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The article analyzes the relationship between all levels of grammar of the spoken languages and their phonological level. Scripts accommodation to the phonological characteristics of the language and the role played by awareness of phonological features, are analyzed. From a systematic and an applicational perspective, the article examines the relevance of the phonological component of a grammar for its related writing systems. The article reports three different studies that focus on the assumption that phonological skills requiring phoneme awareness develop as literacy develops. The article aslo provides information on various papers presented at the workshop on Mapping Graphemes onto Phonemes from September 30 to October 1, 2004, held in Antwerp, Belgium.