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Submitted by Simone Maisonave (simonemaisonave@hotmail.com) on 2022-09-01T12:37:30Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_Diego_de_Almeida_Souza.pdf: 410641 bytes, checksum: e8e0f4c15e9c3cd3dd561d64753af709 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2022-09-06T23:44:13Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertacao_Diego_de_Almeida_Souza.pdf: 410641 bytes, checksum: e8e0f4c15e9c3cd3dd561d64753af709 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2022-09-06T23:44:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertacao_Diego_de_Almeida_Souza.pdf: 410641 bytes, checksum: e8e0f4c15e9c3cd3dd561d64753af709 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2021-07-22 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES Sabe-se que a cerveja é uma das bebidas alcoólicas mais apreciadas e consumidas no mundo. Fazem parte de sua composição água potável, malte de cevada, lúpulo e leveduras. Após a junção de todos os ingredientes, obtém-se um produto final alcoólico oriundo do processo de fermentação, que após outros processos, resultam na cerveja propriamente dita. Devido as quantidades significativas de vitaminas do complexo B, folatos e, principalmente, compostos fenólicos, estudos evidenciam que assim como o vinho, a cerveja possui capacidade antioxidante se for consumida com moderação. Os compostos antioxidantes presentes na cerveja atuam contra o estresse oxidativo, desequilíbrio entre a produção das espécies reativas de oxigênio (ERO) e sua remoção por meio de sistemas enzimáticos ou não enzimáticos. As ERO são moléculas capazes de danificar a estrutura celular, podendo estar associados a patogênese de certas doenças indesejadas, como por exemplo câncer e doenças cardiovasculares. Além da ação antioxidante, a cerveja possui ação hipolipemiante, impedindo a oxidação do colesterol de baixa densidade (LDL), que é um fator de risco para a aterogênese e que está diretamente relacionada ao início da lesão e progressão de doenças ateroscleróticas. Por esse motivo, o presente estudo teve por objetivo analisar a relação entre o consumo de cerveja artesanal e o perfil lipídico de ratos Wistar. A cerveja artesanal do tipo American Indian Pale Ale foi administrada por gavagem durante 4 semanas. Após, foi determinado os níveis séricos e o estresse oxidativo hepático. Os parâmetros analisados não diferiram significativamente entre os grupos. Salientamos que a composição das cervejas e a forma como têm sido administradas varia muito entre os estudos, o que dificulta a comparação entre esses. Estudos mais amplos são necessários para se aprofundar os conhecimentos mecanistícos e comprovar os efeitos benéficos das cervejas sobre o metabolismo lipídico e o estresse oxidativo. It is known that beer is one of the most appreciated and consumed alcoholic beverages in the world. Drinking water, barley malt, hops and yeast are part of its composition. After joining all the ingredients, an alcoholic end product is obtained from the fermentation process, which after other processes, result in the beer itself. Due to the significant amounts of B vitamins, folates and, mainly, phenolic compounds, studies show that, like wine, beer has antioxidant capacity if consumed in moderation. The antioxidant compounds present in beer act against oxidative stress, an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and their removal through enzymatic or non-enzymatic systems. ROS are molecules capable of damaging the cell structure and may be associated with the pathogenesis of certain unwanted diseases, such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases. In addition to its antioxidant action, beer has a lipid-lowering action, preventing the oxidation of low-density cholesterol (LDL), which is a risk factor for atherogenesis and directly related to the onset of injury and progression of atherosclerotic diseases. For this reason, this study aims to analyze the relationship between the consumption of craft beer and the lipid profile of Wistar rats. The American Indian Pale Ale craft beer will be administered by gavage for 4 weeks. Afterwards, serum levels and hepatic oxidative stress will be determined. It is expected that this project will show that this type of beer in the administered way can prevent LDL oxidation, being a positive factor in preventing serum lipid imbalance and hepatic oxidative stress.

Altres ajuts: Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER). Some lipoprotein disorders related to the residual risk of premature cardiovascular disease (PCVD) are not detected by the conventional lipid profile. In this case-control study, the predictive power of PCVD of serum sdLDL-C, measured using a lipoprotein precipitation method, and of the physicochemical properties of serum lipoproteins, analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques, were evaluated. We studied a group of patients with a first PCVD event (n = 125) and a group of control subjects (n = 190). Conventional lipid profile, the size and number of Very Low Density Lipoproteins (VLDL), Low Density Lipoproteins (LDL), High Density Lipopro-teins (HDL) particles, and the number of particles of their subclasses (large, medium, and small) were measured. Compared to controls, PCVD patients had lower concentrations of all LDL parti-cles, and smaller and larger diameter of LDL and HDL particles, respectively. PCVD patients also showed higher concentrations of small dense LDL-cholesterol (sdLDL), and triglycerides (Tg) in LDL and HDL particles (HDL-Tg), and higher concentrations of large VLDL particles. Multivariate logistic regression showed that sdLDL-C, HDL-Tg, and large concentrations of LDL particles were the most powerful predictors of PCVD. A strong relationship was observed between increased HDL-Tg concentrations and PCVD. This study demonstrates that beyond the conventional lipid profile, PCVD patients have other atherogenic lipoprotein alterations that are detected by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) analysis.

Introducción: el colesterol ligado a las lipoproteínas de alta densidad (HDL) se perfila como factor protector importante frente a enfermedad cardiovascular y es prometedor como objetivo terapéutico. Al parecer los latinoamericanos tienen niveles más bajos. Se necesita estratificar el riesgo basándose en estudios locales del comportamiento del HDL. Objetivo: determinar los valores de referencia del HDL en una muestra de adultos en una ciudad colombiana. Métodos: se realizó estudio transversal, involucrando una muestra de adultos sanos residentes en Cartagena, Colombia, ciudad a nivel del mar en la costa Caribe. Los valores de referencia se determinaron según las guías del CLSI/IFCC. Resultados: se analizaron los datos de 306 adultos sanos, 153 varones y 153 mujeres. Los valores de HDL difirieron considerablemente entre ambos grupos (p=3.084e-13). Los intervalos de referencia del HDL determinados fueron >28 (IC95%: 27-30) en hombres y >35 (IC95%: 30-37) en mujeres. Los valores del HDL se correlacionaron negativamente con el peso, el IMC, el perímetro de cintura y el índice cintura/cadera. Conclusiones: los cartageneros involucrados tuvieron niveles de HDL bajos. Los puntos de corte de los valores de referencia fueron menores de lo señalado internacionalmente. Se necesita determinar la relevancia clínica de este hecho. Rev.cienc. biomed. 2013;4(2):281-290

OBJECTIVE: Rapidly dividing cells in multiple types of cancer and inflammatory diseases undergo high low density lipoprotein (LDL) uptake for membrane synthesis, and coupling an LDL-like nanoemulsion, containing lipid nanoparticles (LDE) to a chemotherapeutic agent efficiently targets these cells without significant systemic effects. This was a prospective exploratory study that evaluated the uptake of a radioactively labeled LDE emulsion by receptors of endometriotic foci and the capacity of the LDE for cellular internalization. METHODS: The lipid profile of each patient was determined before surgery, and labeled LDE were injected into fourteen patients with intestinal or nonintestinal endometriosis. The radioactivity of each tissue sample (intestinal endometriosis, nonintestinal endometriosis, healthy peritoneum, or topical endometrium) was measured. RESULTS: The group with intestinal endometriosis presented higher levels of plasma LDL but lower LDE uptake by foci than the nonintestinal group, suggesting less cell division and more fibrosis. The uptake of LDE was highest in the topical endometrium, followed by the healthy peritoneum, and lowest in the endometriotic lesion. Since the endometriotic foci showed significant LDE uptake, there was likely increased consumption of LDL by these cells, similar to cells in cancers and inflammatory diseases. Plasma cholesterol levels had no influence on LDE uptake, which showed that the direct delivery of the nanoemulsion to target tissues was independent of serum lipoproteins. There were no significant differences in the parameters (p>0.01) because of the small sample size, but the findings were similar to those of previous studies. CONCLUSION: Nanotechnology is a promising therapeutic option for surgery and hormonal blockage for deep endometriosis, with a lower complication rate and no systemic side effects.

