environmental regulations and to explore policy recommendations for improving their compliance based on a survey of 54 tanneries in Hanoi, Quangnam and Hochiminh city. The results showed that medium-sized and large tanneries responded positively to environmental regulations while none of the small household tanneries surveyed were found to comply. The main reasons for the latter's non-compliance were found to be the lack of technical and financial capacity. Nonetheless, the compliance rate of tanneries in general was found to be much higher than that of other industrial sectors in Vietnam. Inspections, production capacity, location of firms, and type of tannery were found to be significant factors affecting compliance. Raising the penalties for non-compliance, increasing monitoring activities to detect offenders, and employing a multi-stakeholder and collective action approach were seen as possible strategies to bring about the greening of the tanning industry.

In 2014, Kenya’s Ministry of Industrialization requested technical assistance from the World Bank to conduct competitiveness assessments and develop competitiveness strategies for four key industries: textiles and apparel, food processing, furniture, and leather and leather products. In the context of Kenya’s long-term vision to become an industrialized middle-income country by 2030, its leather and leather products sector offers an important opportunity for industrialization and diversification of exports. The development of the sector involves improving the raw material base (especially the quality of hides and skins), boosting the tanning subsector, producing leather goods, and marketing. Key strategic questions about the leather industry include: what is the status of development of the industry, what are the most critical competitiveness challenges and opportunities, what are the most are promising leather products that Kenya should focus on moving forward, and how can support be increased to value addition and exports by upgrading production processes, technology, marketing, and branding of leather products. The basic research methodology followed a standard approach of gathering existing reports and data, and interviewing a wide range of local and international experts. To increase the competitiveness of the leather industry and accomplish the product market objectives, strategies, and actions are recommended in this report and grouped according to a framework, which consists of three key strategies: promote the dynamic restructuring of the leather industry; increase access to markets and induce greater demand for Kenyan leather and leather products; and build quality and standards.

A leather tanning system combining both vegetable tannins and chromium (semi-chrome process) is indispensable for certain types of leathers. However, the effluent generated from such a process presents a problem of separating chromium from vegetable tannins, as the latter tend to precipitate along with chromium. Environmental legislations on the release of chromium into various water bodies demands its recovery and reuse at every possible stage. This investigation describes the development of suitable methods for separation of vegetable tannins followed by recovery of chromium.

In his 1791 report on the state of manufactures and industries in the United States, Alexander Hamilton observed that there were “scarcely any manufactures of greater importance” (Welsh, 1964:13) than the leather tanning industry. The introduction and early history of this industry in North America was largely influenced by Old World traditions that developed during the medieval period. These traditions included methods of tanning, construction methods, and materials used to build tanneries, and even the places tanners chose to build their tanneries. Before these traditions can be explored, though, there needs to be an understanding of what tanning is, and how it is accomplished.

This paper reports the extraction of Eucalyptus globulus bark and a concentration strategy to obtain a phenolic-rich extract for application in the leather tanning industry. The profiles of total phenolic compounds (TPC) and tannins contents in water and dilute alkali as a function of extraction temperature and time led to the selection of the best conditions concerning extraction yield and selectivity. The selectivity profile for TPC and tannins was established, and a maximum of 20 g per kg of bark was found, representing 2.5 g per L of extract produced. On the basis of these results, the conditions selected to produce the extract for the application envisaged in this work were: water, 140 degrees C and 120 min. To increase the extract concentration, recirculation of the extracts over fresh bark (similar to a continuous bark extraction process) was performed and evaluated. The increment in phenolic compounds was about 4, attaining the final concentration of 8.6 g/L for TPC and 6.5 g/L for tannins. The final extracts showed leather retanning aptitude equivalent to a commercial extract of chestnut and revealed good performance in the production of leather articles like box-calf and nubuck.

The enzymatic treatment of hides in tannery processes is a promising technology. However, the reaction kinetics of commercial enzymes available to the leather industry are not fully understood and their activities have been mainly determined with model proteins such as casein as substrate, which are not of direct relevance for cattle hides. Therefore, it is important to determine their activities on collagen and keratin, the main proteins of skin, in order to use these enzymes in leather processing. This work describes the study of five proteases, used commercially in tanneries, to assess their ability to act upon collagen and keratin and to determine their unhairing. Results showed that all commercial enzymes tested had more activity on collagen than on keratin. Unhairing was also tested and four out of the five enzymes tested showed some unhairing activity. Optima of the temperature and pH of the enzymes were very similar for all five enzymes, with maximal activities around 55°C and pH 9 to 12, respectively.

In this paper we reported a novel sensing system to measure the dielectric properties of sheep skin and there by alter the tanning process to produce better quality leather. Excessive chemical treatment can deteriorate the quality of final product and once the tanning process is finished it is impossible to reverse the procedure, so it is required to know the looseness in the skin prior to tanning. Using a non-invasive and non-destructive sensing method based on an interdigital sensor, it was attempted to correlate the dielectric property measured by the sensor with looseness values. The sensing system is required to be reliable, fast and cost efficient along with a low cost data acquisition system. The objective of the reported work is to develop a non-destructive low-cost system to identify the skin types and provides input to leather technician to modify the process improve the quality of the finished leather product.

