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The development of environmentally benign hydrometallurgical processes to treat spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is a critical aspect of the electronic-waste circular economy. Herein, as an alternative to the highly explosive H2O2, discarded orange peel powder (OP) is valorized as a green reductant for the leaching of industrially produced LIBs scraps in citric acid (H3Cit) lixiviant. The reductive potential of the cellulose- and antioxidant-rich OP was validated using the 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic) acid assays. Leaching parameters such as OP concentration (200 mg), processing temperature (100 °C), H3Cit concentration (1.5 M), reaction duration (4 h), and slurry density (25 g/mL) were systematically optimized to achieve 80-99% leaching efficiencies of Ni, Mn, Co, and Li from the LIB "black mass". Importantly, solid side-streams generated by the OP-enabled leaching displayed negligible cytotoxicity in three different human cell lines, suggesting that the process is environmentally safe. As a proof of concept, Co(OH)2 was selectively recovered from the green lixiviant and subsequently utilized to fabricate new batches of LiCoO2 (LCO) coin cell batteries. Galvanostatic charge-discharge test revealed that the regenerated batteries exhibited initial charge and discharge values of 120 and 103 mAh/g, respectively, which is comparable to the performance of commercial LCO batteries. The use of fruit peel waste to recover valuable metals from spent LIBs is an effective, ecofriendly, and sustainable strategy to minimize the environmental footprint of both waste types. Ministry of National Development (MND) National Research Foundation (NRF) Accepted version SCARCE is supported by the National Research Foundation, Prime Minister’s Office, Singapore, the Ministry of National Development, Singapore, and National Environment Agency, Ministry of the Environment and Water Resource, Singapore under the Closing the Waste Loop R&D Initiative as part of the Urban Solutions & Sustainability−Integration Fund (award no. USS-IF-2018-4).

New strategies recently proposed to mitigate injury caused by lithium coin cell batteries lodged in the esophagus include prehospital administration of honey to coat the battery and prevent local hydroxide generation and in-hospital administration of sucralfate suspension (or honey). This study was undertaken to define the safe interval for administering coating agents by identifying the timing of onset of esophageal perforations.A retrospective study of 290 fatal or severe battery ingestions with esophageal lodgment was undertaken to identify cases with esophageal perforations.Esophageal perforations were identified in 189 cases (53 fatal, 136 severe; 95.2% in children ≤4 years). Implicated batteries were predominantly lithium (91.0%) and 92.0% were ≥20 mm diameter. Only 2% of perforations occurred in24 h following ingestion, including 3 severe cases with perforations evident at 11-17 h, 12 h, and 18 h. Another 7.4% of perforations (11 cases) became evident 24 to 47 h post ingestion and 10.1% of perforations (15 cases) became evident 48 to 71 h post ingestion. By 3 days post ingestion, 26.8% of perforations were evident, 36.9% by 4 days, 46.3% by 5 days, and 66.4% by 9 days.Esophageal perforation is unlikely in the 12 h after battery ingestion, therefore the administration of honey or sucralfate carries a low risk of extravasation from the esophagus. This first 12 h includes the period of peak electrolysis activity and battery damage, thus the risk of honey or sucralfate is low while the benefit is likely high.

Summary Lithium (Li)-metal batteries have regained broad interest in the battery research community. Although many studies on Li anode have been published in recent years, it is difficult to evaluate and compare these advances for practical applications. A key challenge is a gap between materials and component properties and the achievable large-format cell-level performance. In this paper, we investigate the critical experimental parameters that determine the cycle number of coin cells to understand the performance variations reported in the literature. To define the range of cell parameters, we exemplify a representative Li-metal pouch cell with specific energy of 300 Wh/kg to provide an effective validation of electrode materials and accurate cell performance evaluations. Based on the pouch-cell-level requirements, we propose a set of coin-cell parameters and testing conditions to expedite the discovery of new materials and their full integration into realistic battery systems.

In lithium-ion batteries (LiBs), electrolyte plays an essential role in leading the performance of the cell. Room-temperature (RT) ionic liquids (ILs) are currently the utmost attractive research in the area of LiBs, owing to their intrinsic properties, like low volatility, non-flammability, good thermal stability, and electrochemically stable. In this present study, we report the electrochemical characterization of neat organic, neat ILs, and mixture of organic-ILs (1-Methyl-1-propylpyrrolidinum Bis (Trifluoromethanesulfonyl) Imide (MPPY+TFSI-)). An extensive molarity range has been examined to identify lithium transference numbers (LI-T) associated with symmetrical Li | electrolyte | Li cell. The safety test was performed using symmetrical Li | electrolyte | Li cell for prepared electrolytes.

Recently many portable devices need electrical energy which instant and high capacity. Lithium-ion battery is one of very popular as mobile electrical energy source for them. This experiment focused to elaborate the electrochemical performances of Lithium-Ion (LI) coin cell based on Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) Anode with variation of calcination holding time (2, 4 and 6 hours) at temperature 900°C. They are electrical conductivity, specific capacity and coefficient of ion diffusion. Sol-Gel method and doctor Blade technique were used to produce LTO anode material. Vacuum technique was used to assembly LI coin cell. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy and Cyclic Voltammetry were used to measure the electrochemical performances of theses coin cells. The best result of these experiments showed that coefficient of ionic diffusion is 3.48×10−4 cm2/S, the specific capacity value is 304 mAh/g and electrical conductivity value is 6.87×10−3 S/cm. So, this experiment has shown strongly a prospective for application in the future to produced commercially lithium-ion coin cells.

