Search

There has been a tremendous increase in the consumption of high-energy (ED) drinks in the last decade. This has been equally popular among teenagers and adults of both genders and is marketed to boost energy, alertness, and performance and prevention of fatigue. Although ED contains a variety of ingredients such as taurine, guarana, L-carnitine and multivitamins, it is the caffeine that plays a significant role in affecting different systems such as cardiovascular (arrhythmias), neurological (seizures) and neuropsychiatric system (agitation and suicidal ideation). Symptoms of caffeine intoxication include palpitation, rise in blood pressure, insomnia, seizures, tremors and irritability, gastrointestinal symptoms, disturbance of sleep cycle and in rare cases death. However, in this review, we focused mainly on cardiovascular symptoms in addition to contents, mode of action and pharmacokinetics of ED. As several studies point towards mortality due to arrhythmias after drinking ED, it is important to concentrate on these deleterious effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intravesical foreign body is a well-documented presentation in adults, however in children, it is rarely reported. We report a case of 5-years-old girl who presented with increased frequency of micturition, dysuria and fever. On examination, we found suprapubic tenderness and ultrasonography revealed a 1.5cm stone in the bladder. Diagnosis of vesical calculus was made and suprapubic cystotomy was done for stone retrieval. Stone turned out to be a foreign body (matchstick) and this alongwith the encrusted stone was removed. Later on, she admitted to inserting the match stick accidently during play. Intravesical foreign body should always be included as a cause of vesical calculus in children, but its diagnosis requires a high index of suspicion. The mode of removal of foreign body should be tailored to its size, shape and nature, age and condition of the patient, and to the place and anatomy of urinary tract where it is lodged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]