[Background] High-density lipoprotein (HDL) functionality and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) atherogenic traits can describe the role of both particles on cardiovascular diseases more accurately than HDL- or LDL-cholesterol levels. However, it is unclear how these lipoprotein properties are particularly affected by different cardiovascular risk factors., [Objective] To determine which lipoprotein properties are associated with greater cardiovascular risk scores and each cardiovascular risk factor., [Methods] In two cross-sectional baseline samples of PREDIMED trial volunteers, we assessed the associations of HDL functionality (N = 296) and LDL atherogenicity traits (N = 210) with: 1) the 10-year predicted coronary risk (according to the Framingham-REGICOR score), and 2) classical cardiovascular risk factors., [Results] Greater cardiovascular risk scores were associated with low cholesterol efflux values; oxidized, triglyceride-rich, small HDL particles; and small LDLs with low resistance against oxidation (P-trend, [Conclusions] Dysfunctional HDL and atherogenic LDL particles are present in high cardiovascular risk patients. Dyslipidemia and male sex are predominantly linked to HDL dysfunctionality, whilst diabetes and advanced age are associated with LDL atherogenicity., This work was supported by: Agència de Gestió d’Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca (2017 SGR 222), Fundació La Marató de TV3 (201512.31), and Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CB06/03/0028 and PI15/00047). A.H. was funded by Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CD17/00122), M.-T.S.-F. was supported by Agència de Gestió d’Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca (2015 FI_B 01042), and M. Fitó was supported by Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CES12/025). CIBERs of Pathophysiology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN) and Cardiovascular Diseases (CIBERCV) are initiatives of the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.

Orientador: Eliana Cotta de Faria Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas Resumo: A compreensão das variações sazonais em lípides e lipoproteinas séricos em humanos é de importância clínico-laboratorial, pois pode ter implicações no diagnóstico, manuseio e tratamento das dislipidemias, um dos principais fatores de risco para a doença cardiovascular aterosclerótica. Além de fatores demográficos como o sexo e a idade, parâmetros meteorológicos podem atuar na regulação do metabolismo de lípides, mas seus efeitos estão pouco investigados. Os objetivos deste estudo transversal consecutivo entre 2008 e 2016 foram os de se quantificar os ritmos biológicos em lípides e lipoproteínas séricos de colesterol total (CT), colesterol da lipoproteína de baixa densidade (LDL-C), colesterol da lipoproteína de alta densidade (HDL-C), triglicérides (TG) e colesterol não-HDL (N-HDL-C), de indivíduos em um amplo intervalo de idades (de 1 dia a 100 anos) e de ambos os sexos. Avaliaram-se também os efeitos de variações de parâmetros meteorológicos sobre as concentrações de lípides. Foram obtidos dados de séries temporais de 538.525 resultados de perfis de lípides e lipoproteínas provenientes da demanda do Laboratório Municipal de Campinas/SP.). Utilizou-se o metodo de Cosinor para a determinação dos ritmos de lípides e lipoproteínas. As séries temporais meteorológicas incluíram a temperatura mínima (Tmin), máxima (Tmax), amplitude térmica (AmpT), umidade relativa do ar mínima e máxima (Umin e Umax) respectivamente, fotofase (FF) e escotofase (EF).Os testes de Cox-Stuart e o teste de Friedman com modelo de ajuste de suavização exponencial para a sazonalidade foram utilizados para avaliar tendências e sazonalidade respectivamente. Análises de regressão linear mediram a associação entre variáveis. Na população total observaram-se ritmos sazonais para CT, LDL-C e N-HDL-C, mas não para TG e HDL-C. A estratificação etária mostrou ausência de ritmicidade para todos os lípides em infantes (1 dia a

Objective To evaluate the relation between oxidative stress and lipid profile in patients with different types of cancer.Methods This was an observational cross-sectional. A total of 58 subjects were evaluated, 33 males, divided into two groups of 29 patients each: Group 1, patients with cancer of the digestive tract and accessory organs; Group 2 patients with other types of cancers, all admitted to a public hospital. The plasma levels (lipoproteins and total cholesterol, HDL, and triglycerides, for example) were analyzed by enzymatic kits, and oxidative stress based on thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, by assessing the formation of malondialdehyde.Results In general the levels of malondialdehyde of patients were high (5.00μM) as compared to 3.31μM for healthy individuals. The median values of lipids exhibited normal triacylglycerol (138.78±89.88mg/dL), desirable total cholesterol values (163.04±172.38mg/dL), borderline high LDL (151.30±178.25mg/dL) and low HDL (31.70±22.74mg/dL). Median HDL levels in Group 1 were lower (31.32mg/dL) than the cancer patients in Group 2 (43.67mg/dL) (p=0.038). Group 1 also showed higher levels of oxidative stress (p=0.027).Conclusion The lipid profile of patients with cancer was not favorable, which seems to have contributed to higher lipid peroxidation rate, generating a significant oxidative stress. Objetivo Avaliar a relação entre estresse oxidativo e perfil lipídico em pacientes com diferentes tipos de câncer.Métodos Estudo do tipo observacional transversal. Foram avaliados 58 indivíduos, sendo 33 do sexo masculino, divididos em dois grupos de 29 pacientes cada: o Grupo 1 foi formado por pacientes com câncer do trato digestivo e órgãos anexos; o Grupo 2 foi formado por pacientes com outros tipos de câncer, todos internados em um hospital público. Foram analisadas concentrações plasmáticas (colesterol total, HDL e triacilglicerol, entre outras), por meio de kits enzimáticos, e o estresse oxidativo, com base em substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico, por meio da formação de malondialdeído.Resultados Na mediana, os pacientes apresentaram valores altos de malondialdeído (5,00μM) quando comparados ao valor de 3,31μM para indivíduos saudáveis. A mediana do perfil lipídico exibiu valores de triacilgliceróis normais (138,78±89,88mg/dL), colesterol total com valores desejáveis (163,04±172,38mg/dL), LDL com limiar elevado (151,30±178,25mg/dL) e HDL baixo (31,70±22,74mg/dL). Os níveis medianos de HDL do Grupo 1 foram mais baixos (31,32mg/dL) do que dos pacientes oncológicos do Grupo 2 (43,67mg/dL) (p=0,038). O Grupo 1 apresentou níveis mais altos de estresse oxidativo (p=0,027).Conclusão O perfil lipídico de pacientes com câncer apresentou-se desfavorável, o que parece ter contribuído para uma maior taxa de peroxidação lipídica, gerando um significativo estresse oxidativo.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Introdução: A atividade física tem sido universalmente recomendada para a prevenção da doença cardiovascular. Entretanto, os efeitos da atividade física de alto desempenho na proteção cardiovascular são menos descritos. Objetivos: Examinar parâmetros bioquímicos, nutricionais, ergoespirométricos e, em particular, quantificar células progenitoras endoteliais (CPE) e taxas de micropartículas endoteliais (MPE) e plaquetárias (MPP) em corredores profissionais de alto desempenho e comparar estes parâmetros com controles não atletas. Métodos: Estudo do tipo caso e controle pareado por idade e gênero.. Células progenitoras endoteliais e micropartículas foram quantificadas por citometria de fluxo , utilizando-se anticorpos específicos. Parâmetros laboratoriais foram obtidos em jejum com atividade física habitual dos atletas no dia anterior. Massa magra e gordura corporal foram examinados por bioimpedância. Resultados: Atletas apresentaram menor índice de massa corpórea, menor quantidade de gordura corporal e maior de massa magra, melhor perfil lipídico e metabólico (todos p

