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Since BCR-ABL plays an essential role in the growth factor-independent proliferation of Philadelphia chromosome (Ph)+ leukemia cells, imatinib treatment of Ph+ leukemia cells inactivates signaling pathways of BCR-ABL, and subsequent addition of growth factors (GFs) could restore the signaling pathways without reactivating BCR-ABL. Here we demonstrated that non-lymphoid Ph+ leukemia cell lines responded to diverse GFs depending on their immunophenotype and gene expression of transcription factors and GF receptors, while lymphoid Ph+ leukemia cell lines restrictively responded to flit3 ligand and interleukin-7, suggesting that GF sensitivity of imatinib-treated Ph+ leukemia cells could be powerful for specifying their distinctive lineage., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Philadelphia-chromosome (Ph1)-positive leukemia cells frequently express death receptors DR4/DR5 for tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and show high TRAIL-sensitivity. It has been reported that imatinib damaged cardiomyocytes by triggering endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and that ER stress inducers intensified TRAIL-sensitivity of some cancer cells by upregulating DR4/DR5 expression. In fact, ER stress inducers enhanced TRAIL-sensitivity of Ph1-positive leukemia cells by upregulating DR4/DR5 expression. In contrast, imatinib did not induce ER stress responses and unexpectedly downregulated DR4/DR5 expression, indicating that sensitization of Ph1-positive leukemia cells to TRAIL-mediated cellular immunity by imatinib through upregulation of DR4/DR5 expression is unlikely., (Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Malignant cells generally acquire some immune escape mechanisms for clonal expansion. Immune escape mechanisms also contribute to the failure of graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) effect after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT). Infant leukemias with mixed-lineage leukemia (MLL) rearrangement have a remarkably short latency, and GVL effect after allo-SCT has not been clearly evidenced in these leukemias. Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)- and FasL-mediated cytotoxic pathways play important roles in cytotoxic T-lymphocyte- and natural killer cell-mediated antitumor immunity and optimal GVL activity. We investigated the in vitro sensitivity of MLL-rearranged acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) cells to TRAIL- and FasL-mediated cytotoxicity. Most of cell lines and primary leukemia cells were highly resistant to TRAIL primarily owing to low cell-surface expression of death receptors in ALL and simultaneous expression of decoy receptors in AML. Nearly half of cell lines and majority of primary leukemia cells showed low sensitivity to FasL. These results suggest that resistance to death-inducing ligands, particularly to TRAIL, could be one of the mechanisms for a rapid clonal expansion and a poor sensitivity to the GVL effect in infant leukemias with MLL rearrangement.

The unliganded glucocorticoid receptor is a multi-oligomer complex consisting of a ligand-binding protein with which two 90 kDa heat shock proteins (hsp90s) are associated. Upon binding of glucocorticoid to the receptor, the ligand-binding protein, which dissociated from hsp90s, enters the nucleus, binds to a specific site in DNA, and thus transmits signal(s). The 70 kDa heat shock protein (hsp70) also works as a molecular chaperone when the ligand-binding protein enters the nucleus. Regarding the mechanisms of glucocorticoid resistance, a decreased expression of glucocorticoid receptor and a mutant protein with low ligand binding affinity have been reported. In the present study, to address other mechanisms of glucocorticoid resistance, we examined the expression of hsp90 and hsp70 in addition to the number of glucocorticoid-binding sites and their affinity using glucocorticoid-sensitive and -resistant human leukemic cell lines. We showed that two of nine resistant cell lines with normal glucocorticoid-binding proteins express aberrant hsp90 and extremely low hsp70, while another seven resistant cell lines had decreased binding sites with normal hsps. These results suggest that there are at least two independent mechanisms of glucocorticoid resistance in human leukemic cell lines: the decreased ligand-binding sites and the abnormal hsps expression.

The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR γ), a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, is expressed at highest levels in adipose tissue and functions as a central regulator in the process of adipocyte differentiation. In the present study, we showed that human leukemic cell lines, not only myeloid but also lymphoid, express PPAR γ and its activation by natural ligand (15-deoxy-δ[sup 12,14]-prostaglandin J2) and synthetic ligand (troglitazone) profoundly inhibited their proliferation by induction of apoptosis preferentially in the serum-free culture. We pursued its mechanism using the representative cell lines, and found that induction of apoptosis was accompanied by caspase-3 activation and specifically blocked by its inhibitor. While status of several apoptosisrelated molecules remained unchanged, the c-Myc expression was markedly down-regulated within 24 h after troglitazone treatment. The c-myc mRNA levels were dramatically reduced at 1 h and became undetectable at 12 h after troglitazone treatment, which proved to be accompanied by complete blockade of the Tcf-4 activity in the electrophoretic mobility shift assay. We succeeded in establishing HL-60 cell lines growing well in the presence of troglitazone in the long-term serum-free culture. They showed neither induction of apoptosis nor down-regulation of the c-Myc expression via blockade of the Tcf-4 activity after troglitazone treatment. This is the first identification of the linkage between PPAR γ-mediated apoptosis and down-regulation of the c-myc gene expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A letter to the editor is presented in response to the article about the revision of the cytological diagnosis of central nervous system (CNS) relapse into aseptic meningitis in a patient with leukemia.

Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) is highly expressed in mixed-lineage leukemia (MLL) gene - rearranged acute lymphoblastic leukemia ( MLL + ALL) with a dismal prognosis. We previously reported that FLT3 ligand (FL) stimulation induced cell cycle arrest in MLL + ALL cells leading to resistance against anti-leukemic agents. Given that FL stimulation enhanced transforming growth factor (TGF)β1 mRNA levels in MLL + ALL cells, we extensively examined the effect of TGFβ1 on the cell cycle progression and chemosensitivity in MLL + ALL cells, and found that TGFβ1 stimulation induced MLL + ALL cells into cell cycle arrest resistant to arabinosyl cytosine; its effect was markedly enhanced in synergy with FL. Thus, it is likely that TGFβ1 and FL, both abundantly produced by bone marrow stromal cells, function in a coordinated manner to render MLL + ALL cells chemoresistant, which should lead to the development of minimal residual disease (MRD) resulting in relapse. The use of inhibitors against FLT3 and TGFβ1 may become a useful strategy for eradicating MRD in MLL + ALL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]