Lithium-ion batteries have emerged as the best portable energy storage device for the consumer electronics market. Recent progress in the development of lithiumion batteries has been achieved by the use of selected anode materials, which have driven improvements in performance in terms of capacity, cyclic stability, and rate capability. In this regard, research focusing on the design and electrochemical performance of full cell lithium-ion batteries, utilizing newly developed anode materials, has been widely reported, and great strides in development have been made. Nanostructured anode materials have contributed largely to the development of full cell lithium-ion batteries. With this in mind, we summarize the impact of nanostructured anode materials in the performance of coin cell full lithium-ion batteries. This review also discusses the challenges and prospects of research into full cell lithium-ion batteries.

Cycling Li-ion cells with large capacities requires high currents and hence an expensive measurement setup. Aging the Li-ion cell material in coin cells offers an orders-of-magnitude-lower power requirement to the battery tester. The preparation procedure used in this work allows one to build coin cells in a reproducible manner. The original 40 Ah pouch cells and the corresponding 4.3 mAh coin cells (PAT-Cell) utilizing electrode material from the original cells are cycled with 1C at different temperatures. The results show the same basic aging mechanisms in both cell types: loss of lithium inventory at room temperature but an increasing proportion of loss of active material toward higher temperatures. This is confirmed by similar activation energies in capacity degradation of the 40 Ah cells and the averaged coin cells. However, the capacity of the coin cells decreases faster over time. This is caused by diffusion of moisture into the coin cell housing. Nonetheless, the increasing water contamination over measurement time is not directly linked to the loss of capacity of the coin cells. Thus, the observed aging mechanisms of the 40 Ah cells can be qualitatively transferred to coin cell level.

In this study, lithium reaction distributions, dependent on charge-discharge rate, were nondestructively visualized for a commercial lithium-ion battery, using the Compton scattering imaging technique. By comparing lithium reaction distributions obtained from two different charge-discharge speeds, residual lithium ions were detected at the center of the negative electrode on a fully discharged state, by relatively high-speed discharge rate. Moreover, we confirmed that inhomogeneous reactions were facilitated on a relatively high-speed charge-discharge rate, in both the negative and positive electrodes. A feature of our technique is that it can be applied to commercially used lithium-ion batteries, because it uses high-energy X-rays with a high penetration power. Our technique thus opens a novel analyzing pathway for developing advanced batteries.

This article presents a new approach for environmentally benign, low-cost batteries intended for single-use applications. The proposed battery is designed and fabricated using exclusively organic materials such as cellulose, carbon, and wax and features an integrated quinone-based redox chemistry to generate electricity within a compact form factor. This primary capillary flow battery is activated by the addition of a liquid sample and has shown continuous operation up to 100 min with an output voltage that can be conveniently scaled to match the voltage needs of portable electronic devices (1.5–3.0 V). Once depleted, the battery can be disposed of without the need for any recycling facility, as its components are nontoxic and shown to be biotically degradable in a standardized test. The practical utility of the battery is demonstrated by direct substitution of a lithium ion coin cell in a diagnostic application. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

The preparation of LixMnO2 materials via a novel reduction and lithiation method is reported. The effect of lithium concentration, lithiation temperature and lithiation time on the composition, structure and electrochemical performance of the resulting materials was investigated. Altering the lithiation conditions resulted in distinct materials with different lithium contents of x = 0.07, 0.12 and 0.16. XRD suggested that these materials were stabilized γ-MnO2, a swollen lithiated manganese dioxide phase, and a LiMn2O4/γ-MnO2 mixture, respectively. The materials showed superior electrochemical performance over ten cycles, in a non-aqueous coin cell containing a Li metal anode, compared to LixMnO2 materials with equivalent x, prepared by co-precipitation. In particular, the Li0.12MnO2 and Li0.16MnO2 materials showed unexpectedly high reversible capacities of 160 mAh/g at high discharge rate of 30 mA/g.

This paper presents a method for remaining useful life (RUL) estimation of lithium-ion batteries using Particle Filtering approach. Firstly, a new empirical model for capacity degradation has been developed based on experimentally obtained capacity fade data. Next, the obtained model is used in a particle filtering (PF) framework to make end of life predictions at various stages of its lifecycle. Finally, the predictions were compared with experimental results using coin cell data and quite good matches obtained. From the results it can be further observed that as more data becomes available, the prediction accuracy of the model improves. The proposed framework provides a systematic way for monitoring the battery capacity degradation in real time.