A leishmaniose visceral (LV) é uma doença sistêmica, causada pela disseminação do protozoário Leishmania infantum, de alta letalidade se não tratada, com desenvolvimento abrupto ou gradual das manifestações que incluem febre, esplenomegalia, linfadenopatia, diarreia, emagrecimento, pancitopenia e hipergamaglobulinemia. Do ponto de vista clínico, a infecção pela L. infantum é classificada como assintomática, subclínica, forma aguda e a forma clássica, sendo que a idade, estado nutricional e características imunogenéticas determinarão a gravidade das manifestações clínicas. Desordens do metabolismo lipídico têm sido descritas em crianças com LV ativa, e supõe-se estarem relacionadas às alterações imunológicas ligadas a sobrevivência do parasito no hospedeiro. O objetivo desse estudo foi comparar os valores de lipídios (colesterol, triglicerídios), lipoproteínas (HDL, LDL, VLDL), apolipoproteínas(Apo AI, Apo B) e interleucina-6 de adultos com LV e indivíduos com infecção assintomática. Foram analisadas amostras de soro de pacientes com leishmaniose visceral e de indivíduos sorologicamente positivos para Leishmania sp. (Imunofluorescência Indireta/IFI ≥ 1:80), com infecção assintomática e clinicamente saudáveis. A população do estudo foi composta de 122 indivíduos, separados em dois grupos: pacientes com LV sintomáticos (64) e pacientes com infecção assintomática (58). Posteriormente, empregou-se a técnica de eletroforese de lipoproteínas nos pacientes com triglicerídios maior que 200 mg/dL. Os pacientes sintomáticos, quando comparados aos indivíduos com infecção assintomática apresentaram níveis medianos mais baixos de colesterol total (94 mg/dL vs 177 mg/dL, p < 0,001), HDL (3 mg/dL vs 20,35 mg/dL, p < 0,001), LDL (53 mg/dL vs 123,5 mg/dL, p < 0,001), apolipoproteína A-I (51 mg/dL vs 145,5 mg/dL, p < 0,001) e apolipoproteína B (82,5 mg/dL vs 113,5 mg/dL, p < 0,001). Os pacientes com LV apresentaram níveis mais elevados de VLDL (35,2 mg/dL vs 28,4 mg/dL, p = 0,043), triglicerídios (176 mg/dL vs 142 mg/dL, p = 0,043) e interleucina-6 (47,85 pg/mL vs 1,5 pg/mL, p < 0,001), do que os pacientes com infecção assintomática. Pela eletroforese verificou-se a ausência de quilomicrons em todos os pacientes, e foram constatadas alterações nas pré-beta lipoproteínas (VLDL), com valores acima do indicado e nas beta lipoproteínas (LDL), com valores abaixo do intervalo de referência, em ambos os grupos. Outros estudos são necessários, de modo a investigar os mecanismos exatos pelos quais essas alterações acontecem. O conhecimento das alterações metabólicas provocadas na LV, em associação com os dados clínicos e laboratoriais, pode ajudar no monitoramento da resposta terapêutica e futuramente serem utilizados como indicadores de gravidade para a doença. ABSTRACT - Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a systemic disease caused by the spread of the protozoan Leishmania infantum, highly lethal if not treated with abrupt or gradual development of manifestations that include fever, splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, diarrhea, weight loss, pancytopenia, and hypergammaglobulinemia. From a clinical point of view, infection by L. infantum is classified as asymptomatic subclinical acute and classical forms, and the age, nutritional status and immunogenetic characteristics determine the severity of clinical manifestations. Disorders of lipid metabolism have been reported in children active VL, and are believed to be related to immunological alterations associated survival of the parasite in the host. The aim of this study was to compare the lipid values (cholesterol,triglycerides), lipoproteins (HDL, LDL, VLDL), apolipoproteins (Apo AI, Apo B) and interleukin-6 adults with LV individuals with asymptomatic infection. Serum samples were analyzed in patients with visceral leishmaniasis and seropositive individuals for Leishmania sp. (Indirect Immunofluorescence / IFI ≥ 1:80) with asymptomatic and clinically healthy infection. The study population consisted of 122 individuals, separated into two groups: patients with symptomatic LV (64), patients with asymptomatic infection (58). Subsequently, we used the lipoprotein electrophoresis in patients with triglyceride levels greater than 200 mg/dL. Symptomatic patients when compared to individuals with asymptomatic infection had lower median levels of total cholesterol (94 mg/dL vs. 177 mg/dL, p

OBJETIVO: Estabelecer a prevalência de dislipidemias em uma amostra populacional brasileira ambulatorial de crianças e adolescentes de um centro hospitalar terciário público. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo de análise de resultados de lípides e lipoproteínas de 1.937 indivíduos de ambos os sexos, com idades entre dois e 19 anos, atendidos no ambulatório do Hospital de Clínicas (HC) da Universidade Estadual de Campinas, no Estado de São Paulo, entre 2000 e 2007. Os valores de referência adotados foram os recomendados por Kwiterovich. A análise estatística utilizou o programa SPSS. RESULTADOS: Valores alterados de colesterol, LDL-colesterol e triglicérides foram encontrados em 44, 36 e 56% das crianças de dois a nove anos e em 44, 36 e 50% dos adolescentes de dez a 19 anos, respectivamente. Foi observada redução de HDL-colesterol em 44% das crianças e 49% dos adolescentes. Hipercolesterolemia combinada com hipertrigliceridemia estava presente em 34% das crianças e dos adolescentes; hipercolesterolemia e hipoalfalipoproteinemia estavam presentes em 15% das crianças e 20% dos adolescentes; e hipertrigliceridemia e hipoalfalipoproteinemia ocorreram em 33% das crianças e 30% dos adolescentes. CONCLUSÕES: Este estudo demonstrou alta prevalência de dislipidemias em crianças e adolescentes atendidos em um ambulatório de hospital universitário público, o que aponta para a necessidade de estudos em outras comunidades brasileiras, tanto hospitalares quanto não hospitalares, para o diagnóstico precoce e tratamento das dislipidemias e para a adoção de medidas preventivas com relação às doenças cardiovasculares associadas.OBJECTIVE: To establish the prevalence of dyslipidemia among children and adolescents assisted at public university hospital outpatient clinic METHODS: This retrospective study analyzed the lipid profile of 1,937 outpatients of both genders, from two to 19 years old, assisted at the outpatient clinic of the Clinical Hospital of the State University of Campinas, Brazil, from 2000 to 2007. The cutoff values adopted were those recommended by Kwiterovich. Statistical analysis used the SPSS software. RESULTS: Altered values of cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides were found in 44, 36 and 56% of the children (2-9 years old) and in 44, 36 and 50% of the adolescents (10-19 years old), respectively. Reduced HDL-cholesterol concentrations were present in 44% of the children and 49% of the adolescents. A combination of hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia was present in 34% of children and adolescents. Hypercholesterolemia combined with hypoalphalipoproteinemia was present in 15% of the children and 20% of the adolescents, and hypertriglyceridemia combined with hypoalphalipoproteinemia was present in 33% of the children and 30% of the adolescents. CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of dyslipidemias in children and adolescents of the out-patient clinic of a public university hospital was high. There is a need to further study hospital and non-hospital communities in order to establish early diagnosis and treatment of dyslipidemias and to avoid associated cardiovascular diseases.

Objetivo: Comparar un método directo y un método de precipitado en la determinación del colesterol HDL en gallinas ponedoras. Metodología: Se obtuvo suero de 40 gallinas ponedoras en ayunas de 26 semanas de edad, de la línea Hy-Line W-36. El colesterol de las lipoproteínas de alta densidad se midió por el método directo a base de un detergente específico junto con N,Nbis(4- ulfobutil)-mtoluidina, y por el método de precipitación a base de fosfotungstato + Mg2+. Resultados: Las medias ± desviación estándar para los niveles de colesterol de las lipoproteínas de alta densidad, por los métodos directo y precipitado en mg/dl fueron de: 63,1±14,3; 13,3±3,5; respectivamente. El P valor del test F es inferior a 0,05, evidenciando diferencia estadísticamente significativa, con una confianza del 95% entre métodos. Conclusiones: Es factible la utilización del método directo a base de un detergente específico y N,Nbis(4-sulfobutil)-m-toluidina para la determinación del colesterol de las lipoproteínas de alta densidad en gallinas ponedoras, debido a que es un método que no es alterado por los altos niveles de triglicéridos de estas.AbstractObjective: To compare a direct method vs a precipitation method for determining HDL cholesterol in laying hens. Methodology: Serum of forty 26 weeks old fasting laying hens was obtained from the Hy-Line W-36. Cholesterol in high density lipoproteins was measured by direct method based on a specific detergent along with N,Nbis (4- sulfobutyl)-m-toluidine, and through the precipitation method based on phosphotungstate + Mg2+. Results: The standard deviation mean ± for high density lipoproteins though direct and precipitation methods in mg/dl were: 63.1±14.3; 13.3±3.5 respectively. The P value for the F test is < 0.05 showing significant statistical difference between the two analyzed methods with a confidence level of 95%. Conclusions: It is feasible to use the direct method using a specific detergent and N,Nbis(4-ulfobutyl)-m-toluidine to determine high density lipoprotein cholesterol in laying hens, because this method is not altered by high levels of triglyceride. Objetivo: Comparar un método directo y un método de precipitado en la determinación del colesterol HDL en gallinas ponedoras. Metodología: Se obtuvo suero de 40 gallinas ponedoras en ayunas de 26 semanas de edad, de la línea Hy-Line W-36. El colesterol de las lipoproteínas de alta densidad se midió por el método directo a base de un detergente específico junto con N,Nbis(4- ulfobutil)-mtoluidina, y por el método de precipitación a base de fosfotungstato + Mg2+. Resultados: Las medias ± desviación estándar para los niveles de colesterol de las lipoproteínas de alta densidad, por los métodos directo y precipitado en mg/dl fueron de: 63,1±14,3; 13,3±3,5; respectivamente. El P valor del test F es inferior a 0,05, evidenciando diferencia estadísticamente significativa, con una confianza del 95% entre métodos. Conclusiones: Es factible la utilización del método directo a base de un detergente específico y N,Nbis(4-sulfobutil)-m-toluidina para la determinación del colesterol de las lipoproteínas de alta densidad en gallinas ponedoras, debido a que es un método que no es alterado por los altos niveles de triglicéridos de estas.AbstractObjective: To compare a direct method vs a precipitation method for determining HDL cholesterol in laying hens. Methodology: Serum of forty 26 weeks old fasting laying hens was obtained from the Hy-Line W-36. Cholesterol in high density lipoproteins was measured by direct method based on a specific detergent along with N,Nbis (4- sulfobutyl)-m-toluidine, and through the precipitation method based on phosphotungstate + Mg2+. Results: The standard deviation mean ± for high density lipoproteins though direct and precipitation methods in mg/dl were: 63.1±14.3; 13.3±3.5 respectively. The P value for the F test is < 0.05 showing significant statistical difference between the two analyzed methods with a confidence level of 95%. Conclusions: It is feasible to use the direct method using a specific detergent and N,Nbis(4-ulfobutyl)-m-toluidine to determine high density lipoprotein cholesterol in laying hens, because this method is not altered by high levels of triglyceride.