The chemical used during leather tanning Dimethylene Sulphate (DMS) is nitrosated, perhaps, by Oxides of Nitrogen in air, to produce N-Dimethyl-nitosamine (NDMA) which has been proved to be carcinogenic to various body organs including nasal cavity. This study was aimed at finding the incidence of nasal tumuors in leather tanning workers and to campare with that of general population to ascertain if nitrosamines are significant occupational hazardous agents.

The leather industry uses fatty materials to give leather certain characteristics. Neatsfoot oil, a material with variable cost and disponibility, has been used traditionally. Samples of neatsfoot, chicken, fish and rice bran oils are studied in this work. They are evaluated as potential raw materials for leather tanning derivatives, according to their thermal behaviour (Cold Test and DSC) and main fatty acids composition (GC). Some seem adequate for that purpose, while others could be modified through thermal fractionation. La industria del cuero utiliza materiales grasos que otorgan determinadas características al cuero. Tradicionalmente se ha usado, entre otros, el aceite de patas de vacuno, producto cuya disponibilidad y costo son muy variables. En este trabajo se estudiaron muestras de distintos aceites de patas de vacuno, de pollo, de pescado y de salvado de arroz. Fueron evaluadas como potenciales materias primas para la obtención de derivados para el curtido de cueros, en función de su comportamiento térmico (“Cold Test” y DSC), y su composición en ácidos grasos principales (GC). Algunos de los aceites estudiados aparecen como adecuados para dicho uso, mientras que otros podrían ser mejorados por fraccionamiento térmico.

Minimization of water use and reuse applications within industry has recently gained importance within the context of water conservation efforts. The leather tanning industry is one of the subject industries due to large amount of water to be disposed of together with a high pollution load. The leather tanning industry has a complex structure in terms of materials, processes and manufacturing practices. Therefore a systematic approach is required to assess water use practice. In this study, bovine leather processing was taken as an example. An extensive study was conducted as on-site evaluations and questionnaires in the İstanbul Organized Leather Tanning District to assess water use practices, patterns and minimization trends. Results of the study were discussed and important aspects of water minimization practices have been pointed out.

Initial assessment of industrial structure and wastewater characteristics is important for successful environmental management in an industrial district. This is particularly important for the cases where highly polluting industries such leather tanners are of concern. In this study, Biga Leather Tanners District was evaluated. The process characteristics, wastewater amounts, wastewater quality and their variations with time were defined. The district housed 46 tanning plants, processing mainly sheepskins with a total capacity of 66.5 tons skin per day. Process profile was prepared and checked with experimental data. Chemical treatability experiments were conducted to assess the pretreatment alternatives. Chemical precipitation preceded by catalytic air oxidation of sulfide was found to be an optimum pretreatment system providing COD and TKN removals up to 80% together with complete chromium removal, Results of the study were evaluated and discussed.

Stingray fish potential in Indonesia is big enough but has not yet been exploited maximally, only some area like Lampung which is already exploiting the stingray leather tanning them and sell to Java. From the result of the research, stringray leather could pieces the big enough advantage that was at the price of selling Rp. 68.000,- per pieces pay back periode in average, would obtain the advange before the tax Rp. 285.649.697,- peryear and the advantage after the tax Rp. 228.519.757,- per year, pay back periode before the tax was in 1 year and 10 months and back periode after the tax was in 2 years and 2 month. As for break event point 35.04% with the value Rp. 978.385.533,- with break event value point capacitie production 14.388 pieces per year. Based on the result of the calculation of investments criteria was NPV (net present value) = Rp. 162.570.834,- (greater tan zero) while IRR = 30,54% greater than SOCC (DF = 18%) from the pay back periode = 2 year 1 month. Therefore from the market analysis and the production aspect, the effect of leather industry of stingray fish is so feasible that is competent to be developed in some areas having big potential stingray fish in Indonesia, so that it can improve the working opportunity and the effort for all of fishermen and their family. Keywords : Plant design. Leather tanning, stingrayfish.Potensial ikan pari di Indonesia cukup besar namun belum dimanfaatkan secara maksimal, baru beberapa daerah seperti Lampung yang sudah memanfaatkan kulit ikan pari diawetkan dengan gara dan dijual ke Pulau Jawa. Dari hasil penelitian kulit ikan pari dapat menghasilkan keuntungan yang cukup besar yaitu dengan harga jual rata-rata perlembar Rp. 68.000,- akan memperoleh keuntungan sebelum pajak Rp.285.649.697,- pertahun dan keutungan setlah pajak Rp. 228.519.757,- pertahun, waktu pengembalian modal sebelum pajak 1 tahun 10 bulan dan waktu pengembalian modal sesudah pajak 2 tahun 2 bulan. Adapun persentase batas rugi laba 35.04% dengan nilai Rp. 978.385.533,- dengan kapasitas batas rugi laba 14.388 lembar per tahun. Berdasarkan perhitungan kriteria investasi NPV (Net Present Value) = Rp. 162.570.