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The linear, second order, and third order nonlinear optical properties of glucuronic acid γ-lactone single crystals were investigated. The optic axes and principal dielectric axes were identified through optical conoscopy and the principal refractive indices were obtained using the Brewster's angle method. Conic sections were observed which is perceived to be due to spontaneous non-collinear phase matching. The direction of collinear phase matching was determined and the deff evaluated in this direction was 0.71 pm/V. Open and closed aperture Z-scan measurements with femtosecond pulses revealed high third order nonlinearity in the form of self-defocusing, two-photon absorption, as well as saturable absorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several advanced materials have been investigated for nonlinear optical device applications. However, oxide glasses are competing materials in contrast to those advanced materials due to ease of preparation in three dimensions with diverse shapes along with flexibility in choosing the composition which is essential to tune the nonlinear optical features for specific applications. Doping rare-earth ions is one of the methods used to tune the nonlinear optical features of glass specimens, and it has been explored extensively in recent years. Using femtosecond laser pulses, the effect of Er 2 O 3 concentration on nonlinear optical characteristics such as nonlinear absorption, nonlinear refraction, and optical limiting qualities was investigated using the Z-scan approach. The dual photon absorption and self‒focusing refraction nonlinear magnitudes are improved as the function of Er 2 O 3 content owing to the formation of non‒bridging oxygens and enhancement in polarizability of glasses while the optical limiting features were decreased. These nonlinear absorptions and optical limiting results endorse the high Er 2 O 3 loaded glasses are beneficial for nonlinear photonic devices functioning in the near-infrared regions. • Efficacy of Er 2 O 3 on third‒order nonlinear optical properties of glasses has been investigated. • Z‒scan patterns revealed the existence of two‒photon absorption and positive refraction nonlinearities. • Heavily Er 2 O 3 loaded glass exhibited strong nonlinear absorption with reduced optical limiting threshold. • The results suggest the glasses loaded with high Er 2 O 3 beneficial for ultra‒fast optical limiting devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]