Background: The relationship between serum minerals and homocysteine, lipoprotein and glucose homeostasis markers at birth has been scarcely reported. This study aims to determine a) the relationship between calcium, magnesium, cardiovascular disease (CVD) markers (e.g. lipids, lipoproteins, homocysteine) and insulin sensitivity/ resistance markers (e.g. glucose, insulin, HOMA) in cord serum; and b) to find out the possible influence of reduced or increased levels of serum calcium and magnesium on those markers. Subjects and Methods: Forty-eight eutocic, normoweight and appropriated-for-gestational age, full-term, singleton without foetal distress newborns from the Mérida Study were studied. Parameter percentiles for serum calcium and magnesium as well as for the Ca/Mg ratio were stated. CVD and insulin sensitivity/resistance markers in neonates within the first quartile for calcium, magnesium and their ratio were compared with those of neonates within the forth quartile for these minerals. Results: Serum calcium negative correlated with HDL-c (p

Phytosterols are plant sterols structurally similar to cholesterol. The most common phytosterols are ß-sitosterol, campesterol and stigmasterol. They are present in many foods but mainly in nuts and vegetable oils. They compete with cholesterol absorption decreasing the cardiovascular risk. Recent studies have associated the intake of 0.63-3g/day of phytosterols with lowering serum cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels. The same decrease has been observed in apolipoprotein B. These results suggest that dietary phytosterols are useful for protection against cardiovascular disease. Because of this they have been incorporated in relatively high quantities into spreads and margarines. However, negative effects have also been reported. Among them, a significant decrease in the absorption of several lypophilic antioxidant compounds such as carotenoids and tocopherols, which may counterbalance the protective cardiovascular effect of phytosterols. In this paper the results of several selected studies relating phytosterol consumption and plasma levels of lipids, lipoproteins and antioxidants are reviewed. More studies are needed to establish if it is necessary to supplement with such antioxidant compounds the diet of people consuming phytosterols for therapeutical purposes. Los fitosteroles son esteroles de plantas con una estructura similar a la del colesterol. Los fitosteroles más frecuentes son: ß-sitosterol, campesterol y estigmasterol. Están ampliamente distribuidos en los alimentos, siendo las nueces y aceites vegetales fuentes importantes de estas sustancias. Los fitosteroles compiten en el organismo en la absorción del colesterol por lo que se han propuesto como protectores del riesgo cardiovascular. Consumos diarios de 0,63-3g/día de fitosteroles parecen disminuir tanto el colesterol plasmático como los niveles de LDL-colesterol, conjuntamente con los niveles de apolipoproteína B. Con el propósito de aprovechar dichas acciones, se han incluido en distintos productos, como margarinas y untables. Sin embargo, no todo son beneficios y su consumo también produce efectos negativos. Así, disminuyen significativamente la absorción de ciertos compuestos lipofílicos antioxidantes, como carotenoides y tocoferoles, implicados a su vez en la protección cardiovascular. En esta minirrevisión se comentan los resultados de algunos estudios que relacionan consumo de fitosteroles y concentración en plasma de lípidos, lipoproteínas y algunos antioxidantes. Se precisan estudios que diluciden si es necesario incrementar el consumo de tales compuestos antioxidantes en poblaciones que reciben suplementos de fitosteroles con fines terapéuticos.

Phytosterols are plant sterols structurally similar to cholesterol. The most common phytosterols are ß-sitosterol, campesterol and stigmasterol. They are present in many foods but mainly in nuts and vegetable oils. They compete with cholesterol absorption decreasing the cardiovascular risk. Recent studies have associated the intake of 0.63-3g/day of phytosterols with lowering serum cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels. The same decrease has been observed in apolipoprotein B. These results suggest that dietary phytosterols are useful for protection against cardiovascular disease. Because of this they have been incorporated in relatively high quantities into spreads and margarines. However, negative effects have also been reported. Among them, a significant decrease in the absorption of several lypophilic antioxidant compounds such as carotenoids and tocopherols, which may counterbalance the protective cardiovascular effect of phytosterols. In this paper the results of several selected studies relating phytosterol consumption and plasma levels of lipids, lipoproteins and antioxidants are reviewed. More studies are needed to establish if it is necessary to supplement with such antioxidant compounds the diet of people consuming phytosterols for therapeutical purposes.Los fitosteroles son esteroles de plantas con una estructura similar a la del colesterol. Los fitosteroles más frecuentes son: ß-sitosterol, campesterol y estigmasterol. Están ampliamente distribuidos en los alimentos, siendo las nueces y aceites vegetales fuentes importantes de estas sustancias. Los fitosteroles compiten en el organismo en la absorción del colesterol por lo que se han propuesto como protectores del riesgo cardiovascular. Consumos diarios de 0,63-3g/día de fitosteroles parecen disminuir tanto el colesterol plasmático como los niveles de LDL-colesterol, conjuntamente con los niveles de apolipoproteína B. Con el propósito de aprovechar dichas acciones, se han incluido en distintos productos, como margarinas y untables. Sin embargo, no todo son beneficios y su consumo también produce efectos negativos. Así, disminuyen significativamente la absorción de ciertos compuestos lipofílicos antioxidantes, como carotenoides y tocoferoles, implicados a su vez en la protección cardiovascular. En esta minirrevisión se comentan los resultados de algunos estudios que relacionan consumo de fitosteroles y concentración en plasma de lípidos, lipoproteínas y algunos antioxidantes. Se precisan estudios que diluciden si es necesario incrementar el consumo de tales compuestos antioxidantes en poblaciones que reciben suplementos de fitosteroles con fines terapéuticos.

