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Sacrifice is a ritual with an antiquity as long as history in all the areas of human civilization and it is a guide for understanding the ancient ideology of all millennia. This study is an attempt to illustrate a general scheme of sacrifice and its generative thoughts throughout old cultural eras of Iran. This paper tries to identify sacrifice in Iran by considering every details mentioned in religious texts. Due to the fact that Iran has been a land of coexistence of different tribes and cultures in history, and that the Iranian religion is a combination of native Iranian tribes, Elamite, Indo-European, Magus and Mazdeism beliefs it seems impracticable to segregate rituals to specific nations and epochs. Nevertheless, single Gnosticism finds a very unique and distinct position in Iranian religion. This research aims not only to collect the viewpoints, examples and Iranian religion documents about sacrifice but to be a manifestation of the dynamics of Iranian thought.

'Die Autobiografie kann als Paradebeispiel transdifferenter Positionalität gelesen werden, denn sie zeichnet sich dadurch aus, dass sie kreativ mit der Anforderung, kohärent und authentisch zu sein hat, umgeht. Sie verknüpft historische Fakten auf ein bestimmtes Ziel hin mittels erzählender Lückenfüllung, sodass die Differenzen und Zeitbrüche, sowie die je eigenen divergierenden Gruppenzugehörigkeiten und Rollen zwar erhalten aber überbrückt bzw. vermittelt werden. Die Autobiografie ist damit eine zwischen Geschichte und Literatur changierende Gattung, die zwischen der (Re)Konstruktion des eigenen Lebens und der aktuellen Bewertung im Schreiben und Sortieren changiert und damit zwischen synchroner und diachroner Perspektive oszilliert.' (Autorenreferat) 'Autobiography can be seen as the prime example of transdifferent positioning, because in autobiography the author deals creatively with coherency and authenticity. Here the author combines historical facts with fiction in regard to a specific aim. In doing so, incoherency and temporal gaps as well as belongings to different groups and roles are negotiated. Autobiography is a genre in-between history and literature that oscillates between the (re-)construction of someone's own life and the actual reconsideration of it in the process of sorting, evaluating and writing. All in all, autobiography can be situated between the synchronic and diachronic perspectives on life.' (author's abstract)

The letter is the most widespread literary genre at all. For several hundred years letter books containing model letters for lovers have been published, while today they have been camouflaged as "manuals" for internet dating. John Chr. Jørgensen analyses the epistolary form in correspondences, epistolary novels and letters of travel through the past 150 years. En route the most recent especially American research in epistolary theory is presented and discussed. The book contains analyses of epistolary novels by M.A. Goldsmidt, Peter Nansen, Karin Michaëlis, Edith Rode, Sven Holm, Dea Trier Mørch, Iselin C. Hermann and Anders Bodelsen among others. The journalistic travelogue is traced from Herman Bang to Henrik Nordbrandt. The book is provided with a literary guide sorted out by subject, a subject index and an index of names.

Historical Social Research Vol. 7, No. 3 (1982)