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Calcium oxide (CaO) itself, as cheap, highly active and easily available, is one of the most used solid catalysts for transesterification reaction of different oils and fats to biodiesel. A way to improve its catalytic activity is to increase its specific surface by preparing it in the nano-form. This paper gives an overview of the preparation of nano-sized CaO-based catalysts and their application in the biodiesel production. Various forms of nano-sized CaO-based catalysts have been employed in the biodiesel production like neat, doped and loaded CaO as well as waste material containing CaO. The modern technology based on the use of nano CaO-based catalysts aiming at high biodiesel yields will have further positive implications like simplicity, safety, economy and efficiency of biodiesel production. This overview proves the promising potentiality of nano CaO-based catalysts as solid catalysts in biodiesel production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]