Introducción: Las concentraciones de lípidos sanguíneos en niños y adolescentes se evalúan utilizando referencias internacionales. Objetivos: Describir las concentraciones de lípidos sanguíneos en una población de escolares chilenos y compararlas con la referencia más utilizada (Lipid Research Clinics Program) además de los puntos de corte recomendados en 2011. Métodos: Estudio transversal en 3.325 escolares de 10 a 14 años de edad. Se realizó antropometría, autoreporte de desarrollo puberal y medición en ayunas de colesterol total (CT), colesterol unido a lipoproteínas de alta densidad (CHDL) y triglicéridos (TG). El colesterol unido a lipoproteínas de baja densidad (CLDL) se calculó con fórmula de Friedewald. Se realizó descripción, regresión múltiple y estudio de concordancia. Resultados: Se incluyeron 3.063 niños de 11,4 ± 0,9 años de edad, 53% mujeres, 20,9% pre-púberes; 22,6% con sobrepeso y 15,8% con obesidad. Los promedios fueron: CT: 159,2 ± 28,3, CHDL: 51,9 ± 12,1, LDL: 89,0 ± 31,5 y TG: 93,2 ± 60 mg/dL. Los hombres tuvieron mayor CHDL: 53,3 ± 12,2 vs 50,6 ± 11,8 mg/dL y menor TG: 86,2 ± 58,2 vs 99,5 ± 61,7 mg/dL que las mujeres (p < 0,001). Con regresión múltiple se encontró influencia del estado nutricional y edad en todos los lípidos y del sexo en la mayoría. Comparados con la referencia hubo concordancia en CT y CLDL, pero los niños chilenos presentaron mayores niveles de TG sobre el percentil 50 y menores niveles de CHDL bajo percentil 50. Conclusiones: Las concentraciones de lípidos sanguíneos estuvieron influidas por el estado nutricional, edad y sexo. En comparación a la referencia, se encontró un patrón de mayor riesgo cardiovascular en los niños chilenos. Introduction and objectives: Plasma lipid levels in children and adolescents are evaluated with international references. The objective was to describe them in Chilean students, to compare them with the most used reference (Lipids Research Clinics Program) and the cut-off points recommended in 2011. Methods: Cross-sectional study in 3325 children, 10 to 14 years of age. Anthropometry and auto-report of pubertal development were performed. A 12 hours fast blood sample was taken to measure total (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) and triglycerides (TG). Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC) was calculated with Friedewald formula. Variables were described, Hochberg test for multiple comparisons and stepwise lineal regression were applied. The degree of agreement between local percentiles and the two international references was studied. Results: We studied 3,063 children, 11.4 ± 0.9 years old, 53% girls, 20.9% pre-pubertal, 22.6% had overweight, and 15.8% obesity. Averages: TC: 159.2 ± 28.3, HDLC: 51.9 ± 12.1, LDLC: 89.0 ± 31.5 and TG: 93.2 ± 60 mg/dL. Boys had higher HDLC: 53.3 ± 12.2 vs. 50.6 ± 11.8 mg/dL and lower TG: 86.2 ± 58.2 vs. 99.5 ± 61.7 mg/dL than girls (p < 0,001). Influences of nutritional status, sex and age were significant. We founded high agreement with the reference for TC and LDLC, but HDLC levels were lower and TG were higher, for their cut-off points: percentiles 10th and 95th, respectively. Conclusions: Blood lipids were influenced by nutritional status, sex and age. Percentile values were comparable to the international reference except for HDLC and TG, showing a more atherogenic pattern.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether lipid profile (LP), apolipoprotein A-1 (apo A-I) and malondialdehyde (MDA) have any relationship with physical exercise by comparing the groups of footballers (FG) with sedentary individuals (CG) and their relatives (RFG and RCG). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Twenty individuals from FG and CG, 60 from RFG, and 57 from RCG were studied. RESULTS: FG showed lower levels of total cholesterol (119.5 ± 37.9 mg/dL), LDL-cholesterol fraction (53.6 ± 30.3), apo A-I (116.7 ± 11.9), and higher level of HDL-cholesterol fraction (HDLc) (49.7 ± 8.5) compared to RFG (148.3 ± 36.9, P = 0.02; 82.4 ± 37.7, P < 0.01; 124.6 ± 10.2, P = 0.03; and 42.7 ± 7.7, P < 0.01; respectively). Moreover, FG had reduced levels of MDA (101.0 ± 77.0 ng/mL) compared to CG (290.0 ± 341.0, P = 0.03) and RFG (209.9 ± 197.5, P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest an association between physical exercise and lower levels of MDA in FG. Physical activity seems to promote beneficial effects on the LP regardless of the genetic influence considering HDLc levels. OBJETIVO: Avaliar se perfil lipídico (PL), apolipoproteína A-1 (apo A-I) e malondialdeído (MDA) têm relação com atividade física comparando os grupos: jogadores de futebol (FG) com indivíduos sedentários (CG) e seus familiares. SUJEITOS E MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 20 indivíduos de FG e CG, além de 60 familiares de FG (RFG) e 57 de CG (RCG). RESULTADOS: FG mostrou menores níveis (média ± DP [mg/dL]) de colesterol total (119.5 ± 37.9), LDL colesterol (53.6 ± 30.3), e apo A-I (116.7 ± 11.9), e maiores níveis de HDL colesterol (HDLc) (49.7 ± 8.5) comparado ao RFG (148.3 ± 36.9, P = 0.02; 82.4 ± 37.7, P < 0.01; 124.6 ± 10.2, P = 0.03; e 42.7 ± 7.7, P < 0.01; respectivamente). Além disso, o FG mostrou níveis reduzidos de MDA (101.0 ± 77.0 [ng/mL]) comparado a CG (290.0 ± 341.0, P = 0.03) e RFG (209.9 ± 197.5, P = 0.04). CONCLUSÕES: Esses resultados sugerem que existe uma associação entre atividade física e níveis reduzidos de MDA em FG. O exercício físico parece promover efeitos benéficos no PL independente da influência genética considerando os níveis de HDLc.

El objetivo de la investigación fue comparar las concentraciones de lípidos, lipoproteínas y lipoproteína (a) [Lp(a)] plasmáticas en preeclámpticas y pacientes normotensas. Setenta pacientes que asistieron a la emergencia de obstetricia del Hospital Central “Dr. Urquinaona”, fueron divididas en dos grupos que consistieron en preeclámpticas (grupo A, n = 35) y embarazadas normotensas (grupo B; n = 35), consideradas como controles. Se midieron las concentraciones plasmáticas de colesterol total, triglicéridos, lipoproteínas de alta densidad (HDL-C), baja densidad (LDL-C), muy baja densidad (VLDL) y Lp(a). Se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p < 0,05) con relación a la edad gestacional al momento de la toma de la muestra (35,69 +/- 1,16 semanas grupo A y 38,46 +/- 1,17 semanas grupo B), presión arterial sistólica (159,34 +/- 5,21 mm de Hg grupo A y 111,94 +/- 2,90 mm de Hg grupo B) y diastólica (96,49 +/- 2,93 mm de Hg grupo A y 73,14 +/- 5,15 mm de Hg grupo B), peso del recién nacido (2546,86 +/- 125,51 gramos grupo A y 3603,46 +/- 98,11 gramos grupo B) y presencia de proteinuria (35/35 pacientes grupo A y 0/35 pacientes grupo B). Se encontraron diferencias significativas en las concentraciones de triglicéridos, HDL-C, VLDL y Lp(a) (p < 0,05). No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en las concentraciones plasmáticas de colesterol y LDL-C (p = ns). Se concluye que existen diferencias significativa en las concentraciones plasmáticas de triglicéridos, HDL-C, VLDL y LP(a) entre las preeclámpticas y las embarazadas normotensas, lo cual sugiere la participación de estos compuestos en la patogenia de la preeclampsia. The objective of the research was to compare plasma lipids, lipoproteins and lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)] concentrations in preeclamptic and normotensive patients. Seventy patients who assisted to obstetric emergency at Hospital Cental “Dr. Urquinaona” were divided in two groups that consisted in preeclamptic patients (group A; n = 35) and normotensive pregnant women (group B; n = 35), considered as controls and studied consecutively. Plasma total cholesterol, triglycerides, high density lipoprotein (HDL-C), low density (LDL-C), very low density (VLDL) and lipoprotein (a) were measured. There were found significant differences (p > 0.05) in gestational age at the moment of delivery (35,69 +/- 1,16 weeks group A y 38,46 +/- 1,17 weeks group B), systolic blood pressure (159,34 +/- 5,21 mm Hg group A y 111,94 +/- 2,90 mm Hg group B), diastolic blood pressure (96,49 +/- 2,93 mm Hg group A y 73,14 +/- 5,15 mm Hg group B), newborn weight (2546,86 +/- 125,51 grams group A y 3603,46 +/- 98,11 grams group B) and presence of proteinuria (35/35 patients group A y 0/35 patients group B). There were statically significant differences in concentrations of triglycerides, HDL-C, VLDL and [Lp(a)] (p < 0.05). There were not found significant differences in plasma concentrations of cholesterol and LDL-C (p = ns). It is concluded that there are significant differences in triglycerides, HDL-C, VLDL and [Lp(a)] concentrations between preeclamptic and normotensive patients, which suggest that these compounds play a role in the pathogenia of preeclampsia. 77-82 sippenbauch@gmail.com semestral