Tin monosulfide, SnS particles were synthesized at 950 °C using a simple melt mixing. The as prepared materials were subjected to XRD, SEM and EDAX analyses. The CR 2032-type coin cell composed of Li/SnS was assembled and its cycling profile was examined. The cell delivered an initial discharge capacity of 956 mAh/g at its first cycle and fades subsequently in the following cycles. The formation of Li 2 CO 3 in the solid electrolyte interface (SEI) was identified by FT-IR analysis. Impedance spectroscopic study on Li/SnS cells revealed an increase in the value of charge transfer resistance “ R ct ” upon cycling and is attributed to the breaking of inter-particle contact caused by the volume expansion.

A coin cell battery is fabricated using triquinoxalinylene as a cathode active material and a lithium metal anode. The first discharge curve shows a remarkably large capacity (420 A h kg−1), which ...

Coin cell batteries are attractive option for use in wireless sensor networks due to their small size and low cost. However, the rated capacity of the coin cells is far less than other battery form factors such as AA. Consequently the application of coin cells in wireless scenarios has been rather rare. Limited measurements have been conducted in the past, but to the best of our knowledge no capacity models exist. To access their performance in wireless environment, capacity modeling is required. Here, we develop a model for lithium CR2032 coin cell battery capacity. Results indicate that the rated capacity of a coin cell battery is not achievable. In fact, the achievable life time could be significantly short due to large current draws. To improve the performance, parallel battery configuration is proposed. It is shown that parallel coin cell battery configuration leads to significantly longer battery life compared to the single battery case. The number of batteries in the parallel configurations influences the results and performance saturation occurs when the number of parallel batteries exceeds three. Based on our estimates, battery improvement factors of up to 600% can be obtained.

Coin cell batteries have been used in low current application in the past. Due to their low cost and small size, they are an attractive option for use in wireless sensor networks. The rated capacity of a coin cell batter is not achievable. In fact, the achievable life time could be significantly shorter mainly due to characteristics of the draw currents in wireless applications. Measurements have revealed the dependence of coin cell battery capacity on characteristics of the current draw. Here we model lithium CR2032 coin cell battery capacity. It is shown that significant battery life time overestimation could result, if the capacity dependencies are ignored. Parallel coin cell battery configuration is proposed as a simple alternative to single battery case. It is demonstrated that parallel coin cell battery configuration results in longer battery life compared to the single battery case. The battery life improvement factor is shown to be a function of both the current draw and the functional end point voltage. The number of batteries in the parallel configurations influences the results and performance saturation occurs when the number of parallel batteries exceeds three. Based on our estimates, battery improvement factors of up to 600% are obtained.

Lithium batteries are commonly used in mobile phones, personal digital assistants (PDA), notebooks and other computer, communication and consumer electronics (3C) products. Lithium batteries in 3C products or electric vehicles must rapidly charge and discharge. Thus, the inner temperature increases rapidly, which is a safety issue. Conversely, over charging results in unstable voltage and current. Hence, timely monitoring and safety management of data for temperature and voltage inside a lithium battery have become a popular issue. In this work, flexible micro temperature and voltage sensors were integrated in a coin cell using the micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) process for in situ monitoring of temperature and voltage.

Background Unlike other battery chemistries, the ingestion of lithium coin cell batteries can cause serious oesophageal burns if lodged for even a short period of time. The USA battery industry is deeply concerned about the hazards presented by the ingestion of lithium coin cell batteries and has undertaken many initiatives designed to educate consumers, the medical community, and others on these dangers and to examine potential preventative measures. Aims/Objectives/Purpose Communication of a five-pronged strategy for addressing this important health and safety issue. Methods (1) Education/outreach, (2) battery compartment design, (3) warning copy, (4) packaging, and (5) battery design. Results/Outcomes Industry efforts have focused on educating consumers on the hazards associated with lithium coin cell batteries and educating the medical community on battery design features that allow for distinction between lithium batteries and actual currency in radiographic images, thereby leading to more timely and accurate diagnosis of potential ingestions. Working with device designers, appliance manufacturers, and standards development organisations, the industry supports changes to battery compartment design to reduce ease of accessibility. The industry supports efforts to evaluate potential design modifications that may reduce ingestions. While the variety of devices that rely on lithium coin cell batteries in the marketplace makes battery redesign more challenging than other areas, such modifications are also being evaluated. Changes have been advanced to strengthen warning copy and evaluate packaging options to limit the accessibility of lithium coin cell batteries. Significance/Contribution to the Field Comprehensive approach based on learnings and actions.

An examination has been made of the effectiveness of ethylene carbonate(EC)/2-methyltetrahydrofuran(2-MeTHF) solvents incorporating LiAsF6 as the solute as electrolytes in secondary lithium batteries. From —10 to 30 °C, the conductivities of EC/2-MeTHF are higher than those of 2-MeTHF and EC/propylene carbonate (PC). For lithium-on-lithium cycling in a half cell, the FOM (figure of merit) of lithium in EC/2-MeTHF has a value 2.2 to 2.7 times higher than that in 2-MeTHF and EC/PC. A coin cell of Li/amorphous V2O 5-P2O5 with EC/2-MeTHF clearly exhibits higher capacity and longer cycle life than cells with 2-MeTHF or EC/PC. It is concluded that EC/2-MeTHF is a promising electrolyte system for secondary lithium battery applications.