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A novel low-profile phased antenna with dual-port and its two types of 1-D linear array to 2-D space wide-angle beam scanning are proposed. The antenna unit is composed of fishbone structure and rhombus parasitic patch, which is folded into n-shaped to low profile $0.08\lambda $. By adjusting the phase difference ($\Delta \varphi$) from 0° to 180°, the antenna working mode is changed from even mode to hybrid mode and to odd mode eventually. Therefore, the proposed antenna unit realizes wide-angle scanning characteristics and continuous switching state from broadside lobe to endfire lobe. Furthermore, the proposed phased antenna element is extended to two kinds of 1-D linear phased array (Array#1 and Array#2) based on the generalized principle of the pattern multiplication. The fabricated Array#1 can realize beam scanning range $- 116^{\circ }< \theta _{\mathrm {m}} < 0^{\circ }$ (xo z plane), $0^{\circ }< \theta _{\mathrm {m}} < 63^{\circ }$ (yo z plane), and $90^{\circ }< \Phi _{\mathrm {m}} < 169^{\circ }$ (xoy plane) and the fabricated Array#2 can achieve $0^{\circ }< \theta _{\mathrm {m}} < 60^{\circ }$ (xo z plane), $0^{\circ }< \theta _{\mathrm {m}} < 65^{\circ }$ ($\text{y}{o}\text{z}$ plane), and $90^{\circ }< \Phi _{\mathrm {m}} < 152^{\circ }$ (xoy plane). The proposed phased antenna unit and its 1-D array can realize 2-D space wide-angle scanning, improving scanning performance and expanding scanning dimensional space in phased array. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel dual-port phase antenna is proposed to realize 2-D scanning. The antenna consists of two monopoles on both sides and a fishbone structure in the middle. By changing the phase difference ${\Delta \varphi }$ between two monopoles, energy is coupled to the proposed structure, exciting different degrees of superposition of even and odd modes. The continuous switching from the broadside lobe to the end-fire lobe is realized, and it has the characteristic of 2-D scanning. Furthermore, to provide an in-depth insight into the 2-D scanning mechanism, two linear arrays (Array 2 and Array 3) based on the proposed antenna element and a generalized principle of pattern multiplication (GPPM) are developed. The fabricated Array 2 can offer scanning angles of 0°–73° along the $\theta $ -direction with the gain of 6.5–10.4 dBi and 90°–140° along the $\Phi $ -direction with the gain of 6.1–11.7 dBi. Its scanning coverage of 3 dB beamwidth is $0^{\circ } < \Phi < 140^{\circ }$ , $0^{\circ } < \theta < 90^{\circ }$. The manufactured Array 3 can scan 0°–90° along $\theta $ -direction with the gain of 8.2–11.1 dBi and 50°–90° along the $\Phi $ -direction with the gain of 6–9.36 dBi, and its 3 dB coverage of the main beam scanning is $0^{\circ } < \Phi < 180^{\circ }$ , $0^{\circ } < \theta < 90^{\circ }$. Consequently, the proposed antenna and GPPM can be readily extended to wide-angle scanning phased arrays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]