Las dislipidemias son desórdenes metabólicos frecuentes, que se constituyen en un importante factor de riesgo de enfermedades, las cuales tienen como sustrato anatómico la aterosclerosis. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar el efecto del consumo de aguacate sobre los niveles plasmáticos de lípidos en individuos con dislipidemia. La muestra se conformó con 14 hombres: 6 (Grupo control) (GA) y 8 (Grupo experimental) (GB). Ambos grupos se evaluaron antropométricamente según los criterios de OMS y cumplieron una dieta (según los criterios de American Heart Association), más GA consumió 30 cc de aceite de maiz y el GB consumió 30 cc de grasa basados en aguacate en el almuerzo durante 30 días. Se midió Colesterol total, lipoproteínas de alta densidad (c-HDL), lipoproteínas de baja densidad (c-LDL), lipoproteínas de muy baja densidad (c-VLDL) y triacilglicéridos (TG) al inicio, 15 y 30 días. Para el análisis estadístico se aplicó T-student para datos no pareados ( p

Objetivos: Evaluar el efecto del tratamiento con Levotiroxina sobre el metabolismo de los lípidos en niños con hipotiroidismo subclínico (HS). Métodos: Se hizo seguimiento durante 20 meses a 11 niños, cinco varones y seis hembras, entre 4 y 11 años, con HS permanente (T4L normal y TSH elevada en dos determinaciones realizadas con 4 meses de diferencia). Se les indicó tratamiento con Levotiroxina (2 ug/kg/día) y se les realizaron pruebas de función tiroidea y lipidograma a los 4 meses y al año. Para afianzar la relación entre el perfil lipídico y el tratamiento con Levotiroxina, se suspendió el tratamiento a nueve niños durante cuatro meses y se reinició por cuatro meses mas, realizando los mismos análisis, sin tratamiento y con tratamiento nuevamente. Resultados: El perfil lipídico mejoró al lograr el eutiroidismo; disminuyó la concentración de colesterol total (Ct), de colesterol de la lipoproteína de baja densidad (C-LDL), de triglicéridos (Tg), y aumentó el colesterol de la lipoproteína de alta densidad (CHDL). Los cambios en el C-HDL, el C-LDL y el índice C-LDL/C-HDL fueron significativos al año de tratamiento (p=0,03; 0,02 y 0,02 respectivamente). Al suspender la Levotiroxina se produjo una elevación significativa en la concentración promedio de TSH (6,7 uU/mL), y su normalización al reiniciar la terapia (2 uU/mL), con niveles de T4L dentro del rango normal. Se observó elevación de Ct, Tg y C-LDL y disminución del C-HDL al suspender el tratamiento y mejoría al reiniciarlo, siendo significativos los cambios en los Tg (p=0,004) y en el C-HDL (p=0,02). Un comportamiento similar presentaron los índices aterogénicos (p=0,04 para el Ct/C-HDL y p=0,003 para el C-LDL/C-HDL). La dosis promedio de levotiroxina para lograr el eutiroidismo fue de 0.043mg/día (2,1 ug/kg/día). Conclusiones: El perfil lipídico de niños con HS mejora significativamente con el tratamiento de Levotiroxina. Objectives: to assess the effect of Levothyroxine treatment on lipid metabolism in children with subclinical hypothyroidism (SH). Methods: Eleven children, 5 boys and 6 girls, aged from 4 to 11, all of them with permanent SH (normal FT4 and high TSH in two determinations made at an interval of four months of difference) were follow up during 20 months. Treatment with Levothyroxine (2 ug/kg/day) was given, and thyroid function tests and lipid profile were analyzed after four and twelve months. To assure the relationship between the lipid profile and the Levothyroxine treatment, this therapy was discontinued to nine patients during four months, and then it was continued for four months more. The same tests were analyzed, with and without treatment. Results: Lipid profile improved when euthyroidism was obtained; total cholesterol (Tc) levels, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels, and triglyceride (Tg) levels decreased and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels increased. Changes in HDL-C, LDL-C, and the HDL-C/LDL-C index were significant after a year of treatment (p=0,03; 0,02, and 0,02 respectively). When Levothyroxine was discontinued, elevated levels in the mean concentration of TSH (6,7 uU/ml) were observed, and when the treatment continued, the levels normalized (2 uU/ml). The FT4 levels were in normal rates. Elevated levels of Tc, Tg, and LDL-C and low levels of HDL-C were observed when the treatment was discontinued, and a significant recuperation was observed at restarting the treatment with significant changes in Tg (p=0,004) and HDL-C (p=0,02). The atherogenic indexes showed a similar behavior (p=0,04 for Tc/HDL-C and p=0,003 for LDL-C/HDL-C). Mean dose of Levothyroxine to reach euthyroidsm was 0.043 mg/day (2,1 ug/kg/day). Conclusions: Lipid profile of children with SH improves considerably following the treatment with Levothyroxine. 14-21 arabella@intercable.net.ve

El objetivo de la investigación fue comparar las concentraciones plasmáticas de homocisteína y perfil lipídico en preeclámpticas y controles además establecer la relación entre la homocisteína y las concentraciones de colesterol, triglicéridos y lipoproteínas. Setenta pacientes fueron seleccionadas y divididas en dos grupos, preeclámpticas (grupo A) y embarazadas normotensas (grupo B), consideradas como controles, estudiadas en forma consecutiva. Se midieron las concentraciones de colesterol total, triglicéridos, lipoproteínas de alta densidad (HDL- C), baja densidad (LDL-C), muy baja densidad (VLDL) y homocisteína. Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamentesignificativas en las concentraciones de triglicéridos, HDL-C, VLDL, y homocisteína (P < 0,05). No se encontraron diferencias significativas en las concentraciones plasmáticas de colesterol y LDL-C (p = ns). Al analizar exclusivamenteal grupo de las preeclám pticas se encontró que la única correlación significativa y positiva fue observada entre la homocisteína y triglicéridos (r = 0,229; P < 0,05). Se concluye que existen diferencias significativas en las concentraciones de triglicéridos, H D L -C , V LDL y homocisteína entre las preeclámpticas y los controles normotensas. Adem ás, existe una correlación positiva y significativa entre las concentraciones de homocisteína y de triglicéridos en las preeclámpticas. The objective of the research was to compare plasma concentrations of homocysteine and lipid profile in preeclamptic and control patients and establish the relation between homocysteine and cholesterol, triglycerides and lipoprotein concentrations. Seventy patients w ere selected and divided in tw o groups, preeclamptic (group A) and norm otensive pregnant wom en (group B) considered as controls, studied in consecutive way. Concentrations of total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density (HDL-C), low -density (LDL-C), very-low density lipoproteins (VLDL) and homocysteine were measured. There were significant statically differences in triglycerides, HDL-C, VLDL and homocysteine (P < 0.05). There w ere no significant differences in cholesterol and LDL-C concentrations. When preeclamptic group was analyzed exclusively, there were observed only significant and positive correlation between homocysteine and triglycerides (r = 0.229; P < 0.05). It is concluded that there are significant differences in triglycerides, HDL-C, VLDL and homocysteine between preeclamptic and normotensive controls. More over, there is a positive a significant correlation betw een hom ocysteine and triglycerides in preeclamptic patients.

OBJETIVO: Estabelecer a prevalência de dislipidemias em uma amostra populacional brasileira ambulatorial de crianças e adolescentes de um centro hospitalar terciário público. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo de análise de resultados de lípides e lipoproteínas de 1.937 indivíduos de ambos os sexos, com idades entre dois e 19 anos, atendidos no ambulatório do Hospital de Clínicas (HC) da Universidade Estadual de Campinas, no Estado de São Paulo, entre 2000 e 2007. Os valores de referência adotados foram os recomendados por Kwiterovich. A análise estatística utilizou o programa SPSS. RESULTADOS: Valores alterados de colesterol, LDL-colesterol e triglicérides foram encontrados em 44, 36 e 56% das crianças de dois a nove anos e em 44, 36 e 50% dos adolescentes de dez a 19 anos, respectivamente. Foi observada redução de HDL-colesterol em 44% das crianças e 49% dos adolescentes. Hipercolesterolemia combinada com hipertrigliceridemia estava presente em 34% das crianças e dos adolescentes; hipercolesterolemia e hipoalfalipoproteinemia estavam presentes em 15% das crianças e 20% dos adolescentes; e hipertrigliceridemia e hipoalfalipoproteinemia ocorreram em 33% das crianças e 30% dos adolescentes. CONCLUSÕES: Este estudo demonstrou alta prevalência de dislipidemias em crianças e adolescentes atendidos em um ambulatório de hospital universitário público, o que aponta para a necessidade de estudos em outras comunidades brasileiras, tanto hospitalares quanto não hospitalares, para o diagnóstico precoce e tratamento das dislipidemias e para a adoção de medidas preventivas com relação às doenças cardiovasculares associadas. OBJECTIVE: To establish the prevalence of dyslipidemia among children and adolescents assisted at public university hospital outpatient clinic METHODS: This retrospective study analyzed the lipid profile of 1,937 outpatients of both genders, from two to 19 years old, assisted at the outpatient clinic of the Clinical Hospital of the State University of Campinas, Brazil, from 2000 to 2007. The cutoff values adopted were those recommended by Kwiterovich. Statistical analysis used the SPSS software. RESULTS: Altered values of cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides were found in 44, 36 and 56% of the children (2-9 years old) and in 44, 36 and 50% of the adolescents (10-19 years old), respectively. Reduced HDL-cholesterol concentrations were present in 44% of the children and 49% of the adolescents. A combination of hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia was present in 34% of children and adolescents. Hypercholesterolemia combined with hypoalphalipoproteinemia was present in 15% of the children and 20% of the adolescents, and hypertriglyceridemia combined with hypoalphalipoproteinemia was present in 33% of the children and 30% of the adolescents. CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of dyslipidemias in children and adolescents of the out-patient clinic of a public university hospital was high. There is a need to further study hospital and non-hospital communities in order to establish early diagnosis and treatment of dyslipidemias and to avoid associated cardiovascular diseases.

Background and Aims The increase in overweight and obese children may be linked to increased rates of dyslipidaemia. The aim was to assess the prevalence of dyslipidaemia and associated risk factors among the Northern Mexican child population. Methods and Results Four hundred and fifty-one subjects aged between 2 and 10 (47.5% girls) took part in the Nuevo Leon State Survey of Nutrition and Health 2011-2012. According to the 2011 Expert Panel on Integrated Guidelines for Cardiovascular Health and Risk Reduction in Children and Adolescents, serum lipid levels (mg/dL) were categorized into three subgroups (acceptable, borderline-high/low or high/low) as follows: TChol: acceptable = 200; LDL-chol: acceptable = 130; non-HDL-chol: acceptable = 145; HDL-chol: acceptable >45, borderline-low 40-45, low = 100 in = 130 in 10 year-old children. The overall prevalence of borderline-high + high TG, non-HDL-chol, TChol, and LDL-chol was 63.0%, 44.1%, 43.5%, and 29.9%, respectively. The overall prevalence of borderline-low + low HDL-chol was 46.3%. The overall frequency of dyslipidaemia was 54.3%. Thirteen children (2.9%) had all five symptoms of dyslipidaemia. The most common dyslipidaemia was high TG in combination (26.2%) and in isolation (10.6%). Conclusions Half of the children had at least one abnormal lipid concentration. A high TG level was the most frequent dyslipidaemia. Obesity was associated with the occurrence of at least one abnormal lipid level. These findings emphasize the need to pay further attention to the prevention of cardiovascular disease and obesity from an early age., This study was financially supported by the Department of Health, Government of the State of Nuevo Leon (Mexico), State Survey of Nutrition and Health-Nuevo Leon 2011/2012 (EESN-NL 2011/2012); Spanish Ministry of Health and Consumer Affairs (Programme for Promotion of Biomedical Research and Health Sciences, Projects 11/01791, Red Predimed-RETIC RD06/0045/1004, and CIBEROBN CB12/03/30038); grant of support to research groups no. 35/2011 (Balearic Islands Gov. and EU FEDER funds); and the Research Group on Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, University of the Balearic Islands, coming under the Centre Catala de la Nutricio (IEC) and Exernet Network.

OBJETIVO: Examinar o perfil lipídico e parâmetros nutricionais de adolescentes com história familiar de doença arterial coronariana (DAC) prematura e avaliar os efeitos da orientação nutricional. MÉTODOS: O estudo incluiu 48 adolescentes de ambos os sexos e idades entre 10 e 19 anos (grupo caso, n=18; grupo controle, n=30). RESULTADOS: Os filhos de coronarianos jovens apresentaram valores mais elevados de colesterol total (189 ± 30 vs. 167 ± 26 mg/dl, p

Las grasas y aceites, también identificadas como materias grasas, constituyen la forma mayoritariamente comestible de los lípidos. Actualmente muestran un gran desarrollo tecnológico y nutricional, aunque su utilización en la alimentación y en usos domésticos comenzó hace muchos siglos. La Revolución Industrial significó un salto cuantitativo en el conocimiento de las materias grasas. El francés Eugene Chevreul fue el iniciador de la investigación científica en grasas y aceites. Jean-Baptiste Dumas en Francia y Justus Liebig, en Alemania, dieron origen a los primeros conceptos sobre la importancia nutricional de las grasas y aceites. Hypolitte Mége-Mouriés desarrollo un procedimiento para obtener un producto similar a las actuales margarinas. El alemán Franz Knoop fue el descubridor del proceso bioquímico de metabolización de los ácidos grasos conocido como beta oxidación. Los norteamericanos George y Mildred Burr descubrieron la esencialidad de los ácidos grasos, y las investigaciones de los ingleses Haslan y Chick, en forma independiente, caracterizaron las primeras lipoproteínas. Este trabajo resume en forma no exhaustiva los primeros descubrimientos relacionados con el rol nutricional de las grasas y de los aceites Fats and oils, also identified as fats, are the main components of edible lipids. The technological and the nutritional knowledge of fats and oils is at present very well developed, however the utilization of fats as foods or for domestic uses was initiated many centuries ago. The named Industrial Revolution represented a significant quantitative development in the knowledge of fats and oils. The French Eugene Chevreul was probably the first scientific who studied the properties of fats and oils. Another French citizen, Jean-Baptiste Dumas together with the German scientist Justus Liebig, were the first researchers who intended to explain the nutritional properties of fats. The French pharmacist Hypolitte Mége-Mouriés was involved in the preparation of the first fat emulsion which resembles a margarine. The German scientist Franz Knoop described the biochemical process known as beta oxidation of fatty acids. George and Mildred Burr, both American scientists, were the first to describe the essentiality of fatty acids, and the English Haslan and Chick independently isolated the first lipoproteins. The present description review, although not exhaustively, the main discoveries about the nutritional role of fats and oils

Los frutos secos han formado parte de la alimentación del hombre desde tiempo inmemorial, siendo muy apreciados e incorporándose a multitud de platos, preferentemente dulces y postres. Sin embargo el interés por este tipo de alimentos se ha incrementado de forma espectacular en las últimas décadas. Así numerosos estudios epidemiológicos han demostrado los efectos protectores del consumo de frutos secos disminuyendo el riesgo de padecer enfermedades cardiovasculares en distintos grupos de personas. Hasta el momento se han realizado ensayos clínicos con todos los tipos de frutos secos (almendras, nueces, pistachos, nueces de Macadamia, cacahuetes) que han producido un efecto positivo en el perfil lipoproteico, disminuyendo el colesterol total y las lipoproteínas de baja densidad (LDL) en plasma. No obstante, aún no ha sido demostrado si estos efectos se deben únicamente a su contenido y composición en ácidos grasos o a otros componentes minoritarios de los frutos secos como tocoferoles, fitosteroles y fitoestrógenos. Además las investigaciones que relacionan enfermedades cerebrovasculares y consumo de nueces son escasas. En este trabajo se revisan aspectos comparativos de la composición de los frutos secos, así como los posibles efectos de su consumo sobre peso corporal, metabolismo lipoproteico y protección frente a enfermedades cerebro y cardiovasculares. Teniendo en cuenta estos estudios, se recomienda la inclusión de 25 g/día de frutos secos, en el marco de una dieta prudente. Se proponen algunas líneas futuras de actuación en el estudio de los frutos secos. Nuts, cardio and cerebrovascular risks. A Spanish perspective. Nuts have been included in human diets for ages. They are very appreciated and used as a central component of sweets and desserts. However, during the last decades, scientific interest in those foods has increased enormously as many epidemiologic studies show protective effects of nut consumption on coronary heart disease in different population groups. To date, many clinical trials have analyzed the positive effects of nuts consumption (almond, walnut, pistachio, Macadamia nut, and pecan) on the lipid profile, decreasing total and low density lipoproteins (LDL) cholesterol. However, whether these effects are only due to their fatty acid composition or to any other bioactive compounds, such as tocopherols, phytosterols and phytoestrogens, it is still unknown. This paper, aims to reviewcomparative composition aspects of nuts, such as the positive effects on body weight, lipoprotein metabolism, and protection against cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. The inclusion of 25 g/day of nuts, mainly raw, into a prudent diet seems to be recommended. Further investigations, as actual information is still scarce, in order to dilucidate the relationship between nuts consumption and vascular diseases are proposed.

OBJETIVO: Analisar o padrão de consumo alimentar avaliado por meio de escores de consumo e relacionar esses escores com os níveis de colesterol total e de lipoproteínas de baixa e alta densidades em população da área metropolitana de São Paulo. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal realizado no município de Cotia, São Paulo, em amostra representativa de 1.045 adultos, foram determinados níveis de lipídeos séricos e a ingestão de alimentos por meio da freqüência de consumo alimentar. Foram utilizados escores de padrão de consumo, estabelecendo um peso para cada categoria de consumo baseado na freqüência anual, obtendo-se, assim, a distribuição quintilar do escore I (alimentos considerados de risco para doenças cardiovasculares) e escore II (alimentos protetores). Foram comparados os valores médios das lipoproteínas para cada um dos quintis pela análise de variância, e foram verificadas possíveis relações entre os escores de consumo e as frações de lipídeos séricos, mediante modelos de regressão linear múltipla (stepwise forward). RESULTADOS: Observou-se aumento significativo dos níveis médios de lipídeos, segundo quintis de consumo do escore I para colesterol total e para lipoproteína de baixa densidade-colesterol, e constatou-se um comportamento inverso e significativo dos níveis desses lipídeos séricos em relação ao escore II. O escore I correlacionou-se positivamente e significativamente a esses lipídeos, e o escore II apresentou correlação inversa e significativa com esses constituintes sangüíneos. CONCLUSÕES: Em estudos populacionais, a análise da freqüência de consumo de alimentos por meio de escores pode ser um método de escolha para avaliar qualidade de dieta e de seu potencial efeito nos níveis séricos de colesterol total e de lipoproteínas de baixa densidade. OBJECTIVE: To study food patterns assessed using scores of consumption and their relationship with serum total cholesterol (TOTAL-C), low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) and high density lipoproteins (HDL-C) concentration in the population of the metropolitan area of São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: Data on food frequency consumption (FFC), serum lipids, and other covariates were available for a representative sample of 1,045 adults. A 12-month retrospective food frequency questionnaire was used. FFC was assessed using scores of consumption, which was obtained by grouping food according to their composition into two large groups: score I (known as risk food for cardiovascular diseases) and score II (known as healthy food). The association between the scores and serum blood lipoprotein levels among the study population was analyzed through multiple linear regression analyses. Modeling step-wise techniques were used to enter the covariates into the linear models. RESULTS: Increasing mean levels of TOTAL-C and LDL-C were seen from the lowest through the highest quintile of score I when compared to the score II, where decreasing mean levels of TOTAL-C and LDL-C were observed from the lowest to the highest quintile. The results of the linear regression analyses between serum TOTAL-C and LDL-C levels for both FFC score I and score II, after multivariate adjusting, showed a significant positive relationship with score I and a significant and inverse relationship with score II. CONCLUSIONS: In population studies, FFC analyses through scores can be the choice method to evaluate the quality of diet and its potential effect on serum levels of TOTAL-C and LDL-C.

Adverse levels of serum lipids tend to persist over time into adolescence and young adulthood, underlying the progression of Coronary Artery Disease (CAD). Therefore, the lipid profile of Costa Rican adolescents and its relationship with dietary intake, physical activity and Body Mass Index (BMI) was evaluated in a total of 322 adolescents ages 13-18 years from urban and rural areas of San José, Costa Rica. Levels of Total Cholesterol (TC) and HDL-C (High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol) were significantly higher in urban adolescents than in rural youngsters. No differences were found between LDL-C (Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol) and triglyceride levels among urban and rural adolescents. TC, HDL-C and LDL-C levels were higher in females than in males. The mean LDL/HDL ratio was 2.3 with no differences between gender and area. Over 20% of adolescents showed borderline TC levels (4.42-5.17 mmol/L) and 10% borderline LDL-C levels (2.86-3.35 mmol/L). The proportion of females with borderline TC and LDL-C was higher than the proportion of males. No differences were found between areas. Around 50% of adolescents showed borderline HDL-C levels (0.91-1.17 mmol/L) and over 55% presented borderline triglyceride level (1.02-1.46 mmol/L). The prevalence of borderline and high triglyceride levels (³1.47 mmol/L) between urban and rural adolescents was similar. However the prevalence of high triglyceride levels was higher in females (22%) than in males (14%). An independent positive relationship was found between LDL-C, triglyceride, the cardiovascular fitness score and BMI. Likewise a negative relationship was found between cardiovascular fitness, BMI, gender and HDL-C. This study suggests that primary prevention programs are required to decrease the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors among Costa Rican adolescents. Niveles séricos de lípidos y lipoproteínas en adolescentes costarricenses de 13 -18 años. Los niveles adversos de lípidos séricos tienden a persistir a lo largo del tiempo desde la adolescencia y la juventud favoreciendo el progreso de la Enfermedad de las Arterias Coronarias (EAC). Por tal razón se evaluó el perfil lipídico y su relación con el consumo dietético, actividad física e Indice de Masa Corporal (IMC) en 322 adolescentes de 13-18 años residentes de áreas urbanas y rurales de San José, Costa Rica. Los niveles de colesterol total (CT)) y HDL-C (lipoproteínas de alta densidad) fueron mayores en los adolescentes urbanos que en los rurales. No obstante, no se observaron diferencias en los niveles de LDL-C (lipoproteínas de baja densidad) y triglicéridos (TG). Los niveles promedio de CT, HDL-C y LDL-C fueron mayores en mujeres que en hombres. El valor promedio del radio LDL/HDL fue 2.3, sin evidenciarse diferencias por sexo y área. Cerca del 50% de los adolescentes mostraron un nivel limítrofe de C-HDL (0.91-1.17 mmol/L) y más del 55% presentaron niveles limítrofes de TG (1.02-1.46 mmol/L). La prevalencia de niveles limítrofes y elevados de TG entre los adolescentes urbanos y rurales fue similar. Sin embargo, la prevalencia de niveles elevados de TG fue mayor en mujeres (22%) que en hombres (14%). El análisis de regresión lineal determinó una relación positiva e independiente entre los niveles de C-LDL, TG, puntaje de resistencia cardiovascular e IMC. Así mismo se encontró una relación negativa entre el puntaje de resistencia cardiovascular, IMC, sexo y niveles de C-HDL. En conclusión, este estudio sugiere la necesidad de implementar programas de prevención primaria para disminuir la prevalencia de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular entre los adolescentes costarricenses.

Background: The recently observed association between the APOC3-related rs10892151 polymorphism and serum triglyceride levels has prompted us the possibility to explore whether this genetic variant may play a major role in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/antiretroviral therapy-induced dyslipidemia. Methods: We determined the rs10892151 genotype distribution and serum apolipoprotein (apo) C-III concentration in a group of HIV-infected patients (n = 208) and in a group of age and sex-matched healthy volunteers (n = 200). Circulating lipid and lipoprotein levels were followed for 12 months after antiretroviral treatment initiation in the HIV-infected group. Results: There were no significant variations in the frequency of the A allele between the healthy and HIV-infected groups (7.5 vs. 8.6%, respectively; p = 0.7); additionally, the A allele was not related to serum apo C-III concentration. However, among patients receiving protease inhibitor ( PI) treatment, carriers of the A allele had significantly increased serum triglyceride (5.76 +/- 2.54 mmol/L) and total cholesterol (6.63 +/- 2.85 mmol/L) concentrations together with depressed levels of HDL-cholesterol (0.75 +/- 0.3 mmol/L) when compared with patients not carrying the allele (2.43 +/- 1.32, 5.2 +/- 2.17 and 1.24 +/- 0.4 mmol/L, respectively) at the end of the study. This effect was only evident for HDL-cholesterol concentration when patients were treated with non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (1.05 +/- 0.4 vs. 1.28 +/- 0.4 mmol/L). Conclusions: The A allelic variant of the rs10892151 polymorphism is not associated with serum apo C-III concentration, but predisposes HIV-infected patients to less favorable lipid profile, particularly in those patients treated with PIs., This work was financially supported by the Fondo de Investigacion Sanitaria (FIS PI08/1032).